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Module – 3 notes, Sym.

Comps

Module - 3
Symmetrical Components
Introduction, Symmetrical component transformation, phase shift in star-delta
transformers, sequence impedances of transmission lines, sequence impedances and
sequence networks of power systems, sequence impedance networks of synchronous
machines, sequence impedance of transmission lines, zero sequence impedance networks
of transformers, construction of sequence networks of a power system, measurement of
sequence impedances of a synchronous generator.

The method of symmetrical components was developed by Mr.C.L.Fortescue in 1918, q powerful


technique for analysing unbalanced three-phase systems. It is a linear transformation from phase
components to a set of three components called symmetrical components.
[These are essentially artificial and used merely as aid for calculations. The various sequence-
component voltages and currents do not exist as physical entities in the network, although they
could be monitored by special filters]
The advantage of this transformation is that for balanced three phase networks the equivalent circuit
obtained for the symmetrical components called the sequence networks, are separated into three
uncoupled networks. Further for unbalanced three phase systems, the three sequence networks are
connected only at points of unbalance. Hence the analysis of unbalanced three phase systems are
very easy. Sequence networks can be superimposed to obtain three phase network results.
 Positive Sequence: A balanced three-phase system with the same phase sequence as the
original sequence.
 Negative sequence: A balanced three-phase system with the opposite phase sequence as the
original sequence.
 Zero Sequence: Three phasors that are equal in magnitude and phase rotate in the same
sequence as that of the positive sequence.
Fig. (a) depicts a set of three unbalanced phasors that are resolved into the three sequence
components. In this the original set of three phasors are denoted by Va , Vb and Vc , while their
positive, negative and zero sequence components are denoted by the subscripts 1, 2 and 0
respectively. This implies that the positive, negative and zero sequence components of phase-a is
denoted by Va1, Va2 and Va0 respectively. [Note that just like the voltage phasors given in Fig. the
currents can also be resolved into three symmetrical components.]

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Va, Vb and Vc are the three unbalanced voltage vectors.

Positive sequence voltages: fig. (b):Va1, Vb1 and Vc1 all are having equal magnitude and are
displaced from each other by 120 degrees and follow the same phase sequence as that of the
original unbalanced vectors.

Va1 = Va1∠00, Vb1 = Vb1 ∠-1200, Vc1 = Vc1∠1200

Negative sequence voltages: fig. (c):Va2, Vb2 and Vc2 all are having equal magnitude and are
displaced from each other by 120 degrees and follow the same phase sequence opposite to that of
the original unbalanced vectors.

Va2 = Va2∠00, Vb2 = Vb2 ∠1200, Vc2 = Vc2 ∠-1200.

Zero sequence voltages: fig. (d): Vao, Vbo and Vco all are having equal magnitude and are displaced
from each other by Zero degrees. [in phase with each other]. Vao = Vbo = Vco

Operator ‘a’.

It is a unit vector of displacement of 1200 measured from the reference in the counter clock wise
direction.

a = 1∠1200 = (- 0.5 + j0.866)


a2 = a.a = (1∠1200)( 1∠1200) = 1∠2400 = 1∠-1200 = (- 0.5 - j0.866)
a3 = a.a.a = 1∠3600 = 1∠00 = (1 + j0), a4 = a, (1 + a + a2) = 0
1/a = a2, 1/ a2 = a,
Conjugate a = a* = 1∠-1200 = (-0.5 - j0.866) = a2
Conjugate a2 = (a2)* = a
(1 + a) = - a2 = 1∠600, (1 - a) = 1.732 ∠- 300 = √3 ∠- 300
(1 - a2) = 1.732 ∠300 = √3 ∠300
(a - a2) = √3∠900, (a2 - a) = √3∠-900
Using the operator ‘a’, the symmetrical components of voltages can be written as,
Positive sequence voltages: (sequence a,b,c)

Va1 = Va1∠00, Vb1 = Va1 ∠-1200 = (a2 . Va1) and Vc1 = Va1∠1200 = (a. Va1)

Negative sequence voltages: (sequence a,c,b)

Va2 = Va2∠00, Vb2 = Va2 ∠1200 = (aVa2), Vc2 = Vc2 ∠-1200 = (a2 Va2)

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Zero sequence voltages:

Vao = Vbo = Vco all equal to each other and having


zero phase angle difference between them.
[i.e., they are in-phase with each other].

The original unbalanced three phase vectors can be written as:


Va = Vao + Va1 + Va2 = Vao + Va1 + Va2

Vb = Vbo + Vb1 + Vb2 = Vao + a2Va1 + a Va2

Vc = Vco + Vc1 + Vc2 = Vao + a Va1 + a2Va2

Writing the above equations in matrix form,

[][ ][ ]
Va 1 1 1 Vao
Vb = 1 a 2 a Va 1
Vc 2
1 a a Va 2

[Va,b,c] = [A][V0,1,2]

Where, A is the conversion matrix from symmetrical components to original components.

