PE Mannual

Power Electronics Lab Manual V Semester
POWER ELECTRONICS LAB - INTRODUCTION
COMPONENTS & DEVICES USED IN THE POWER ELECTRONICS LAB
(1) Thyristor (SCR-Silicon controlled rectifier): TYN-410 /TYN-610 / TYN-612

G (Gate) TYN
A K 612
(Anode) (Cathode)
K A G
(2) Triac: BT-136 / BT-139 BT
G (Gate) 136
MT2 MT1
(Main (Main
terminal-2) terminal-1) MT1 MT2 G
(3) MOSFET: IRF-450 / IRF-740 / IRF-40/ IRF-42 IRF

2 740
G D S
(4) IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar transistor): IRG4BC200 / IRG4BC20S
C (Collector) IRG4
G BC20
Gate
E (Emitter)
G C E
(5) Diac: DB-32C

MT2 MT1 MT2 MT1
(Main (Main OR
terminal-2) terminal-1)
(6) Diodes: BY-127 A K
(7) Zener diodes: DZ-15 A K
(8) UJT (Uni Junction Transistor): 2N2646 2N

26 Notch
B2 (Base-2) 46
B2 B1 E
E
(Emitter) Bottom view
In order to identify the terminals go in clockwise after the notch
B1
9) Isolation Transformer:
230V/115V-60V-30V-0-30V-60V-115V with 2A 115V
60V
Primary Secondary windings
winding 30V with different tapings
230V 0
1 30V
Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engg,. B.I.T 60v
115V
(10) Pulse Transformer-1:1
1:1 pulse
In order to
Transformer
(11) Power (Wattage) resistors: 100/5W, 500/5W, 1K/5W

Green colored
500
(Thick) Resistors
(12) Potentiometers (POTS): 4.7K, 10K, 100K, 1M
(13) Rheostats: 50/25W, 100/25W, 200/25W.
(14) Capacitors: Disc type:0.1F, 0.01F,

Polarity will
Electrolytic type:1F, 10F,47F, 6.8F/100V & 100F/100V be there
- +
High voltage handling capacitor: 100nF/200V, 100nF/600V
(15) Single stand wire (For low current application):

Multi stand wire (For High current application):
(16) Step down Transformers: 12V

230V / 12V-0-12V (500mA), Primary Secondary
230V / 24V-0-24V winding 0 winding
230V
12V
(17) Inductors: 10mH, 100mH, 250H, 500H:
Mutual inductor coil:

10mH - 5mH - 0 - 5mH - 10mH
(18) Fuses: 1A, 2A, 5A & 6A

Symbol Physical appearance
(19) Single phase converter Triggering unit: 1 Converter Triggering unit:

900
ON / OFF 1200 600
Trigger O/Ps
1500 300
G K
T1 1800 00
T1’ Test Points
2 T2 Gnd 1 2 3
Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engg,. B.I.T
T2’ 4 5 6 7
(20) DC Chopper Triggering unit:

DC Chopper Triggering unit:
10% 90% Min Max

DUTY CYCLE FREQUENCY
ON / OFF
Trigger O/Ps
G K Test Points
TMAIN Gnd 1 2 3
TAUX 4 5 6 7
POWER
(21) DC Motor: Separately Excited Dc Motor:

Armature Field side
M
side
(22) Induction Motor:

M
(23) Universal Motor:
(24) Auto Transformer (Dimmer): 230V

230V / 0-230V: Primary
winding Secondary winding
230V
0-230V (Variable)
0V
3
EXPERIMENT-1
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR
AIM : To Plot the static or V- I characteristics of SCR.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED : SCR Module , Miltimeters -3, Power supplies -2 &

connecting wires.
THEORY:
Thyristor (Silicon Controlled Rectifier-SCR):
It is a four layer (PNPN), three junction & three terminal semiconductor device which can be
used as a controlled uni-directional switch. It has three terminals called Anode (A), Cathode
(K) & Gate (G). Due to its uni-direction property it can be used as controlled rectifier. Due to
the gate terminal its conduction can be controlled. Hence it is mainly used in controlled
rectifiers (converters), Inverters, AC voltage controllers, cyclo-converters etc.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
(0-100mA) 250/10W
A
AA
IA
1KΩ/10W (0-100)mA
G VAK
V
A
(0-60V ) V1
K 0-60V
V2 IG
0-30V K
K
characteristics of SCR
V-I (Static) Characteristics of SCR:
IA Forward
Conduction
Region
IG3 > IG2 > IG1
IG2 > IG1
IG1 = 0
IL
-VAK VRBO IH
Reverse Blocking VFBO VAK

Breakdown Region Forward Blocking
Region Region
-IA
4
PROCEDURE:
(1) Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
(2) Fix VAk (i.e. forward block over voltage) to some value ( ≤ 30v )by varying RPS1 (V1-
power source).Vary RPS2(V2)(control/gate source) slowly and stop when V AK falls to
(0-1V). Note down gate current IG.
(3) Further vary RPS1 and note down anode current I A and voltage across anode and
cathode VAK simultaneously.
(4) Repeat the above procedure for r values of VAK
PROCEDURE FOR FINDING LATCHING CURRENT (IL):

(1) Trigger the SCR by repeating the steps 1 to 3.
(2) Reduce the gate voltage & remove the gate circuit.
(3) Slowly reduce VAK.
(4) Note down the anode current before which it suddenly reduces to zero which gives the
latching current .
PROCEDURE FOR FINDING HOLDING CURRENT (IH):

The above procedure is repeated without isolating the gate circuit to find IH
.
TABULAR COLUMN:
IG1 = mA IG2 = mA
VAK ( in volts) IA (in mA) VAK ( in volts) IA (in mA)
IL= mA
RESULT:
The static characteristics of SCR is drawn by conducting the experiment.

