Week 1- Monday
the abstract of concept
Quantitative Research- deals with numbers,
statistics, and computations.
- Quantifiable; able to measure or
measurable
Definition A scientific investigation of a
phenomena by gathering quantifiable
information and by performing statistical
techniques.
Contribution: During this pandemic, research
is needed in finding the cure. Research helps
us to create something new and to find
solutions.
Objective: PR2 develops the critical thinking
skills and problem solving skills by
conducting a quantitative research.
UNIT 1: Lesson 1 Inquiry vs. Research
Lesson 2 Quantitative Research
Lesson 3 Experimental Research
Lesson 4 Non Experimental Research
Lesson 5 Variables
Independent variable causes the change
in Dependent variable.
UNIT 2: Identifying the Inquiry and Stating
the Problem
Chapter 1
 Introduction
 Background of the Study- why is my
study worth pursuing?
 Objective of the Study- desired or
expected end to be achieved that are not
influenced my personal bias.
General broad statement that explains
Specific activity necessary to attain the
general objective.
S- Simple
M- Measurable
A- Attainable
R- Result Oriented
T- Time Bounded
E- Enthusiasm
R- (Local) Resources
 Statement of the Problem- must be
parallel to the OS.
Major broad statement that uses
abstract in measurable statement.
Specific detailed statement of purpose
which uses measurable concepts.
(The computation of which is based on
the Major Problem.)
Characteristics:
- Precise, accurate and clear.
-Sub questions are in interrogative.
-The problem should be defined in
terms of data that can be obtained.
 Hypothesis- tentative answer.
Alternative relationship between IV
and DV. (HI or HA)
Null negative form (HO) states the
absence between the IV and DV. Only null
can be subjective to statistical testing.
 Significance of the Study- emphasise
the importance of study. Describes the
contribution of the study to knowledge.
Who will benefit
Characteristics:
- Contribution to the accumulation
of knowledge.
- Contribution building, validation
theories
 - Finding a solution to a problem
from a specific group
- Contribution to improve
education.
 Scope- defines the coverage and
boundaries in terms of the area or
locality, population, duration, nature,
treatments, instruments. And Limitation-
conditions beyond the control of the
researcher.
Lesson 6 Quantitative Research Problem
Lesson 7 Hypothesis
UNIT 3: Lesson 8 RRL
APA- American Psychological Association.
Lesson 9 Conceptual Framework
Lesson 10 Language of Research
Definition of terms- (1) establishes the rules
and procedures. (2) Provides ambiguous
meanings.
2 Types:
- Conceptual from dictionary.
- Operational meaning of concept.
How you use it in the study.
Lesson 11 Understanding Data and Ways to
Systematically Collect Data
Lesson 12 Quantitative Data Collection
Techniques
UNIT 5: Lesson 13 Quantitative Method
Lesson 14 Statistical Method
Lesson 15 Sampling Procedure
Non Probability Sampling most commonly
used in qualitative research. Purposive
method.
Probability Sampling uses random
techniques.
Slovin’s Formula getting the sample size by
setting the margin of error.
UNIT 5: Lesson 16 Research Report Writing
Parts of Research
- Front Matters
Title Page- (Centered, Justified,
Capitalized per letter, Inverted Pyramid
Style, Single Space) (Title, Classification of
Paper, Degree Program, Name of
Proponent, Month and Year)
Approval Sheet- statement of
recommendation and approval.
Acknowledgement- (pronouns must be
in 3rd person)
Dedication- to who do you dedicate
Abstract- brief yet comprehensive
summary of the paper. Describes the
problem, number and type of
respondents, hypothesis, instruments, and
results. (150-200 words only.)
Table of Contents
- Chapter 1
- Chapter 2
Introductory Paragraph- brief summary.
RRL for IV and sub topics of IV
RRL for DV and sub topics of DV
RRL for IV and DV
Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
Definition of Terms
-Chapter 3
Introductory Paragraph
Research Design
Research Locale
Research Instrument
Data Gathering Procedure
Statistical Treatment
- Chapter 4 -Scientific is systematic, well
Presentation, Analysis, and organized, and ordered.
Interpretation- back up the interpretation -Experimental procedure carried out
with RRL. to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis.
Table 1 Sub problem 1 -Inductive
Table 2 Sub problem 2 -was coined by two words; ‘re’ and
- Chapter 5 ‘search’, meaning ‘again’ and ‘to look for
Summary of Finding something’.
Conclusion- if it is accepted or
rejected with RRL found in the Chapter 2 Difference:
Recommendation 1. Inquiry means something very similar
- Back Matters to what it means in the broader world.
References Research has structures, rules, and
Business Letters protocol. Process thru which
Questionnaires information is obtained, validated,
Letter to the Author compared to existing data with a
Raw Data purpose ascertaining if the hypothesis
Curriculum Vitae is valid or invalid.
Relationship:
Arial 14, Justified, Double Spacing, APA 1. Both are seeking for information to
have extensive knowledge. Inquiry is an
_______WEEK 1- Wednesday________ act of asking questions. Research
Inquiry vs. Research investigation of materials on facts.