If the above equation is pre-multiplied by [A] -1

[A] -1 [Va,b,c] = [A] -1 [A] [V0,1,2]

as [A] -1 [A] = [U]

[V0,1,2] = [A] -1 [Va,b,c]

[ ]
1 1 1
Where, [A] = 1/3 1 a a2 , the transformation matrix.
-1

2
1 a a

Vao = 1/3 (Va + Vb + Vc), Va1 = 1/3 (Va + aVb + a2Vc ), Va2 = 1/3 (Va + a2Vb + aVc )

[ ] [ ][ ]
Vao 1 1 1 Va
Va1 = 1/3 1 a a2 Vb
Va 2 2
1 a a Vc

Similarly we can write for the currents also

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[ ] [ ][ ]
Iao 1 1 1 Ia
Ia 1 = 1/3 1 a a2 Ib
Ia 2 2
1 a a Ic

To show that balanced three phase system will have only positive sequence components.
[i.e., negative and zero sequence components are absent]

We know that,

[ ] [ ][ ]
Vao 1 1 1 Va
Va1 = 1/3 1 a a2 Vb
Va 2 2
1 a a Vc

Under balanced conditions Vb = a2Va and Vc = aVa


Substituting this in the above equation,

[ ] [ ][ ]
Vao 1 1 1 Va
2
Va1 = 1/3 1 a a a2 Va
Va 2 2
1 a a aVa

Vao = 1/3[Va + a2Va + aVa] = 1/3 Va [ 1 + a + a2] = Zero as (1 + a + a2) = 0

Va1 = 1/3[Va + a.a2Va + a2aVa] = 1/3Va[1 + a3 + a3] = 1/3Va[1 + 1 + 1] = Va. (As a3 = 1)

Va2 = 1/3[Va + a2 a2 Va + a.aVa] = 1/3Va[1 + a4 + a2] = 1/3Va[1 + a + a2] = Zero. (as a4 = a)

Hence Va1 = Va. From which we can say that in a balanced three phase system only positive
sequence is present and the other two sequence components are absent.

Same theory is applicable to currents also.

In a three phase three wire system as there is no neutral path the vectorial sum of the three line
currents is always zero. Hence zero sequence components are absent in a three phase three wire
system. [Zero sequence currents always flow through the ground]

Also in a balanced or unbalanced delta connected load the line currents do not carry any zero
sequence components as the sum of the three line currents is always zero.

In a balance three phase star connected load the sum of the three line currents is zero, hence zero
sequence currents are absent (whether its neutral is grounded or not).

In an unbalanced star connected load if the neutral is not grounded the zero sequence currents are
zero as there is no path for the zero sequence current. If the neutral is grounded then there will be
the zero sequence current exists and pass through the neutral to ground of value In = (Ia + Ib + Ic) =
3Iao.

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Relationship between symmetrical components of the line and phase currents in three phase
Delta connected load.

If a non zero value of circulating current I


(o)
ab exists in the ∆ circuit it cannot be

determined from the line currents alone.


Ia = Iab – Ica = IC - IB , Ib = Ibc – Iab = IA – IC ,
Ic = Ica – Ibc = IB – IA
Iao is zero as the sum of the line currents is zero.
Positive sequence currents,
Ia1 = IC1 - IB1 = aIA1 –a2IA1 = (a - a2) IA1 = j√3 IA1
Ib1 = j√3 IB1
Ic1 = j√3 IC1
Therefore, the positive sequence components of the line
currents when entering delta connected load are √3 times
the positive sequence phase currents and lead the
corresponding positive sequence phase currents by 900.
Negative sequence currents,
Ia2 = IC2 - IB2 = a2IA2 –aIA2 = (a2 - a) IA2 = - j√3 IA2
Ib2 = - j√3 IB2
Ic2 = - j√3 IC2
Therefore, the negative sequence components of the
line currents when entering delta connected load are
√3 times the negative sequence phase currents and
lag the corresponding negative sequence phase
currents by 900.

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Relationship between symmetrical components of the line and phase voltages in three phase
star connected load.

Also from the vector diagram we can write, Vbc1 = VA1 = j√3 Van1 and Vbc2 = VA2 = −¿ j√3
Van2

Phase shift in star-delta transformers.


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The phase shift is the angular displacement between the maximum positive value of the alternating
quantities having the same frequency.
There is no phase shift between the star-star and delta-delta 3-phase transformer.
Most of the power transformer is either star-delta or delta star connected.
What causes phase shift in Transformers?
The voltage induced in primary and secondary winding are in the same phase and the ratio of
voltages is same as the turns ratio. Hence, even in three phase transformers the primary and
secondary voltages are in same phase. Due to this Star and Delta connection the line voltages on
both sides are not in the same phase.
What is the general phase angle between primary and secondary of a transformer?
Transformer primary and secondary voltage has the phase shift. If we apply a voltage at the primary
terminals of a transformer then for this we can get a voltage at the secondary, but they have 180
degree phase difference.