Latching Current (IL) =
5
EXPERIMENT-2A
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET
AIM: To determine input and the output characteristics of MOSFET(Metal oxide

semiconductor field effect transistor).
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: MOSFET module , Multimeters -2, Power supplies -2 &

connecting wires.
THEORY:
MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor):
It is a type of uni-polar transistor, which can be used as a fast acting switch. It is a
voltage controlled device, whose conduction can be controlled using gate voltage. It has three
terminals called Drain (D), Source (S) & Gate (G). Due to the semiconductor layer at its gate
terminal, it offers very high input impedance & low output impedance. The conduction loss of
the MOSFET is less compared to BJT, but power handling capacity of it is less.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (0-100mA) 100/ 10W
D ID
VDS RPS1
V
G (0-30V) (0-60)V
RPS2 S
VGS V
(0-30)V 0-30V
characteristics of MOSFET
PROCEDURE:
(a) INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
(1) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

(2) Fix VDS by varying RPS1(say at 10V).
(3) Note down the drain current( ID ) & threshold voltage VT ( VGS ) by varying
RPS2 slowly.
(4) Vary RPS2 in steps & note down values of VGS & ID
(5) Repeat the above procedure for different values of VDS.
(6) Plot the graph of I D vs gate voltage VGS.
6
(b) OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
(1) Fix VGS slightly greater than threshold voltage VT .

(2) Vary RPS1 in steps, note down ID and VDS
(3) Repeat the experiment for different values of VGS
(4) Plot the graph of ID vs VDS.
TABULAR COLUMN:
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Sl VDS1 = V VDS2 = V VDS3 = V

No. VGS (in volts) ID(in mA) VGS (in volts) ID(in mA) VGS (in volts) ID(in mA)
Transfer Characteristics
of MOSFET
ID
(in mA) VDS1
VDS2
VDS1 < VDS2
VGS(th) VGS (in volts)
7
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Sl VGS1 = V VGS2 = V VGS3 = V

No. VDS (in volts) ID(in mA) VDS (in volts) ID(in mA) VDS (in volts) ID(in mA)
ID
(in mA) Active region
VGS4
VGS3 VGS1 < VGS2
VGS2
VGS1
VDS (in volts)
Cut-off region
RESULT:
The static characteristics of MOSFET is obtained by conducting the experiment.
8
EXPERIMENT-2B
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IGBT
AIM:- To determine input and the output characteristics of IGBT (insulated gate bipolar
transistor).
.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: IGBI module , Multimeters - 2, Power supplies -2 &

connecting wires.
THEORY:
IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor):
It is a latest power electronic device, which is obtained by combining the advantages of
BJT & MOSFET. It has three terminals called Emitter (E), Collector (C) & Gate (G).It is a bi-
polar switch, having low on state drop & high switching speed. It’s a voltage controlled device
having almost flat temperature coefficient & it does not have second break down problem. But
it is a costly device. It is used in UPS systems, AC motor drives, Choppers etc.
(0-100mA) 100/ 10W

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
A
C IC
IGBT RPS1
VCE
V
G (0-60V) (0-60)V
E
RPS2 VGE
(0-30)V V
0-30V
characteristics of IGBT
PROCEDURE:
(a) INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
(1) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

(2) Fix VCE by varying RPS1(say at 10V ) .
(3) Note down the collector current( IC ) & threshold voltage VT ( VGE ) by varying
RPS2 slowly.
(4) Repeat the above procedure for different values of VCE.
(5) Plot the graph of IC vs gate voltage VGE.
9
(b) OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
(1) Fix VGE slightly greater than threshold voltage VT .

(2) Vary RPS1 in steps, note down IC and VCE
(3) Repeat the experiment for different values of VGE
(4) Plot the graph of IC vs VCE.
TABULAR COLUMN:
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Sl VCE1 = V VCE2 = V VCE3 = V

No. VGE (in volts) IC(in mA) VGE (in volts) IC(in mA) VGE (in volts) IC(in mA)
Transfer Characteristics
of IGBT
IC
(in mA) VCE1
VCE2
VCE1 < VCE2
VGE(th) VGE (in volts)
10
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Sl VGE1 = V VGE2 = V VGE3 = V

No. VCE (in volts) IC(in mA) VCE (in volts) IC(in mA) VCE (in volts) IC(in mA)
IC
(in mA) Active region
VGE4
VGE3 VGE1 < VGE2
VGE2
VGE1
VCE (in volts)
Cut-off region
RESULT:
The static characteristics of IGBT is obtained by conducting the experiment.
11
EXPERIMENT-3
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIAC
AIM :- To Plot the static or V- I characteristics of TRIAC.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED : TRIAC Module, Multimeters -3 , Power supplies-2 &

connecting wires.
THEORY:
TRIAC:
It is a four layer, three junction & three terminal semiconductor device which can be
used as a controlled bi-directional switch. It has three terminals called Main terminal-1 (MT 1),
Main terminal-2 (MT2) & Gate (G). It can be considered as equivalent to two thyristors
connected in anti-parallel combination. The TRIAC can be operated in four modes depending
upon the voltage applied to its main terminals & gate terminal. The mode which requires
minimum gate current to turn is considered as most sensitive mode of TIAC. Due to its bi-
directional property, it can be used to control the AC power, hence it is used as AC voltage
controllers.
(0-200mA) 250/10W
IRCUIT DIAGRAM: MT1 A
IM
1KΩ/10W (0-100)mA
G VM
V
A
(0-60V ) V1
0-60V
V2 IG MT2
0-30V
characteristics of TRIAC
V-I (Static) Characteristics of TRIAC:
IM Forward
Conduction +IG
Region
IG3 > IG2 > IG1
IG2 > IG1
IG1 = 0
IL
-VM VRBO
IH
Reverse Blocking VFBO VM
Breakdown Region IL Forward Blocking
Region IH Region
-IG
-IM
PROCEDURE:
12
a) Forward Bias condition:

