JZajcTA8swYpbFWc - Xvmo7AA0EEO4U6ZW-OSHA 10 Construction - Module 5 - Study Guide

Module 5 Study Guide
Focus Four Hazards: Caught-In or -Between
Module 5 Focus Four Hazards: Caught-In or -Between:

Study Guide
Module Learning Objectives
1. Secure building materials.

2. Protect yourself and others from heavy equipment.
3. Operate machinery safely.
4. Prevent trench cave-ins and collapses.
Module Summary
Learning Objective 1. Secure building materials.
A crushing load squeezes a body between two objects and includes

• Unstable walls
• Overhead loads
• Poorly/badly stacked materials
It’s safe to stack materials up to four times as high as the material’s width.
Safe stacking includes:
• Stacking material on pallets or racks
• Securing material with bands or bundles
• Interlocking materials
• Placing blocks
Keep materials at least 6 feet away from any edges.
Make sure materials are secure and won’t move or collapse during heavy rain or winds.
If a load is unstable take these steps:

• Step away from the hazard.
• Warn anyone in the area they are in danger.
• Notify your supervisor.
• Stay in the area and keep others away from the hazard.
Learning Objective 2. Protect yourself and others from heavy equipment.
Machinery should always be guarded whenever possible.
© ClickSafety, Inc. 1
Steps to take before turning on any machinery include:

• Take off all jewelry and secure long hair or loose clothing.
• Wear the PPE your site requires, like safety glasses or gloves.
• Lubricate machine parts, removing safeguards where you need to. Replace them as
soon as you’re done.
• Add any missing safeguards.
• Check the safeguards. Adjust them as necessary.
While you’re using a machine, you can lower your risk of injury if you:
• Keep all safeguards in place.
• Avoid creating new safety hazards like pinch points.
• Keep objects from falling into the machine’s moving parts.
• Follow the machine operation instructions.
• Look out for signs of machine malfunction, which are outlined in the operation
instructions.
Follow these steps to perform maintenance safely:

• Turn off the machine. Its power source should be locked out.
• Make sure the equipment is de-energized and can’t be started up again accidentally.
• Lower or block any blades on the machine.
• Disconnect any tools from the machine.
Learning Objective 3. Operate machinery safely.
Never get between heavy equipment and a large object or building.
When you’re in a vehicle with a rollover protection system (ROPS) and it starts to tip, the safest
thing to do is stay inside the vehicle. You should also be wearing a seat belt to help keep you
inside.
If your vehicle doesn’t have a ROPS, or if the driver is standing, it could be dangerous to wear a
seat belt. It could trap you under the vehicle.
Learning Objective 4. Prevent trench cave-ins and collapses.
A trench is a long, narrow excavation into the ground.
During a cave-in, part or all of the trench walls collapse. The dirt and rock can bury any workers
standing in the trench.
Some early signs that a trench could be about to collapse include:

• Cracking along the trench walls or floor,
• Sections of the walls that seem to sag into the trench.

• Pieces of the wall bulging out into the trench.
• The trench is deep without any protective systems.
Your employer is required to provide protection for workers during trenching and excavation.
OSHA also requires that a competent person inspect all trenches. They must be capable of
identifying hazards and immediately eliminating them.
Depending on the trench, OSHA may require the use of a protective system.
Employers don’t have to provide a protective system if:

• The trench is less than 5 feet deep and a competent person has determined there is no
potential for a cave-in.
• The trench is made entirely in stable rock.
A protective system is required if the trench is between 5 and 20 feet deep.
If the trench is deeper than 20 feet, a professional engineer needs to design a specific system
to protect workers.
If a protective system is required, a competent person must inspect the soil.
Protective systems include:

• Sloping, such that for every 1 foot the trench is dug down, the sides of the slope need to
be widened 1½ feet.
• Benching is similar to sloping but incorporates steps.
• A trench box or shield won’t prevent a collapse but can protect workers.
• Shoring consists of materials that brace trench walls.
Other protections include:

• Hazard controls, including PPE
• Engineering controls
• Administrative controls
While you’re digging in a trench, look out for utility lines.
A ladder or ramp must be provided at a minimum of every 25 feet in a trench.
The edges of the trench need to be clear or marked for other workers.
If a crane or earthmover is working directly over the trench, workers should never be
underneath.
Operators must always have a clear view of the edge of a trench. If that’s impossible, the edge
must be marked in other ways, like barricades, signals, or stop logs.
Rights and responsibilities of the employer and workers.
Some of your worker rights for caught-between hazards include:

• To know what caught-between hazards are on a job site.
• To get specific training to protect yourself from those hazards.
• To ask your employer to correct hazards.
• To file an OSHA complaint about any hazards that don’t get corrected.
Employers must:
• Inspect worksites and look for caught-between hazards.
• Eliminate or address any hazards they find.
• Provide PPE where necessary.
Specific employer responsibilities that apply to crushing loads include:

• Inspect crane operations to make sure a crane won’t tip and crush workers.
• During demolition, make sure the fewest possible workers are in the work area.
Specific employer responsibilities that apply to machinery include:

• Train workers on the machines they’ll use.
• Keep workers from using machinery that has missing guards or exposed moving parts.
• Make sure maintenance is performed according to the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
Specific employer responsibilities that apply to heavy equipment include:

• Provide ROPS where possible.
• If the equipment has a ROPS, provide seat belts, and require their use.
• Arrange paths of travel to keep workers away from areas they might get pinned or
crushed.
Specific employer responsibilities that apply to trenches include:

• Inspect trenches before workers enter them.
• Reinspect trenches after anything that could weaken them, like a rainstorm or
vibrations from heavy equipment.
• Ensure cave-in protections, possibly including protective systems like trench boxes.
• Use proper bracing between heavy plates used as trench shoring.
• Prevent materials from rolling into trenches.
• Prevent heavy equipment from falling or sliding into trenches.
• Ensure safe entrances and exits from trenches.
Knowledge Checks
1. You are stacking a bundle of lumber that is 3 feet wide. What is the maximum safe
height you can stack the lumber?
A. 3 feet
B. 6 feet
C. 12 feet
D. 24 feet
2. What kind of trench protection is shown in this illustration?

A. Benching
B. Shoring
C. Sloping
D. Trench box
3. Identify what type of trench protection is identified in this illustration.

A. Benching
B. Shoring
C. Sloping
D. Trench box
A. Benching
B. Shoring
C. Sloping
D. Trench box

A. Benching
B. Shoring
C. Sloping
D. Trench box
Key Terms and Definitions
Key Term Definition

Benching A method of protecting workers from cave-
ins by excavating the sides of an excavation
to form one or a series of horizontal levels or
steps, usually with vertical or near-vertical
surfaces between levels
Caught-in or -between Injuries resulting from a person being
squeezed, caught, crushed, pinched, or
compressed between two or more objects,
or between parts of an object
Cave-in A collapse of a roof or similar structure,
typically underground
Crushed Compressed or squeezed forcefully causing

something to break, damage, or distort in
shape
Crushing load The intensity of load required to crush the
material
Excavation Extract (material) from the ground by digging
Guard A safety feature on or
around manufacturing or other engineering
equipment consisting of a shield or device
covering hazardous areas of a machine to
prevent contact with body parts or to
control hazards like chips or sparks from
exiting the machine
Guardrail A rail that prevents people from falling off or
being hit by something
Pinned Hold someone firmly in a specified position
so they are unable to move
Protective system A method of protecting workers from cave-
ins, from material that could fall or roll from
an excavation face or into an excavation, or
from the collapse of adjacent structures
Roll cage, or rollover protection system A framework of reinforcements protecting a
(ROPS) vehicle's operator in the event that it should
roll onto its roof
Trench A long, narrow ditch
Trench box A safety device used to protect workers in
trenches. It is a square structure made up of
preconstructed side sheets and adjustable
cross members. It is usually made of steel or
aluminum
Shoring The process of temporarily supporting a
building, vessel, structure, or trench with
shores (props) when in danger of collapse or
during repairs or alterations
Sloping Method of protecting workers from cave-ins
by excavating to form sides of an excavation
that are inclined away from the excavation so
as to prevent cave-ins
Resources, Sources, and Links