Inquiry- investigation; when you investigate, METHODS OF RESEARCH

you ask question to examine. This is through
HOTS (higher-over
-a dynamic process of being open to
wonder puzzlement and coming to know and
understand the word.
-cycle where each question leads to
an exploration which will then leave to more
question.
-process of asking, investigating,
creating, discussing, and reflecting and then  Inductive Thinking- join evidence to
asking again create a hypothesis from a number of
observations, a general conclusion is
Research- scientific, experimental, and drawn.
inductive manner of thinking.
  Deductive Thinking- uses evidence to  Logical- follows valid principles and
evaluate hypothesis and create procedures and is rational by clear
conclusion from a general premise, sound reasoning.
specific results are created.  Cyclical- starts with a problem and ends
with a problem. This continues until
such time that purified body of
knowledge is attained.
 Analytical- proper analysis should be
done before making final conclusion to
avoid false conclusion
 Objective- lack of bias.
 Critical- careful and precise in
processing ideas and judgement.
 Replicable- procedures must be written
clearly and chronologically.
 Valid and Verifiable- implies that
Traditional Research Process
whatever you conclude in your basis is
-Identifying the problem
corrects and can be verified by you and
-Reviewing literature
other researchers.
-Setting the research questions
-Choosing the study design
Characteristics of a Successful Researcher
-Decide the Sample Design
-Curious -Practical
-Collecting data
-Efficient -Inventive
-Processing and Analyzing
-Logical -Cost-Effective
-Writing the report
-Effective
-Active
Aims of research
-Verification of Existing Knowledge verifies
_________WEEK 1-Friday_________
the veracity—truthfulness.
-Acquisition of new knowledge
Quantitative Research- is a systematic
-Application of new knowledge
investigation of a phenomena that deals with
-Advancement of the researcher’s expertise
statistic or mathematical computation.
Nature of Quantitative R.
Characteristics of a Research
-Systematic -Logical
 Realistic- realistic thinking that must
-Empirical -Mathematical
result to empirical data. (Empirical
-Objective -Statistical
based on or verifiable on experience.)
According to Aliaga and Gunderson,
quantitative research is explaining
phenomena by collecting numerical data that
are analysed using mathematically based
methods. This type of research utilizes
numbers and statistical analysis.
Phenomenon is a peculiar incident that can
happen anywhere with any organization.
Thematic Analysis- process of analysing
the data by grouping them according to
Questions to take critically in Quantitative R.
themes.
-Is it experimental or not?
Coding- process of categorizing the
-Were control groups included?
data to make it manageable.
-Were participants randomly assigned?
Were attempts made to control for
________WEEK 2- Wednesday________
extraneous variables?
-How were the participants selected?
Quantitative Research Design
-Were techniques used to reduce effects of
1. Experimental Research- is a systematic
bias?
and scientific approach and
manipulates one or more (IV) variable
Goal;
then measure if there is changes in the
Qualitative Research to discuss and analyze
other variable (DV). Cause and effect.
the underlying topics.