(1) Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
(2) Fix VM (i.e. forward block over voltage) to some value ( say 30v )by varying RPS1
(V1-power source).Vary RPS2(V2 - control/gate source) slowly and stop when VM falls
to (0-1V). Note down gate current IG
(3) Further vary RPS1 and note down main current IM and voltage across VM
simultaneously.
(4) Repeat the above procedure for different values of VM.
(5) Reduce the voltage sources & switch off the supply . Remove the connections.
b) Reverse Bias condition:

(1) Repeat the above procedure with polarities of voltage sources & current sources
interchanged
PROCEDURE FOR FINDING LATCHING CURRENT (IL):

(1) Trigger the TRIAC by repeating the steps 1 to 3.
(2) Reduce the gate voltage & remove the gate circuit.
(3) Slowly reduce VM.
(4) Note down the main current before which it suddenly reduces to zero which gives the
latching current.
PROCEDURE FOR FINDING HOLDING CURRENT (IH):

The above procedure is repeated without isolating the gate circuit to find IH
13
TABULAR COLUMN:
a) Forward Bias condition
IG1 = mA IG2 = mA
VM ( in volts) IM (in mA) VM ( in volts) IM (in mA)
IL= mA
b) Reverse Bias condition
IG1 = mA IG2 = mA
VM ( in volts) IM (in mA) VM ( in volts) IM (in mA)
IL= mA
RESULT:
The static characteristics of TRIAC is obtained by conducting the experiment.
14
EXPERIMENT-4
SCR TURN ON CIRCUIT USING SYNCHRONIZED UJT RELAXATION
OSCILLATOR
AIM:- To trigger the SCR circuit using synchronized UJT relaxation oscillator .
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: UJT relaxation oscillator , multimeter , CRO with probes &
connecting wires
THEORY:
UJT Triggering:
UJT is a Uni-junction Transistor, which exhibits negative resistance region (Increase in
the voltage decreases the current). Hence it can be used as Relaxation Oscillator to generator
saw tooth waves & short durational spikes (pulses). Due to this property it is used as a
triggering circuit for thyristors. When the UJT & SCR both are triggered using the same AC
vaoltage, it is called as Synchronous UJT Triggering circuit. In Asynchronous UJT Triggering
they are triggered using two different voltages.
Working operation: AC input voltage is stepped down using transformer, then it is rectified
using a rectifier. This rectified (DC) voltage is regulated using a zener diode. This regulated
voltage is applied as DC supply voltage for UJT circuit. Here UJT is used as a Relaxation
Oscillator, hence it behaves like a open switch until its emitter voltage reaches peak voltage of
it & as its emitter voltage reaches peak voltage level UJT turns on & it behaves like a closed
switch. This is achieved by charging the capacitor through the resistor. For this the regulated
zener voltage is used. As the charging voltage is equal to peak voltage of UJT, it turns on &
provides a path for discharging. This discharging of the capacitor takes place very fast, hence a
short duration spike gets developed across its base terminal. This short duration spike (pulse) is
applied to the gate terminal of the thyristor, through 1:1 pulse transformer (which is used for
isolation) to trigger the thyristor. The charging of the capacitor can be controlled by varying
the resistance value & there by the conduction of the thyristor can be controlled.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R1
VV VZ R
VA Rmin Vo
D1
IN-4007 R2 R
12V Rvar
Z a
230V A
AC I/P vC B2
12V
2N2646 VM
D2 C 100k B1 G 20V
IN-4007
E VG K
V
Pulse Transformer
UJT Firing circuit for Half wave rectifier circuit
PROCEDURE:
15
(1) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

(2) With the supply to SCR off, switch on AC supply to diode rectifier.
(3) Observe the waveform at VA, Vz, Vc and pulse transformer, switch on the supply to the
SCR on the power circuit(load side)
(4) Observe the waveforms across SCR (VAK) and load (VR1)
(5) Vary the 100KΩ pot in steps and observe the variations in frequency of the pulse and
waveforms
(6) Note down practical DC voltage across the load and it is verified with the theoretical
value Vthe = Vm * (1+cosα)/(2*π)
Where α= firing angle, Vm= maximum voltage
(7) Bring back the pot to maximum position and switch off the supply.
WAVEFORMS OF UJT Vin

TRIGGERING CIRCUIT: Vm
 2 3 4
Vdc t
Vm
 2 3 4
t
VZ
 2 3 4
Vc t
 2 3 4
VB1 t
  2 3 4 t
Vo
OUTPUT   2 (2 +) 3 4 t

WAVEFORMS VSCR
  2 (2 +) 3 4 t
  2 (2 +) 3 4 t
VSCR
  2 (2 +) 3 4 t
RESULT:
UJT triggering circuit is used for triggering SCR & different waveforms are observed.
EXPERIMENT-5
16
SPEED CONTROL OF STEPPER MOTOR
AIM :- To control the speed of the stepper motor.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED : Stepper motor , Logic controller with transistor circuit, Patch
chords.
THEORY:
Speed Control of Stepper motor:

A Stepper motor changes its speed in steps. It basically converters an electronic pulse
into appropriate mechanical movement. Thus it provides precision positioning & speed control
without the use of feedback sensor. Each revolution of the stepper motor’s shaft made up of a
series of discrete individual steps. A step is the angular rotation produced by the output shaft
when the motor receives a step pulse. The number of pulses can control positioning & speed of
the motor precisely. The rotor of the motor produces a torque due to the interaction between
the magnetic fields in the stator & rotor. The stepper motors are mainly used in Robotics,
machine tools, disk drives & programmable controllers.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Stepper motor with Logic controller
17
Truth Table for FULL STEP:
RED ORANGE BLUE GREEN

0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1
Truth Table for HALF STEP:
RED ORANGE BLUE GREEN