Positive and negative sequence voltages and currents undergo a phase shift in passing through a
star-delta transformer which depends up on the labeling of terminals. In the fig. shown the
transformer coil ends are marked with a dot have the same polarity. Therefore, the Voltage V HH’ is
in phase with VLL’. Neglecting the small amount of magnetizing current the primary current I 1
entering the dotted end cancels the demagnetizing ampere-turns of the secondary current I 2 so that I1
and I2 are in phase.

Consider a star/delta transformer with terminal labeling as in the fig. shown. The windings shown in
parallel to each other are magnetically coupled. Assume that the transformer is excited with positive
sequence voltages and carries positive sequence currents. With the polarity marks shown the vector
diagram is drawn. The following relationship between the voltages on the two sides of the
transformer can be seen from the vector diagram.
VAB1 = x . Vab1∠300, where ‘x’ is the transformation ratio (phase to phase)

Hence, the positive sequence line voltages on star side lead the corresponding voltages on the delta
side by 300. The same result would apply to the line currents also and phase to earth voltages on the
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two sides.

If the transformer is excited with negative sequence voltages and carries negative sequence currents.
With the polarity marks shown the vector diagram is drawn. The following relationship between the
voltages on the two sides of the transformer can be seen from the vector diagram.
VAB2 = x . Vab2∠-300, where ‘x’ is the transformation ratio (phase to phase)
Hence, the negative sequence line voltages on star side lag the corresponding voltages on the delta
side by 300. The same result would apply to the line currents also and phase to earth voltages on the
two sides.

From the above, it can be learnt that a star/delta transformer is so labeled that the positive sequence
quantities on the HV side lead their corresponding positive sequence quantities on the LV side by
300 and the reverse in the case of negative sequence where in HV quantities lag the corresponding
LV quantities by 300.

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Eg. In a power system it is found that Ia1 = 20∠100, Ib2 = 5∠1100, and Ico = 2∠2000 Amps.
Find the line currents.
Iao = Ibo = Ico = 2∠2000, Ia1 = 20∠100, Ib1 = a2Ia1= (1∠-1200. 20∠100) = 20∠-1100,
Ic1 = a.Ia1= 1∠1200. 20∠100 = 20∠1300
and Ib2 = 5∠1100, Ia2 = (1/a) Ib2 = a2Ib2 = (1∠-1200. 5∠1100) = 5∠-100,
Ic2= a Ib2 = 1∠1200. 5∠1100 = 5∠2300
Ia = Iao + Ia1 + Ia2 = = 2∠2000+20∠100+5∠1100 = 22.81∠4.830 A.
Ib = Ibo + Ib1 + Ib2 = = 2∠2000+20∠-1100+5∠1100 = 18.08∠-125.220 A.
Ic = Ico + Ic1 + Ic2 = = 2∠2000+20∠1300+5∠2300 = 20.978∠148.770 A.

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Eg. In a balanced star connected impedance of (8 + j6) Ω per phase the positive sequence line
voltage is
(390 + j30) volts and the negative sequence line voltage is (100 + j60) volts. Find the line
currents.
Given, Z = (8 + j6) Ω, VA1 = (390 + j30) volts and VA2 = (100 + j60) volts.
The sequence components of phase voltages are, Va1 = VA1/j√3 = 225.83∠-85.610 volts.
Va2 = VA2/-j√3 = 67.33∠120.960 volts.
Ia1= Va1/Z = (225.83∠-85.610)/10∠36.87 = 22.58∠-122.480A
Ia2= Va2/Z = (67.33∠-85.610)/10∠36.87 = 6.733∠84.010 A
Iao= Zero.
The line currents are: Ia = Iao + Ia1 + Ia2 = 22.58∠-122.480 + 6.733∠84.010 = 16.82∠-132.750A.
Ib = Ibo + Ib1 + Ib2 = 0 + a2Ia1 + aIa2 =
Ib = 0 + 1∠-1200. 22.58∠-122.480 + 1∠1200 . 6.733∠84.010 = 23.92∠-133.830A.
Ic = Ico + Ic1 + Ic2 = 0 + aIa1 + a2Ia2 =
Ic = 0 + 1∠1200. 22.58∠-122.480 + 1∠-1200 . 6.733∠84.010 = 28.42∠-9.960A.

Eg. In a 3-ph, 3-wire system the line currents are Ia = 10∠300A, Ib = 12∠-1000A. Determine the
sequence components of the line currents.
Ans: Iao= Zero. Ia1 = 10.43∠21.370A, Ia2 = 1.59∠131.20A

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Eg. One conductor of a 3-ph line is open. The current flowing to the delta connected load through
line ‘a’ is 10 amp, with the current in line ‘a’ as reference and assuming line ‘c’ is open determine
the symmetrical components of line currents.