1. Big Four Construction Hazards: Caught-in Hazards:
https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/2018-12/fy08_sh-17792-
08_caught_in_english_r6.pdf
2. OSHA Safety and Health Topics: Trenching and Excavation:
https://www.osha.gov/trenching-excavation
3. OSHA Alert: Trench collapses can be deadly:
https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/OSHA3971.pdf
4. OSHA Safety and Health Topics: Warehousing:
https://www.osha.gov/warehousing/hazards-solutions
5. OSHA Safety and Health Topics: Machine Guarding: https://www.osha.gov/machine-
guarding
6. OSHA Standard 1910.176: https://www.osha.gov/laws-
regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.176
11. OSHA Safety Manual: Heavy Equipment Safety:
https://www.safetymanualosha.com/heavy-equipment-safety/
12. Materials Handling and Storage:
https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/OSHA2236
13. Understanding Key Safety Regulations for Materials Handling:
https://ohsonline.com/Articles/2020/08/01/Understanding-Key-Safety-Regulations-
for-Materials-Handling.aspx
14. OSHA Fact Sheet: Trenching and Excavation Safety:
https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/trench_excavation_fs.pdf
Answer Key
1. You are stacking a bundle of lumber that is 3 feet wide. What is the maximum safe
height you can stack the lumber?
A. 3 feet
B. 6 feet
C. 12 feet (Correct. It’s safe to stack materials up to four times as high as the
material’s width.)
D. 24 feet
2. What kind of trench protection is shown in this illustration?

A. Benching (Incorrect. Benching is a method of protecting workers from cave-ins
by excavating the sides of an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal
levels or steps, usually with vertical or near vertical surfaces between levels.)
B. Shoring (Correct. This is an illustration of shoring. Shoring involves use of a
structure such as a metal, hydraulic, mechanical, or timber shoring system that
supports the sides of an excavation and is designed to prevent cave-ins.)
C. Sloping (Incorrect. Sloping is a method of protecting workers from cave-ins by
excavating to form sides of an excavation that are inclined away from the
excavation so as to prevent cave-ins.)
D. Trench box (Incorrect. A trench box is a shielding structure that is able to
withstand the forces imposed on it by a cave-in and thereby protect workers
within the structure.)

B. Shoring (Incorrect. Shoring involves use of a structure such as a metal,
hydraulic, mechanical, or timber shoring system that supports the sides of an
excavation and is designed to prevent cave-ins.)
excavation so as to prevent cave-ins.
D. Trench box (Correct. This is an illustration of a trench box. A trench box is a
shielding structure that is able to withstand the forces imposed on it by a cave-
in and thereby protect workers within the structure.)


C. Sloping (Correct. This is an illustration of sloping. Sloping is a method of
protecting workers from cave-ins by excavating to form sides of an excavation
that are inclined away from the excavation so as to prevent cave-ins.)

A. Benching (Correct. This is an illustration of benching. Benching is a method of
protecting workers from cave-ins by excavating the sides of an excavation to
form one or a series of horizontal levels or steps, usually with vertical or near
vertical surfaces between levels.)
excavation so as to prevent cave-ins.)

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Module 5 Study Guide

Focus Four Hazards: Caught-In or -Between

Module 5 Focus Four Hazards: Caught-In or -Between:

Module Learning Objectives

1. Secure building materials.

Learning Objective 1. Secure building materials.

A crushing load squeezes a body between two objects and includes

Keep materials at least 6 feet away from any edges.

If a load is unstable take these steps:

Learning Objective 2. Protect yourself and others from heavy equipment.

Machinery should always be guarded whenever possible.

Steps to take before turning on any machinery include:

Follow these steps to perform maintenance safely:

Learning Objective 3. Operate machinery safely.

Never get between heavy equipment and a large object or building.

Learning Objective 4. Prevent trench cave-ins and collapses.

A trench is a long, narrow excavation into the ground.

Some early signs that a trench could be about to collapse include:

• Sections of the walls that seem to sag into the trench.

Employers don’t have to provide a protective system if:

A protective system is required if the trench is between 5 and 20 feet deep.

If a protective system is required, a competent person must inspect the soil.

Protective systems include:

Other protections include:

While you’re digging in a trench, look out for utility lines.

A ladder or ramp must be provided at a minimum of every 25 feet in a trench.

Rights and responsibilities of the employer and workers.

Some of your worker rights for caught-between hazards include:

Specific employer responsibilities that apply to crushing loads include:

Specific employer responsibilities that apply to machinery include:

Specific employer responsibilities that apply to heavy equipment include:

Specific employer responsibilities that apply to trenches include:

2. What kind of trench protection is shown in this illustration?

3. Identify what type of trench protection is identified in this illustration.

4. Identify what type of trench protection is identified in this illustration.

5. Identify what type of trench protection is identified in this illustration.

Key Terms and Definitions

Key Term Definition

Crushed Compressed or squeezed forcefully causing

Resources, Sources, and Links

2. What kind of trench protection is shown in this illustration?

3. Identify what type of trench protection is identified in this illustration.

4. Identify what type of trench protection is identified in this illustration.

B. Shoring (Incorrect. Shoring involves use of a structure such as a metal,

5. Identify what type of trench protection is identified in this illustration.

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