0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
PROCEDURE:
(1) Connect the single wire which is on the motor to +ve Vcc and the wires to the
corresponding leads of the stepper motor terminal A1, A2, B1 & B2 on the module.
(2) Switch on the mains supply to the module.
(3) Set the controller for the required step and direction of rotation. It can be made to rotate
in forward or reverse direction. It operates in full step or half step.
Using the ‘RUN/STOP’ key provided on the module, the motor is made to run or stop.
(4) The truth table for half step and full step is verified.
(5) The rotation or steps of the motor is compared with the set value.
(6) For full step and half step the distance moved by the motor (read on the scale fixed on
motor) is multiplied by 1.8degree and 0.9degree respectively
(7) The number of steps of the motor set is compared with the actual steps made by the
motor and hence the degree of rotation.
18
TABULAR COLUMN:
FULL STEP:
No. of Steps Theoretical Value Practical Value % Error
Angle of full step = 1.8

Theoretical Value= number of steps* angle for full step
% Error = [ (Theoretical Value - Practical Value ) / Theoretical Value ]* 100
HALF STEP:
No. of Steps Theoretical Value Practical Value % Error
Angle of half step = 0.9

Theoretical Value= number of steps* angle for half step
% Error = [ (Theoretical Value - Practical Value ) / Theoretical Value ]* 100
RESULT:
Speed control of stepper motor using Logic controller was obtained.
19
EXPERIMENT-6
SPEED CONTROL OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR USING AC VOLTAGE
CONTROLLER
AIM :- To control the speed of universal motor using AC Voltage controller.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED :. AC Voltage controller module, Universal motor,

Tachometer, CRO, multimeter & Connecting wires
THEORY:
Speed Control of Universal motor:

Universal motor is basically a series wound motor, capable of working under both AC
& DC inputs. When it works on DC, it is controlled by armature control & it can be done using
a converter and when it works on AC, it is controlled by stator voltage, which can be done
using a AC voltage controller (using two thyristors connected back to back or using a TRIAC).
The speed of the motor can be controlled by varying the firing angles of thyristors.
text box.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: VO
MT2
5 m
Rmin=100
m
m MT2 G
47k
AC m VT2T1
Supply
R2
m MT1
C= C
==0
MT1
AC Voltage controller using Triac & Diac combination for speed control of motor
PROCEDURE:
(1) Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

(2) Keeping the potentiometer in max position, the supply is switched ON.
(3) The potentiometer is varied in steps & the voltage across the load and the speed are
noted down .
(4) The potentiometer is brought to maximum position and supply is switched off.
(5) Graph of speed vs voltage is plotted.
TABULAR COLUMN:
20
Sl.no Output voltage (volts) VO Speed (rpm)
Vo
in volts
0 Speed in rpm
Graph of speed / voltage
RESULT:
The characteristics speed vs voltage for Universal motor is obtained .
21
EXPERIMENT-7
AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER
AIM: To verify the operation of AC voltage regulator using Triac-Diac combination and to
observe the waveforms.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED :. AC Voltage controller module, Rheostat (100), Inductor

25mH, CRO with probes, multimeter & connecting wires.
THEORY:
AC Voltage controller: It is a device which converts fixed DC to variable AC of the same

frequency . It is a device where power flow is controlled by varying the rms value of AC
voltage applied to the load .The most common applications of AC Voltage controllers are
industrial heating , ON –load transformer connection changing , light controls & speed control
of polyphase induction motors .
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Vo
50Ω MT2
5 50
50v Rmin=100 0
MT2
47k
ACAC
Supply R2 VT2T1
Mains
230v MT1
0 G
C= C
==0
MT1
AC Voltage controller using Triac & Diac combination with R load
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Vo
50Ω 25mH MT2
5 50
50v Rmin=100 0
5 MT2
AC Supply 47k
AC VT2T1
230vMains R2
MT1
G
0 C=0 C
.1µF
MT1
AC Voltage controller using Triac & Diac combination with RL load

PROCEDURE:
22
(1) Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram with resistive load
(2) Switch on the mains keeping the POT in the maximum position.
(3) Vary the potentiometer and note down the firing angle & corresponding output voltage
at each step
(4) Compare with the theoretical output voltage by using the formula given as
1
V0(rms) = Vs  -  + Sin (2)
 2
(5) Bring POT to the maximum position and switch off the mains.
(6) Draw the voltage waveforms across triac and load
(7) Repeat the above steps 1 & 2 with RL load & observe the waveforms.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Firing angle () in degrees Vo Theoretical in volts Vo practicalcal in volts
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
VS
Vm
 2 3 t
VC
 ( +) (2 +) t
Vo
Rload
( +) 2
  (2 +) 3 t
VTRIAC
( +)
  2 (2 +) t
Vo
RL load

  ( +) 2 (2 +) 3 t
RESULT:
The operation of AC voltage controller is verified by conducting suitable experiment.
23
EXPERIMENT- 8
FULLWAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER WITH R& RL LOAD
AIM:- To study the Full Controlled Rectifier circuits for R & RL loads
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Rectifier circuit , Converter Triggering circuits, Rheostat

(50), Inductor 25mH, CRO with probes, multimeter & connecting wires.
THEORY:
Single Phase Fully controlled converters: Single phase full wave controlled bridge rectifier
is used in many industries for DC power requirements up to 10KW . It is a two quadrant
converter (output voltage will be positive & negative but current will be positive) . for resistive
load , the load current has the same wave shape as the load voltage . For an inductive load due
to inductance the output voltage will be positive & negative but positive load current only.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
K K
60V G G
T1 T2 R Vo
A RL
230V A CRO &
50W FWD multimeter
AC I/P
K G K G
0V T2’ T1’ L
A A
Full Controlled Rectifier circuits for R & RL loads
1 Converter Triggering unit:

900
ON / OFF 1200 600
Trigger O/Ps
1500 300
G K
T1 1800 00
T1’ Test Points
T2 Gnd 1 2 3
T2’ 4 5 6 7
POWER
Single phase converter Triggering unit
24
PROCEDURE:
(1) Switch ON the triggering circuit.