From the fig. we can write Ia = 10∠00A, and Ib = 10∠1800 A. and Ic = 0 A. i.e., Ia = -Ib
Zero seq. current Iao = 1/3[Ia + Ib + Ic] = Zero.
Positive sequence current Ia1 = 1/3[Ia + a Ib + a2 Ic] = 1/3(1-a)Ia = √3∠-300Ia = 5.77∠-300 A.
Negative sequence current Ia2 = 1/3[Ia + a2 Ib + a Ic] = 1/3(1-a2)Ia = √3∠300Ia = 5.77∠300 A.
Check: Ia = Iao + Ia1 + Ia2 = [0 + 5.77∠-300 + 5.77∠300] = 10∠00A.
Ib = Ibo + Ib1 + Ib2 = [0 + a2 5.77∠-300 + a.5.77∠300] = -10∠00A.
Ic = Ico + Ic1 + Ic2 = [0 + a 5.77∠-300 + a2.5.77∠300] = 0 A.

Eg. A short circuit occurs at the terminals of phase ‘a of a 3-ph star connected alternator with its
neutral earthed. The fault current is 1000 A. Calculate the sequence components of the currents in
all the phases if the alternator is initially not supplying any load.

Given, Ia = 1000 A, Ib = 0, and Ic = 0 A.


Iao = 1/3[Ia + Ib + Ic] = 333.33∠00A.
Ia1 = 1/3[Ia + a Ib + a2 Ic] = 333.33∠00A.
Ia2 = 1/3[Ia + a2 Ib + a Ic] = 333.33∠00A.
i.e., Iao = Ia1 = Ia2 for a single line to ground fault.
The total fault current is 1000 A = 3 Iao.

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Eg. Calculate the sequence components of the following line-to-neutral voltages with abc sequence:
Comment on the results obtained.

[ ][ ]
V an 277 ∠ 0
Vp = V bn = 277 ∠−120
V cn 277 ∠ 120

1 1
Vo = [Van + Vbn + Vcn] = [277 ∠ 0+277 ∠−120+277 ∠ 120 ¿=Zero
3 3
1
V1 = [Van + aVbn + a2Vcn]
3
1
= [277 ∠ 0+277 ∠ (−120+120 ) +277 ∠( 120−120)¿ =277∠0
3
1 1
V2 = [Van + a2Vbn + aVcn] = [277 ∠ 0+277 ∠ (−120−120 ) +277 ∠ (120+120)¿ = Zero
3 3
As the negative and zero sequence components are zero the given three phase system is a perfectly
balanced three phase system where in only positive sequence is present.
Eg. A three phase line feeding a balanced Y-connected load has its ‘b’ phase open. The load neutral
is grounded, and the line currents are given as: Ia = 10∠0 A and Ic = 10∠120 A. Calculate the
sequence currents and the neutral current.
1 1
Io = [Ia + Ib + Ic] = [10 ∠ 0+0+ 10∠ 120 ¿=3.33 ∠ 60 A
3 3
1 1
I1 = [Ia + aIb+ a2Ic] = [10 ∠0+0+ 10∠(120−120)¿ =6.667∠0 A
3 3
1 1
I2 = [Ia + a2Ib + aIc] = [10 ∠ 0+0+ 10∠ (120+120)¿ = 3.333∠60 A
3 3
The neutral current In = Ia + Ib + Ic = [[10∠ 0+0+10 ∠120]=¿ 10∠60 A = 3Io
It is seen from this example that the neutral current is always three times the zero sequence
current.
Eg. A single phase resistive load of 100 kVA is connected across the lines b and c of a balanced
three phase system of 3kV. Compute the symmetrical components of the line currents.

From the fig. it can be written that Ia = 0, Ib = -Ic = 100 kVA/3 kV = 33.33 A.
The zero sequence current is Iao = Ibo = Ico = 1/3[Ia + Ib + Ic] = Zero.
Ia1 = 1/3[Ia + aIb + a2Ic] = 1/3[(a – a2)Ic] = 19.243∠900 A.
Ia2 = 1/3[Ia + a2Ib + a Ic] = 1/3[( a2 -a)Ic] = 19.243∠-900 A.
Ib1 = a2Ia1 = 19.243∠-300 A. Ic1 = aIa1 = 19.243∠2100 A. Ib2 = aIa2 = 19.243∠300 A.

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Ic2 = a2Ia2 = 19.243∠-2100 A. Ia = Iao + Ia1 + Ia2 = zero


Ib = Ibo + Ib1 + Ib2 = 33.33∠00 A. Ic = Ico + Ic1 + Ic2 = - 33.33∠00 A.
Eg. The magnitude of three line voltages of a three phase system are:
VA = 400 V, VB = 500 V and VC = 600 V. Determine the sequence components of the line and
phase voltages. Take the sequence A, B, C.

Let the voltage VA be the reference vector.