2 Groups
 Experimental group- one on which the
treatment is applied.
“Experimental Research can be done either
in Laboratory or in Field Research.”
 Control Group- does not receive; gives

Data-analysis technique
Qualitative-- Thematic Codal Ways

you something to compare your

results with; rule pout other factors
which may influence the results. Not
all experiments include a control
group, those who have are called
Controlled Experiment.
 Two types of Control Group
-Positive Control Group—the condition
guarantee a positive result to show the
experiment is functioning as planned.
-Negative Control Group—guarantee a
negative result that help identifies outside
influences.
Double-Blind Experiment- the
experimenter and the subjects do not
know which group is the experimental
and control group; this is to avoid bias
result.
Difference; Experimental group is the group
that receives an experiment. This group is
exposed to changes in the IV being tested.
Control Group is the group separated from
the rest of the experiment such that the IV
being tested cannot affect the result. Can
help rule out other reasoning of the results.
Classification of Experimental Research
- True Experimental Research
Absolutely uses Random Selection in
determining who among the participants
should compose the experimental or control
group.
- Quasi-Experimental Research
Adopts a comparative techniques in
choosing the subject based on the
researcher’s purpose. The researcher
purposively chose the participant.
3 TYPES:
1. Matched Comparison- there are group
that have lots of similarities and compare
after the treatment. It is a study type in
which groups who will be compared are
created by a non-random method but
participants are assigned so that they are
similar on the characteristics. Consist of a
treatment and comparison group whose
baseline is similar to the treatment group.
2. Time-Series Quasi-Experimental Research-
useful when the researcher intends to
measure the effects of a treatment over a
long period of time. They are giving the
participants pre and pot test. Observing
group at a time prior to or after a
treatment.
3. Single-Subject Quasi-Experiment Research-
controls treatment and condition applied
to just one individual or group. Also known
as Single-Case Experiments. It is popular in
the field of Special Education and
Counselling. This design is useful when
attempting to change the behaviour of an
individual and wishes to document it. The
participant serves as both control and
treatment group. Uses line graphs to show
the effects. Cause and effect on individual
rather than group.
2. Non Experimental Research- research
design for qualitative and quantitative
research.
- The researcher observe the
phenomena as they occur naturally.
- The variables are not
manipulated.
- Without treatments/changes
- It is a way finding out the truth
about a subject by describing the
collected data about such subject and
determining their relationship.
Characteristics
-No manipulation of variables
-IV is already set; cannot be changed
-Empirically valuating a theoretical
framework
-Need to be experimental to be scientific.
-Involves various ways of data analysis
 Primary- analysis of collected data by
the researcher
 Secondary- examination of data
collected by other people.
 Meta-analysis- analysis of data
expressed numerically
Different Types of Research Design
1. Survey Research is the most popular
research method. It collects data about facts.
It determines the way things are and studies
relationship and characteristics.
- It is a type of research that
collects the data and facts about some
certain situation from the target population
having relevance to the nature of study.
- Collect information from many
individual hoping to collect data as a whole.
”Survey Study is usually used in finding
the fact by collecting the data directly
from population or sample.”