(2) Check for proper firing pulses across G & K terminals of T1 , T1’ , T2 , T2 ‘
(3) Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram
(4) Rectifier & Firing module are switched on with knob of firing module in zero
Position
(5) First connect with resistive load & observe the waveforms across SCR &
resistive load
(6) vary the knob on the firing module in steps & in each step note down the value
of the output load voltage & firing angle .
(7) switch off supply to firing module & the rectifier module .
(8) Rig up the circuit with RL load without freewheeling diode , switch on rectifier
module & firing module & observe the waveforms across load on CRO &
switch off supply & rig up the circuit with freewheeling diode , switch on rectifier
module & supply to firing module & observe the waveforms across RL load .
(9) switch off CRO, supply to firing module & the rectifier module .
TABULAR COLUMN:
 in degrees Vo(Practical) Vo(Theoretical) = [Vm / ] (1+ Cos ).
VS
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS :
 2 3 t
Vg1
 (2 +) t
Vg2
( +) t
Vo Output waveform for RL load without FWD

  ( +) 2 (2 +) 3 t
Vo Output waveform for R load & RL load with FWD
  ( +) 2 (2 +) 3 t
RESULT:
The operation of single phase controlled full wave bridge rectifier with R & RL
load is verified.
25
EXPERIMENT: 9
SCR DIGITAL TRIGGERING CIRCUIT FOR A SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED
RECTIFIER & A C VOLTAGE CONTROLLER
AIM: To generate triggering pulses and hence to turn on SCR used in half wave rectifier
circuit & AC Voltage Controller.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Rectifier circuit , Digital Firing module, Rheostat (50),

CRO with probes, AC Voltage Controller circuit , multimeter & connecting wires.
THEORY:
Digital triggering scheme : Here n-bit counter is pre set to the decimal equivalent of the
control signal N at each zero crossing of the anode supply voltage. The counter starts
to count at the rate of FF counts/second . The counter overflow signal is processed to
trigger the SCR. With the help of FF & logic control unit & driver stage the trigger pulses are
produced & ready to fed to SCR . By varying the preset input firing angle control can be done .
Thus circuit generates line synchronized pulse . The transformer isolated trigger outputs are
used to trigger the SCRs used in rectifier circuits & chopper circuits.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
A A
Preset
Reset
B Logic Circuit and TP

N-Bit Flip-
Fixed frequency Modulator + TN
Clk Counter Flop
Oscillator Driver Stage
Load En B
Reset
FC
TM TA
Sync ZCD (Zero C Carrier
Signal (~8V) Crossing Frequency
DC 5V Oscillator
Detector)
Supply (5kHz)
A Ā
Digital Firing module circuit
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
26
(0-60)V
R=100Ω
20v
G
From digital triggering circuit K
Turn on SCR in half wave rectifier
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
(0-60)V
Gate triggering for T1 & T2 is
Given from Digital circuit R=100Ω
K G A
T1 T2 20v
G
A K
Turn on SCR in AC Voltage Controller.
PROCEDURE:
(1) Switch on the mains to the unit .

(2) Observe the AC reference signal and ZCD signal both should be synchronized.
(3) Set the pulse by varying R (variable POT on the module) to generate pulse of small
width(this is obtained by connecting one channel of the CRO to the AC reference signal
& other channel to the counter output).
(4) By means of the thumb wheel switch the required firing angle is set. The firing angle can
be set from 0 to 180○ as required. The change over switch is towards 180○
(5) The output of the logic circuit is connected to the driver circuit. Connect Tp and Tn to 1 &
2 (of digital triggering module) respectively. The waveform at various points of the circuit
is observed.
(6) The pulses are used to trigger the SCR.
(7) Vary the firing angle, waveform across the load and SCR are observed.
(8) The average output voltage(Vav) across the load is measured by means of the multimeter
and is compared with the theoretical output voltage(Vth) given by
Vth-=Vm * (1+cosα)/(2π) for half wave rectifier &
Vth = (Vm / √2 ) * ( √(1/π) * (π –α +( sin2α)/2)) for AC Voltage controller
Where α=firing angle, Vm=maximum input voltage at the main power circuit point
27
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
SynchronousVs
Sine wave &
DC reference
Signal A
Ā
ZCD O/P C
C
Down
Counting
Counter O/P
B
Fc
G1
G2
Tm
V
Ta S
Vm
 2 3 t
Vo
Output waveform for AC voltage
( +) 2
controller
  (2 +) 3 t
VTRIAC
( +)
  2 (2 +) t
Vo
Output waveform for Half wave
rectifier
  3π t t
TABULAR COLUMN:
28
Half wave Rectifier circuit AC Voltage Controller.
Sl. Firing angle Vtheo in Vprac in Sl. no Firing Vtheo in Vprac in

no in degree volts volts angle in volts volts
degree
RESULT:
The performance of a Digital Firing Circuit is observed for half wave rectifier circuit & AC
Voltage Controller.
EXPERIMENT-10
29
SPEED CONTROL OF A SEPARATELY EXCITED D.C. MOTOR USING AN

IGBT OR MOSFET BASED CHOPPER CIRCUIT
AIM: To control the speed of separately excited D.C.Motor using chopper circuit
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: chopper module with driver circuit , Rheostat (100),

separately excited D.C.Motor ,CRO with probes, multimeter , tachometer & connecting wires.
THEORY:
Chopper Circuit : It converts a fixed DC voltage to a variable DC voltage . The chopper

circuit uses switching devices like SCR , Power BJT ,power MOSFET or IGBT . The chopper
circuit using SCR requires commutation circuits to turn off the SCR . Due to switching action
the voltage across the load is a rectangular waveform . By changing the ON time or OFF time
the average DC voltage across the load can be changed .This voltage can be controlled by a)
Pulse width modulation b) Frequency modulation
(0-30)V
(0-100mA) R = 100
D ID
VDS
V
G (0-30V) 24V
RPS2 S
VGS
(0-30)V Driver
0-30Vcircuit
V
MOSFET Chopper circuit with R load
(0-150)V
(0-100mA) R = 100
AA A
A
D ID
DC Chopper Triggering unit: VDS2- +