Using cosine rule,

(VC)2 = [ (VA)2 + (VB)2 – 2VAVB cosα ¿, cosα = [ (VA)2 + (VB)2 – (VC)2]/ 2VAVB = 0.1249
α = 82.820
Similarly, cos β = [ (VA)2 + (VC)2 – (VB)2]/ 2VAVC = 0.5625, β = 55.770

Therefore, VA = 400∠00 V, VB = 500∠-(180 – 82.82)0 = 500∠- 97.180 V,


VC = 600∠(180 – 55.77)0 = 600∠124.230 V
The sequence components of line voltages are,

Zero sequence voltages, VAo = 1/3[VA + VB + VC] = ZERO


Positive sequence voltages, VA1 = 1/3[VA + aVB + a2VC] = 492.84∠9.270
Negative sequence voltages, VA2 = 1/3[VA + a2VB + a VC] = 117.34∠-137.40

The sequence components of phase voltages are,


Va1 = VA1/(j√3) = 284.54∠-80.730
Va2 = VA2/(-j√3) = 67.75∠-47.400

Eg. Three resistors of 5Ω, 10 Ω and 20 Ω are connected in delta across the three phase
balanced supply of 100 Volts. Find the sequence components of the phase and line currents.
Solution:
The balanced three phase supply is represented as:
Vab = 100∠0, Vbc = 100∠-120 and Vca = 100∠120 Volts.

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V ab 100∠ 0
The phase currents are: IC = Iab = = = 20∠0 A.
Z ab 5

V bc 100∠−120
IA = Ibc = = = 10∠-120 A.
Z bc 10

V ca 100∠ 120
IB = Ica = = = 5∠120 A.
Z ca 20
Sequence components of phase currents:

1 1
IA0 = [IA + IB + IC] = [10∠-120 + 5∠120 + 20∠0] = 7.637 ∠-19.1 A.
3 3
1 1
IA1 = [IA + aIB + a2IC] = [10∠-120 + 5∠(120+120) + 20∠(0-120)] = 11.67∠-120 A
3 3
1 1
IA2 = [IA + a2IB + aIC] = [10∠-120 + 5∠(120-120) + 20∠(0+120)] = 7.637 ∠139.1 A
3 3

The line currents are: Ia, Ib and Ic.


Ia = IC - IB, Ib = IA – IC, Ic = IB – IA
1
Zero Sequence components of line currents: Iao = = [Ia + Ib + Ic] = Zero
3
(in delta the line currents do not contain zero sequence currents).
Positive Sequence component of line currents: Ia1 = (j√3) IA1
1 1
Ia1 = [Ia + aIb + a2Ic] = (a – a2) IA1 = (j√3) IA1 = (j√3)( 11.67∠-120) = 20.21∠-30 A
3 3
Negative Sequence component of line currents: Ia2 = (-j√3) IA2
1 1
Ia2 = [Ia + a2Ib + aIc] = (a2-a) IA2 = ( -j√3) IA2 = (-j√3)( 7.637 ∠139.1) = 13.23∠49.1 A.
3 3

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Power in terms of symmetrical components.

The total complex (apparent) power in a three phase system is S = VI*

[] []
Ia Ia¿
S = VaIa* + VbIb* + VcIc* = [Va Vb Vc] . Conjugate Ib = [Va Vb Vc] Ib¿
¿
Ic Ic

S = [Vabc]t[Iabc]* = {[A][V012]}t [A][I012]* = {[V012]t [A]t}[A]*[I012]* = {[V012]t [U]I012]*},

[ ]
1 0 0
by reversal rule and also as [A] [A]* = 3 0 1 0
t

0 0 1

Therefore, S = 3{[V012]t [I012]*} = 3[Va0 I*a0 + Va1I*a1 + Va2I*a2] Volt-ampere

If V and I are in per unit then S = [Va0 I*a0 + Va1I*a1 + Va2I*a2] pu/

Eg. In a 100 kV, 100 MVA, 3-ph system the sequence components of currents and voltages in pu on
a base of 100 MVA, 100 KV are: Iao= 0.1∠-200pu, Ia1= 0.8∠600pu, Ia2= 0.1∠-300pu.
Iao= 0.1∠-200pu, Ia1= 0.8∠600pu, Ia2= 0.1∠-300pu.
Vao= 0.12∠300pu, Va1= 1.0∠600pu, Va2= 0.2∠00pu. Determine the complex power in pu and in
MVA.
The expression for complex power is S = Vao I*ao + Va1 I*a1 + Va2 I*a2
S = [0.12∠300 . 0.1∠200 +1.0∠600 . 0.8∠-600 + 0.2∠00 . 0.1∠300] = 0.825∠1.330
pu.
S in MVA = 0.825 . base MVA = 0.825 . 100 = 82.5 MVA

Sequence impedances
Just like the voltage and currents impedances are also of three kinds like zero, positive and negative
sequence impedances.
Positive sequence impedance: It is the impedance offered for the positive sequence currents only.
[Positive sequence currents give rise to positive sequence voltages only].