Purpose: (1) obtain information. (2) Identify
conditions. (3) Seek answers. (4) Give
pointers.
**Planning and Strength of a Survey Research in
book**
Weaknesses
 Inflexible.
 Artificial. Made by human being
instead of occurring naturally.
 Weak on Validity.
Ethical Principles- set of ethical procedure
that are intended to guide researchers.
1. Informed Consent. Respondents under
18 years of age requires parental consent
before the researcher speaks with him.
2. Respondent’s Right. Some survey
research contains sensitive issues that may
be a cause of discomfort.
3. Social Responsibility.
________WEEK 3-Monday____________
Variable- any factor or property that the
researcher measures, controls, or
manipulates.
- Any changing quantity or factor, trait,
or condition that can exist in differing
amounts or types.
- Logical sets of attributes,
characteristics, and numbers that can be
measured.
- Also called as data item.
Basic Types of Variable
1. Dependent variable- what researchers are
interested in. they depend on other
factors. (ex. Test Score- can change in
external reasons)
2. Independent variable- usually
manipulated in an experiment (Ex. Age,
gender, hoe people eat, time they spend
using gadgets, how much television they
watch)
- Also called manipulated or
explanatory variable
3. Extraneous Variable- also called
intervening variable.
- Already existing and can
influence the result of the study.
Classification of Variables
1. Numeric variable- answers the
question how many or how much.
Considered as quantitative variable.
1.1 Continuous Variable- can
assume any value bet set of real numbers.
Also called as Interval Variables. (time, age,
temperature, weight)
1.2 Discrete Variables- only assumes
that can only assume a whole value within
the limits of the given variable. (Number of
registered car, population of student or
faculty.)
2. Categorical Variable- variables with
values that describes a quality of a
data unit.
2.1 Ordinal Variables- can take a
value which can be logically ordered
(Clothing Size, S, M, L)
2.2 Nominal- values cannot be
organized in a logical sequence (business
types, eye color)
2.3 Dichotomous- represent only
two category. (Gender m and f, answer yes
or no, veracity true or false.) Has only 2
possible result—1 or 0.
Variables According to Numbers
 Univariate- simplest form of data
analysis where the data contains only one
variable. To describe the data and patterns.
 Bivariate- tries to find out if there is
relationship between two variables.
 Polyvariate (multivariate) - analysis of
three or more variables.
_________WEEK 3- Wednesday________
Chapter 1
Introduction
Aid of the Researchers in Formulating the
Introduction
- Rationale- what is the rationale?
(Answered by the beneficiaries on why the
researcher has to look for the problem.)
- Overview of a Situation- prepares the
reader who is not familiar with the concept
- Basic Literature Foundation- rrl that will
explain the variables and concepts.
- How serious the problem is? - The
researcher must look in the intensity and
magnitude of the problem.
- General Objective- from the general
statement of the problem and should be the
basis of enumerated statement.
- Overall Purpose- should be totally aware
of the purpose of the research problem.
Quantitative Research Problem
Stating the problem helps to clarify various
essential elements such as the major variable.
The general and specific objective and the
appropriate methodology.
Important element on the Statement of the
Problem are:
1. The Main Task- they satisfy question on
what to do with the major variable such as to
associate, relate, assess, measure, determine.
2. Major Variable
3. Participants/Respondents
4. Specific Setting
5. Coverage rate of the conduct of the study
Two General Types of Question
- Researchable- opinions raised to answer
- Non-Researchable- questions of values
answered by yes or no.