V
220Vdc
G 48V
DDc
S (0-30V)
RPS2 VGS
(0-30)V Driver
0-30Vcircuit
10%
V
90% Min Max DUTY
CYCLE FREQUENCY
ON / OFF MOSFET Chopper circuit with Motor load

G K Test Points
TMAIN Gnd 1 2 3
30
Dept of Electrical & Electronics
TAUX Engg,. B.I.T 4 5 6 7
DC Chopper Triggering unit
PROCEDURE:
(1) Check the working of the model with the following procedure
(a) switch on the mains to the unit by keeping the volt-select switch at off position.
The LCD displays :
“POWER MOSFET/ IGBT CHOPPER OFF DCY-0 FRQ-50”
The meter shows zero reading.
(b) Field voltage points measure 220V with the glowing of the neon lamp.
(c) Vary the position of the volt-select switch and measure the corresponding
voltage at that position.
(d) Driver output is observed by varying duty cycle and frequency
(2) Proper driver output is given to the corresponding gate/source terminal of the MOSFET
(3) Connections are made as shown with the resistive load with input voltage equal to 24V
(4) Observe the change in the waveforms by varying the duty cycle and frequency Note
down the meter readings, check the output voltage with the theoretical value
(5) The above procedure is repeated with the motor load with 48V(or 110V) input DC
supply. Field terminal supply is given before the armature supply.
(6) Switch off the armature supply, then the field supply and remove the connections.
(7) Plot the graph of duty cycle vs speed , and the voltage waveforms across the supply
voltage, R load , MOSFET.
(8) Calculate theoretical voltage across load and compare with the practical voltage for
different turn on time Ton.
Vtheo = Ton * (Vdc/(Ton+Toff))
V N
rpm
t
duty cycle
Ton Toff
31
TABULAR COLUMN:
Sl. Vtheo in Frequency Duty cycle Vprac in

no volts in Hz in % volts
Sl. no V in volts Speed in rpm
RESULT :
The Speed control of a separately excited D.C. motor is controlled using an IGBT or
MOSFET chopper circuit.
EXPERIMENT-11
32
SPEED CONTROL OF D.C.MOTOR USING SEMI CONVERTER
AIM : To control the speed of DC motor using semi converter circuit
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Semi converter module , D.C.Motor , Tachometer &

multimeter
THEORY:
Speed Control of DC motor:

DC motor is a device, which uses DC voltage to convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Mainly there are two types of DC motors, namely: Separately excited DC
motors & Self-excited DC motors. In case of Separately excited DC motor, the field winding
will be excited using a separate supply, but in case of Self excited DC motors the field winding
will not be there separately.
A Separately excited DC motor can be controlled in two ways, namely: Armature
control, Field control. Incase of Armature control, the armature current is varied to control its
Torque & speed. But in field control, the field current is varied to control its speed. A semi
converter can be used to control the armature voltage & there by its current can be controlled,
this in turn controls the speed of the motor.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
(1) Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

(2) The rectifier & firing circuit is switched on with firing angle at maximum
position.
(3) The knob of firing angle is varied & at each step the voltage across the load
firing angle and the speed of motor are noted down.
(4) The rectifier & firing circuit is switched off with firing angle at maximum
position.
(5) Plot the graph of speed vs voltage & speed vs firing angle.
TABULAR COLUMN:
33
Output voltage
S.no Firing angle (degrees) Speed (rpm)
(volts)
N N
rpm rpm
Voltage , V volts firing angle in degrees
RESULT:
The speed of DC motor using semi converter circuit is controlled.

EXPERIMENT-12
DESIGN OF SNUBBER CIRCUIT(not in curriculum)
34
AIM : To design a snubber circuit for Thyristor
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: SCR Snubber circuit trainer kit , Oscilloscope
THEORY:
Snubber circuit: Snubbers are the energy absorbing circuits used to smooth the voltage
spikes caused due to circuit’s inductance, over current ,over voltages & over heating the
component . Snubber circuits are used for limiting the rate of change in voltage or current &
over voltage during ON & OFF the circuit. It is a combination of resistors & capacitors
connected in series across thyristor for protection & improve performance .
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Vdc
SCR Snubber circuit
PROCEDURE:
35
(1) Switch ON the mains supply to the unit .

(2) Check the voltage at Vdc terminals – input to the circuit (12V ).
(3) Check the frequency generator output by varying frequency (R2).
(4) Make sure that Vdc & frequency generator outputs are proper before
connecting to the SCR.
(5) Switch ON Vdc , S2 & observe the waveforms across device VAK by varying
frequency potentiometer (R2) using CRO without connecting Snubber circuit
(6) Connect Snubber circuit & observe the waveform.
(7) Switch off the mains supply to the unit.
Snubber circuit design :
Thyristor rating : VS =200V , dv/dt = 10V / μs , ITD =1.5A
R4 = ( VS / ITD ) = ( 200 / 1.5 ) = 133 Ω ~ 150Ω
dv/dt = [(0.632 VS ) / (R4 C 5 )]
C5 = [(0.632 * 200)/(133*10V/μs)] = 0.095μF ~ 0.1μF
RESULT :
SCR Snubber circuit is designed & its performance is studied for with & without
snubber circuit.
EXPERIMENT-13 ( NOT IN CURRICULUM)
INVERTER CIRCUIT
36
AIM : To observe the waveforms of a PWM inverter circuit across the resistive load.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Inverter module with driver circuit , CRO with probes &
connecting wires.
THEORY:
Inverters: Inverters convert DC power to AC power . It is used in UPS , ac motor speed