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Negative sequence impedance: It is the impedance offered for the negative sequence currents only.
[Negative sequence currents give rise to negative sequence voltages only].
Zero sequence impedance: It is the impedance offered for the zero sequence currents only.
[Zero sequence currents give rise to zero sequence voltages only].
Hence each sequence current is flowing within its own network through impedances of its own
sequence only, i.e., positive sequence currents are flowing only through positive sequence
impedance and negative sequence currents flow through negative sequence impedance and zero
sequence currents flow through zero sequence impedance only.

Representation of power apparatus in the sequence networks.


a). Synchronous generator: The positive sequence reactance X1 is the normal transient or sub-
transient reactance value.
The negative sequence currents set up a rotating magnetic field in the opposite direction to that of
the positive-sequence currents and which rotate round the rotor surface at twice the synchronous
speed; hence the effective reactance X2 is different from the positive sequence reactance X1.
The zero sequence impedance X0 depends on the nature of connection between the star point of the
winding and the earth. Resistors or reactors are connected between the star point and the earth to
limit the overvoltages.
The only voltage source appearing in the networks are in the positive sequence one as the
generators only generate positive sequence emfs.
b). Transmission lines and cables: The positive and the negative sequence reactances are the
normal values and are equal.
The zero sequence reactance depends on the nature of the return path through the earth if no fourth
wire is provided. It is also modified by the presence of an earth wire on the towers that protects
overhead lines against lightning strikes.
c) Transformers: The positive and negative sequence reactances are equal and the zero sequence
connection depends on the nature of connection of the windings. The zero-sequence currents in the
windings on one side of a transformer must produce the corresponding ampere-turns in the other.
But three in-phase currents cannot flow in a star connection without a connection to earth. They can
circulate around a delta winding, but not in the lines outside it.

The sequence networks have no mutual coupling among themselves i.e., they do not interlace
with each other or they are totally decoupled networks.

[Vabc] = [Zabc] [Iabc],


[Iabc] = [A] [I012]
[Zabc] is a 3 x 3 matrix made of self and mutual impedance between the phases.
We know that
[Vabc] = [A][V012]
[Vabc] = [Zabc][Iabc] = [Zabc][A][I012]
-1
Pre-multiply both sides by [A]
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[A]-1[Vabc] = [A]-1 [Zabc][Iabc] = [A]-1 [Zabc] [A][I012]


[V012] = {[A]-1[Zabc] [A]}[I012]
[Z012] = {[A]-1[Zabc][A]}

Sequence impedances of a three phase transmission lines.


Fig. 1 shows a three phase transmission line having self reactance of Xs and mutual reactancs of
Xm between them. The three phases are represented by a-a’, b-b’, c-c’ and the neutral is by n-n’.
The line to neutral voltages are Van, Vbn and Vcn are given by,

Fig. 1

[Vaa’bb’cc’] = [Zabc][Iabc]

And we know that, [Z012] = {[A]-1[Zabc][A]}

Neglecting resistance we write Z = X,

[ ][ ][ ] [ ][ ]
1 1 1 ZS Zm Zm 1 1 1 ( Zs+2 Zm) 0 0 Z0
1 2 2
[Z012] = 1 a a Zm ZS Zm 1 a a = 0 ( Zs−Zm) 0 = Z1
3 2 2
1 a a Zm Zm ZS 1 a a 0 0 (Zs−Zm) Z2

Therefore, Zo = (Zs + 2Zm), Z1 = Z2 = (Zs-Zm). If the resistance is neglected then,


Xo = (Xs + 2Xm), X1 = X2 = (Xs - Xm) and Xo ˃ X1 or X2 and [X012] is a diagonal matrix and does
not contain any mutual terms, from this we can write that the sequence components do not interlace
with each other.
Also it is seen that in transmission lines the positive and negative sequence impedances are always
equal and the zero sequence impedance is different and greater than the positive sequence
impedance.

If there is no mutual coupling then all the three sequence impedances are equal to each other.

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Module – 3 notes, Sym. Comps