Example:
Research Problem: To measure the job
Satisfaction levels of
Employees.
Research Question: What is the level of job?
Satisfaction of the employee
Guidelines in Formulating a Quantitative
Research Problem and Question
 Researchable
 Clear, Concise, Possible
 State the variables
 Introductory statement
 State research question not in yes or
no question
Consideration in Formulating Research
Problems
External Criteria
 Novelty- the title must not be used by
many authors.
 Availability of Subjects- respondents
within your reach.
 Administrative Support- assistance
 Availability of Facilities & Equipment
 Ethical Consideration
Internal Criteria
 Experience, Training, Professional
Qualification
 Motivation Interest, Intellectual
Curiosity, Perceptiveness of Researcher
 Time Factor
 Cost and Returns
 Hazards, Penalties, and Handicaps
____________WEEK 3- Friday__________
HYPOTHESIS- educated guess; tentative answer
or explanation about the relationship of the IV
and DV.
Categories of Hypothesis
 Null Hypothesis (HO)- negative form;
absence of the relationship of the IV and DV
 Alternative Hypothesis (HA/HI)- states the
relationship between the IV and DV.
____________WEEK 4-Monday_____________
Ethics- study of good or appropriate conduct.
Research Ethics- application of ethical
principle and values to good scientific
conduct.
Values- what a person holds important.
Ethical Policies for Research
- Honesty with professional
colleagues.
- Protection from harm
- Right to privacy
Plagiarism- is the appropriation of another
person’s idea without giving appropriate
credit. Common form of scientific
misconduct.
2 Forms:
 Self-Plagiarism- author copies large
form of one of their previous manuscript.
 Duplicate Plagiarism- author submits a
previously published worked as if it is an
original manuscript. (RA 8293 Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines, published
work is available for public. The availability
of such copies is ensured so as to satisfy the
reasonable requirements.)
According to Section 178 or RA 8293 the
rules on Copyright Ownership;
Copyright ownership shall be governed by rules
- In case of Original Literary, copyright
shall belong to author of the work
- In Joint Authorship, the co-author
should be the original owner of the
copyright.
- If the case of Joint Authorship can be
used separately, and the author of each part
is identified, the author of each part shall be
the owner of the copyright of that part.
Ways to Avoid Plagiarism
1. Citation- complete source is placed
after the phrase using the preferred format.
2. Paraphrasing- the information to be
lifted rephrased into one’s own words.
Verbatim narration should be avoided.
3. Quoting- one has to quote himself and
cite it again and paraphrase to avoid self-
plagiarism. Block Quotes—quotes with more
than 40 words; should be avoided.
4. Referencing- with prescribed format
Tips to Avoid Plagiarism
1. Sufficient time
2. Hard copies—rrl
3. Read carefully
4. Attribution
5. Referenced
6. Appropriate reference
7. Written permission
8. Paraphrased
9. Avoid copy-paste
10.Referencing style/format
__________WEEK 5-Monday___________
Review of Related Literature
- It is the process of collecting,
identifying, and reviewing article and citing
passages.
- Focuses on published literature, often
the first step in conducting a research.
Related Literature
- Refers to texts, books, encyclopaedia,
professional journals, magazines,
newspapers, theses, dissertations, and other
researches.
Importance
- Provides the researcher a knowledge
or background about the study.
- Helps develops the part of the study
such as SOP, RD, DGT, and ST.
- Helps to avoid duplicating pat studies.
- Provides ideas on how to proceed in
his investigations.
Major Function
- Conceptual/theoretical framework
- Provide infos from past researches
- Feeling of confidence.
- Finding, conclusion, and
recommendations
Pitfalls
- Beware of skimpy literature review.
- Beware of getting bogged down in the
literature.
- Beware of spending too much time in
an effort to exhaust the review of literature.
Sources of Information
 Primary Sources- materials gathered
from the point of origin. The respondents
and the place met.
 Secondary Sources- covers reports of
person based on testimony of an actual
witness.
 Tertiary Sources- refer to compilation
of secondary sources materials.

Evaluation of Research Materials

 Accuracy and dependability
 Timeliness
 Suitability for specific requirement
 Authority
 Scope
 Treatment and style
 Publisher
 Illustrations, Table, Diagrams
 Sequence/arrangement

____________WEEK 5- Tuesday__________
Citation
- A cited passage, a quotation.
- Act of quoting or referring to a
passage, text, and author.

Importance of Citation
 Steps in Creating a Conceptual Framework
- Study your topic
- Create a thesis statement
- Identify the concepts involved
- Relate each concepts
- Generate the conceptual framework

____________WEEK 5-Friday____________
Framework
- Skeleton
- Basic structure
- Frame of reference

Conceptual Framework
- Synthesis of literature
- Connection of variables
- Map
Theoretical Framework
- Theory
- Basis of structure

Steps
- Identify the fundamental concepts of
the study
- Review theories related to your
concepts
- Determine what theory fits your study
- Formulate theoretical framework
based from theory

Note: There are no standard rules for

structuring a theoretical framework. The
important thing is to create a clear and
logical structure.