controllers . Inverter consists of four power electronic device . These devices are tuned ON &
OFF in pairs (H1,L2 & H2,L1) . To develop positive voltage across the load voltage devices
H1,L2 are turned on simultaneously & to obtain negative output voltage the devices H2,L1
will be turned on . The inverter output voltage can be controlled by pulse width modulation .
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PWM inverter circuit
PROCEDURE:
37
(1) Switch on the mains supply to the controller unit. The LCD displays shows “1-ph
PWM inverter with modulation type and M – (Duty cycle or modulation index) 00
and F – 100Hz”.
(2) Now M – 00 blink. Press INC key to set the duty cycle from 0 – 100%. Now press
FRQ/DTY key , F – 100 blinks & now the value can be changed .
(3) Now use INC and DEC key to increase or decrease the frequency from 20Hz – 100
kHz. After setting the duty cycle and frequency now the driver
O/Ps pulses are available by selecting RUN/STOP key .
(4) Check the waveform for different type of modulation(by pressing SET key).
(5) After checking for the outputs from the driver circuit, rig up the circuit as shown in the
circuit diagram
(6) Switch in the DC supply, apply around 30v. Switch ON the driver outputs, observe the
output voltage across the load by varying duty cycle, frequency with single pulse width
modulation.
(7) Switch off the driver output, DC supply and remove the connections.
WAVEFORMS:
RESULT:
The performance of a single phase bridge inverter at different duty ratios were observed.
POWER ELECTRONICS LABORATORY
QUESTION BANK
38
1. Obtain the V-I characteristics of the SCR for two values of gate currents.
2. Obtain the Static characteristics of the given MOSFET.
3. Obtain the Input and Output characteristics of IGBT.
4. Obtain the Input and Output characteristics of the given TRIAC.
5. Conduct an experiment to control the speed of an Universal motor using AC voltage
controller.
6. Conduct an experiment to control the speed of the DC motor using single-phase semi
converter and comment on relation between voltage, speed and firing angle.
7. Conduct an experiment to control the speed of the Stepper motor for a given direction and
for the given number of steps .
8. Trigger the SCR by means of synchronized UJT firing circuit comment on the waveforms.
9. Using synchronized UJT relaxation Oscillators, rig up the turn ON circuit to control the
operation of SCR. Comment on the output waveform.
10. Trigger the SCR using digital triggering scheme and comment on the waveforms using
single phase controlled rectifiers .
11. Conduct an experiment on AC to DC converter circuit and observe the waveforms across
R&RL loads.
12. Conduct an experiment to show the working of single phase full wave controlled rectifier
circuit with R-load and hence verify the output voltage theoretically.
13. Conduct an experiment on single phase AC to DC converter with freewheeling diode.
14. Conduct an experiment on single phase full wave AC to DC converter circuit without
freewheeling diode .
15. Demonstrate the operation of AC voltage controller using TRAIC & DIAC combination
with R &RL load .
16. Conduct an experiment on AC to variable AC circuit with R – load.
17. Conduct an experiment to control the speed of the separately excited DC motor using
fixed DC to variable DC converter circuit using fixed frequency operation.
18. Conduct an experiment to control the speed of the separately excited DC motor using
chopper circuit after checking the circuit with R-load .
19. Trigger the SCR using digital triggering scheme and comment on the waveforms using
AC voltage regulator
20. Conduct an experiment to study the working of SCR snubber circuit with design.
POWER ELECTRONICS LAB - VIVA QUESTIONS

(01) What is an SCR?
(02) Why Silicon is used in SCR?
39
(03) What are Latching & Holding currents? Distinguish them.