Eg. Three equal impedances of j21 Ω each are connected in ∆. Determine the sequence
impedances. If there is a mutual impedance of j6 Ω exists between each adjacent pair, what will
be the sequence impedances.
Solution: Given Xs = 21Ω. Xm = 6 Ω.
If there is no mutual coupling then Xo = X1 = X2 = 21Ω
If there is mutual coupling then Xo = Xs + 2 Xm = 21 + 2 . 6 = 33 Ω,
X1 = X2 = Xs-Xm = 21-6 = 15Ω.
Eg. A three phase impedance load of a network line has the following sequence impedances.
Determine the phase impedance. Is the load symmetrical?
Zo = (8 + j12) Ω, Z1 = 4 Ω and Z2 = 4Ω.
Zo = Zs + 2 Zm = 8 + j12
Z1 = Z2 = Zs-Zm = 4
Solving we get, Zs = (16/3 + j4) Ω and Zm = (4/3 + j4) Ω. It is a symmetrical system.
Eg. Across a star connected symmetrical impedance load of 10 Ω per phase and a neutral
impedance of 3.333 Ω an unbalanced three phase supply with V a = 220∠0, Vb = 200∠110 and
Vc = 180∠-110 V is applied. Determine the line currents using symmetrical components.
[Note: the voltages given are on the sequence a-c-b accordingly the equations for the positive and
negative sequence voltages get interchanged]
For a symmetrical impedance, Z1 = Z2 = Z = 10 Ω and Zo = (Z + 3 Zn) = (10 + 3 x 3.333) = 20 Ω
1 1
Vo = [Va + Vb + Vc] = [220 ∠ 0+200 ∠ 110 +180 ∠−110 ¿=¿ 30.66∠11.79 V.
3 3
1 1
V1 = [Va + a2Vb + aVc] = [Va + aVc + a2Vb]
3 3
1
= [220 ∠ 0+180 ∠ (−110+120)+200 ∠ (−120+110 ) ¿ = 198.08∠- 0.34 V
3
1 1
V2 = [Va + aVb + a2Vc] = [Va + a2Vc + aVb]
3 3
1
= [220 ∠ 0+180 ∠ (−110+120)+200 ∠ ( 1 10−120 ) ¿ = 9.56∠-147.72 V
3
Symmetrical components of Phase currents:

VO 30.66 ∠ 11.79
Iao = = = 1.533∠11.79 A.
ZO 20
V1 198.08∠−0.34
Ia1 = = = 19.808∠-0.34 A.
Z1 10
V2 9.56 ∠−147.72
Ia2 = = = 0.956∠- 147.72 A.
Z2 10

The line currents are:


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Module – 3 notes, Sym. Comps

Ia = (Iao + Ia1 + Ia2) = [1.533∠11.79 + 19.808∠-0.34 + 0.956∠- 147.72] = 20.502∠-0.88 A


Ib = (Ibo + Ib1 + Ib2) = (Iao + aIa1 + a2Ia2) =
= [1.533∠11.79 + 19.808∠(-0.34+120) + 0.956∠(- 147.72-120)] = 20.27∠114.28 A

Ic = (Ico + Ic1 + Ic2) = (Iao + a2Ia1 + aIa2) =


= [1.533∠11.79 + 19.808∠(-0.34 -120) + 0.956∠(- 147.72 +120)] = 18.85∠-114 A.
Sequence networks:

As we know in a balanced system only positive sequence components exist and negative and zero
sequence components are absent the sequence networks can be written under any unbalanced
conditions as

i) Positive sequence network: It is a network of a voltage


source the positive sequence induced emf Ea in series
with positive sequence impedance (sub-transient impedance),
the current from this network is the positive sequence current
Ia1 and the output voltage is the positive sequence voltage Va1.

This is given by Va1 = Ea – Ia1Z1 {or Va(1) = Ea – Ia(1)Z1} as in the fig.

ii) Negative sequence network: It is a network of a


negative sequence impedance the current from this
network is the negative sequence current Ia2 and
the output voltage is the negative sequence voltage Va2.

This is given by Va2 = 0 – Ia2Z2

iii) Zero sequence network: It is a network of a


zero sequence impedance the current from this
network is the zero sequence current Iao and
the output voltage is the negative sequence voltage Vao.

This is given by Vao = 0 – IaoZo


Where, Zo is the total zero sequence reactance. If the neutral is grounded through an
impedance of Zn it is added with 3 times its value with the zero sequence armature
impedance of the armature of an alternator. Therefore, Zo = Zgo + 3Zn

The above three equations can be written in the matrix form as:

[ ][ ][ ][ ]
V ao 0 Z 0 0 0 I ao
V a 1 = Ea - 0 Z 1 0 I a 1
V a2 0 0 0 Z2 I a2

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Module – 3 notes, Sym. Comps

Sequence impedance of transformers.

The positive sequence reactance of a transformer equals its leakage reactance. For transformers
above 1 MVA rating the resistance is negligible hence the leakage reactance is equal to the leakage
impedance. Also since transformer is a static device the negative sequence impedance is equal to
the positive sequence impedance.
The flow of zero sequence currents through transformers depends greatly on the winding
connections. The zero sequence currents can flow through the winding only when connected in star
and also if the star point is grounded. If the star point is isolated [not grounded] the zero sequence
currents cannot flow through the winding. Moreover the zero sequence currents cannot flow in the
lines connected to a delta connected winding because of the absence of the return path for it.
However, the zero sequence currents caused by the presence of zero sequence voltages can circulate
through the delta connected windings as a circulating current in the delta as shown in fig.2

Fig.2
The path of the zero sequence currents can be traced very well with respect to the connections of the
primary and secondary windings. Fig.3 represents the equivalent circuit for determining the
sequence equivalent network of a transformer.