(04) What is Break over voltage (VBO)?
(05) Explain the procedure used for finding Latching & Holding currents?
(06) What is the significance of wattage resistors?
(07) Give the applications of SCR.
(08) What are the current & voltage ratings of SCR?
(09) What is the difference between Converter grade & Inverter grade SCRs?
(10) Explain the regions in which SCR can be operated.
(11) What is TRIAC? How it differs from SCR?
(12) In how many modes TRIAC can be operated?
(13) In which of the modes the TRIAC is most sensitive? What is the basis?
(14) How many layers are there in TRIAC?
(15) Give the applications of TRIAC.
(16) What is MOSFET?
(17) What are the types of MOSFETs we have?
(18) What are Drain resistance, trans-conductance & amplification factors of MOSFET.
(19) What is the meaning of Negative temperature coefficient of resistance?
(20) Give the applications of MOSFET.
(21) What is an IGBT?
(22) Compare its features with MOSFET & BJT.
(23) Give the advantages & applications of IGBT.
(24) How many types of IGBT’s are available?
(25) Why we call IGBT as majority carrier device?
(26) What is Triggering?
(27) What are the methods of triggering an SCR?
(28) What is the limitation of R triggering?
(29) How RC triggering is better than R triggering?
(30) What is the range of R triggering & RC triggering?
(31) What is meant by synchronized triggering?
(32) What is relaxation oscillator?
(33) What is UJT? How it differs from BJT?
(34) Why UJT is used in relaxation oscillator?
(35) In what region of its characteristics, the UJT is operated for relaxation oscillator
(36) What is the range of  in case of UJT triggering?
(37) What is the advantage of UJT triggering over other triggering circuits?
(38) What is the role of Zener diode in this circuit?
(39) What is a pulse transformer? Why it is used in UJT triggering circuit?
(40) What is the role of resistor connected in series with the POT?
(41) What is Commutation?
(42) What is Natural Commutation & Forced Commutation.
(43) How the commutation can be achieved practically?
(44) What are the circuit elements required for Commutation?
(45) What is the difference between current & voltage Commutation?
(46) Give the types of Forced Commutation circuits.
(47) What is the advantage of Class-B Commutation over Class-A Commutation?
(48) What is the advantage of Class-C Commutation over Class-B Commutation?
(49) What is the advantage of Class-D Commutation over Class-C Commutation?
(50) What is Auxiliary voltage commutation?
(51) What is an AC voltage controller? Give its application.
(52) What is an AC voltage regulator?
(53) What is the role of Diac in AC voltage controller?
40
(54) What are the factors on which the charging of the capacitor depends?
(55) What are the different types of AC voltage controllers we have?
(56) What is the difference between on off controller & phase controller?
(57) What is a Converter? What is the difference between converter & rectifier?
(58) What is the difference between Fully controlled & Half controlled converters?
(59) What is the effect of inductance on the load circuit?
(60) What is Free wheeling/ Fly wheeling diode?
(61) What is the effect of Free wheeling diodes on the load?
(62) What is a Dual Converter? Give its applications.
(63) What is a Series Converter? Give its applications.
(64) In what way the Free wheeling diodes are different from ordinary diode?
(65) Give the classification of converters based on the quadrant operation
(66) Give the applications of controlled rectifiers?
(67) What is a DC Chopper? Give its applications.
(68) What is the principle of a Chopper?
(69) Give the classification of choppers.
(70) Give the classification of choppers based on quadrant operation.
(71) What are the types of controlling we have for choppers?
(72) What is meant by separately excited DC motor?
(73) What are methods of speed control of DC motor?
(74) What method is implemented in this experiment?
(75) What are the applications of DC motor?
(76) What are the different types of DC motors?
(77) What is an Universal motor?
(78) What are the methods of speed control of universal motor?
(79) What are the applications of Universal motor?
(80) What is a stepper motor?
(81) Give the applications a stepper motor.
(82) What is an Inverter?
(83) What is the principle of an Inverter?
(84) What is the difference between series & parallel inverters?
(85) What is the use of Fly back diodes used in the Inverters?
(86) Give the applications of inverters.
(87) Which inverter circuit gives a square wave output?
(88) How to get sine wave from the square wave obtained from the Parallel Inverter?
(89) Which inverter gives an approximate sine wave output?
(90) Compare a series inverter with parallel inverter?
(91) How the Inverters are classified?
(92) What is meant by dv/dt & di/dt ratings?
(93) What is a Snubber circuit? How it eliminates voltage & current transients?
(94) How do you protect SCR against high voltage & currents?
(95) What is the purpose of a Fuse? How does it protects a circuit?
(96) What is PIV rating of a Thyristor?
(97) What is GTO? How it differs from SCR?
(98) Give the advantage & disadvantages of GTO.
(99) What are Harmonics? Why they will get introduced in power electronic circuits
(100)What is a Cyclo-converter? Give its applications.
41
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Power Electronics Lab Manual V Semester

POWER ELECTRONICS LAB - INTRODUCTION

COMPONENTS & DEVICES USED IN THE POWER ELECTRONICS LAB

(1) Thyristor (SCR-Silicon controlled rectifier): TYN-410 /TYN-610 / TYN-612

(3) MOSFET: IRF-450 / IRF-740 / IRF-40/ IRF-42 IRF

(5) Diac: DB-32C

(6) Diodes: BY-127 A K

(7) Zener diodes: DZ-15 A K

(8) UJT (Uni Junction Transistor): 2N2646 2N

(10) Pulse Transformer-1:1

(11) Power (Wattage) resistors: 100/5W, 500/5W, 1K/5W

(12) Potentiometers (POTS): 4.7K, 10K, 100K, 1M

(13) Rheostats: 50/25W, 100/25W, 200/25W.

(14) Capacitors: Disc type:0.1F, 0.01F,

(15) Single stand wire (For low current application):

(16) Step down Transformers: 12V

(17) Inductors: 10mH, 100mH, 250H, 500H:

Mutual inductor coil:

(18) Fuses: 1A, 2A, 5A & 6A

(19) Single phase converter Triggering unit: 1 Converter Triggering unit:

(20) DC Chopper Triggering unit:

10% 90% Min Max

(21) DC Motor: Separately Excited Dc Motor:

(22) Induction Motor:

(23) Universal Motor:

(24) Auto Transformer (Dimmer): 230V

COMPONENTS REQUIRED : SCR Module , Miltimeters -3, Power supplies -2 &

V-I (Static) Characteristics of SCR:

Reverse Blocking VFBO VAK

PROCEDURE FOR FINDING LATCHING CURRENT (IL):

PROCEDURE FOR FINDING HOLDING CURRENT (IH):

The static characteristics of SCR is drawn by conducting the experiment.

AIM: To determine input and the output characteristics of MOSFET(Metal oxide

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: MOSFET module , Multimeters -2, Power supplies -2 &

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (0-100mA) 100/ 10W

(a) INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

(1) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

(b) OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

(1) Fix VGS slightly greater than threshold voltage VT .

Sl VDS1 = V VDS2 = V VDS3 = V

VDS1 < VDS2

VGS(th) VGS (in volts)

Sl VGS1 = V VGS2 = V VGS3 = V

The static characteristics of MOSFET is obtained by conducting the experiment.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: IGBI module , Multimeters - 2, Power supplies -2 &

(0-100mA) 100/ 10W

(1) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

(b) OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

(1) Fix VGE slightly greater than threshold voltage VT .

Sl VCE1 = V VCE2 = V VCE3 = V

VCE1 < VCE2

VGE(th) VGE (in volts)

Sl VGE1 = V VGE2 = V VGE3 = V

The static characteristics of IGBT is obtained by conducting the experiment.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED : TRIAC Module, Multimeters -3 , Power supplies-2 &

IRCUIT DIAGRAM: MT1 A

V-I (Static) Characteristics of TRIAC:

a) Forward Bias condition:

b) Reverse Bias condition:

PROCEDURE FOR FINDING LATCHING CURRENT (IL):

PROCEDURE FOR FINDING HOLDING CURRENT (IH):

b) Reverse Bias condition

The static characteristics of TRIAC is obtained by conducting the experiment.