Fig.3

Sl.no. Connections Switch positions


1 Primary winding connected in star with neutral grounded Close ‘a’
2 Primary winding is connected in delta. Close ‘c’.
3 Primary winding is connected in star with neutral isolated
Open ‘a’ and ‘c’.
(ungrounded)
4 Secondary winding is connected in star with neutral
Close ‘b’
grounded.
5 Secondary winding is connected in delta Close ‘d’
6 Secondary winding is connected in star with neutral un- Keep ‘b’ and‘d’
grounded open.

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Module – 3 notes, Sym. Comps

Zero Sequence network of power systems. [Examples]

Examples. For the following power systems shown obtain the zero sequence reactance diagram.

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Module – 3 notes, Sym. Comps

SEQUENCE NETWORKS. Examples.

1. Consider the one-line diagram of a small power system, draw the corresponding zero‐
sequence network, simplified by omitting resistances and shunt admittances:

Solution.

2. Develop the zero sequence network for the power system shown in figure.

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Module – 3 notes, Sym. Comps

Solution.

3. A generator of rating 300 MVA, 20 kV is supplying two motors; the rated inputs to the motors
are 200 MVA and 100 MVA for M1 and M2 respectively. The three-- ‐phase transformer T1 is
rated 350 MVA, 230/20 kV with leakage reactance of 10%. Transformer T2 is composed of
three single--‐phase transformers, each rated 127/13.2 kV, 100 MVA with a leakage reactance
of 10%. Series reactance of the transmission line of length 64 km is 0.5 Ω/km.
Assume that the generator and both motors have equal values of sub-transient reactance and
negative sequence reactances of 0.2 per unit each and 55 zero sequence reactance. The neutrals
are grounded through reactors of 0.4 Ohm. The zero sequence reactance of the transmission
line is 150% of the positive sequence value.

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Module – 3 notes, Sym. Comps

Solution. On a base of the Generator rating the base kV of different sections are mentioned on the
diagram in red colour

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Module – 3 notes, Sym. Comps

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Module – 3 notes, Sym. Comps

Measurement of sequence reactances of a synchronous machine.

OBJECTIVE
To determine positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence reactances of an alternator.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED

1. Ammeter: – 0 - 15A; 0 - 2.5A. Voltmeter: – 0 – 40V; 0 – 250V.


2. Wattmeter: – 0 -1400 W.

THEORY OF THE EXPERIMENT

DETERMINATION OF X1 (Positive Sequence reactance): –


It is a reactance of a synchronous machine under steady state condition in the direct axis. The
positive sequence impedance can also be defined as the impedance offered by the machine to the

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Module – 3 notes, Sym. Comps

flow of positive sequence currents in the armature windings create a magnetic field that rotates in
the normal direction in the air gap.

X1=Z2sinФ

1. Open Circuit Test

a. Run the machine at rated speed.


b. Connect a voltmeter and ammeter according to the circuit diagram.
c. Note the reading at different exciting current.

2. Short Circuit Test

a. Run the machine at rated speed.


b. Apply low voltage to the field circuit so that exciting current is small. Alternately connect a
high resistance rheostat in the field circuit with full field voltage applied connect an
armature in the field circuit.
c. Apply three-phase short circuit at the synchronous machine terminal with an ammeter
connected in any phase.
d. Measure the short circuit current corresponding to the field current given by the ammeter
reading.

DETERMINATION OF X2 (Negative Sequence Reactance): –

The negative sequence reactance X2 can be determined by driving the machine at rated speed with
low excitation. Short circuit ant two phases and open circuit one phase. Measure the short circuited
current Isc and voltage of open circuited phase Vos. The current coil of voltmeter is excited by Isc
and voltage coil by Vos. The negative sequence impedance can be calculated.

Z2=Vos / √3.Isc

X2=Z2 sinФ , where Ф = cos-1(P / Vsc.Isc)

a. Run the machine at rated speed


b. Short circuit two phases of the alternator through an ammeter and the current coil of the
wattmeter.
c. Connect the voltage coil of the wattmeter and the voltmeter between the open phase and any
short circuited phase.
d. Gradually increase the excitation such that the short circuit current does not exceed its full
load value.
e. Take reading of voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter.

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Determination of X0 (Zero Sequence Reactance):-

The machine is driven at rated speed. The windings of all phases are connected in parallel. Connect
the voltmeter and ammeter according to the circuit diagram shown in Fig 3.1.

a. Connect the armature winding in parallel according to the circuit diagram.


b. Run the machine at rated speed.
c. Apply low voltage from a variac and measure both voltage and current taken by the
armature windings

X0= 3. V0 / I0

Connection Diagram of Experiment - 3

Fig 3.1 Connection Diagram for open circuit test

Fig 3.2 Connection Diagram for short circuit test

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Module – 3 notes, Sym. Comps

Fig 3.3 Connection Diagram for Determination of X2

Fig 3.4 Connection Diagram for Determination of X0

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