In English

Sentence (Be)

Subject Pronouns Present Past

I am was
You
We are were
They
He
She is was
It

Examples:

Affirmative Sentence

Present
1. He is an engineer.
2. She is a nurse.
3. I am 15 years old.
4. They are happy.
Past
1. He was a student.
2. She was a pupil.
3. I was 14 years old.
4. They were angry.

Negative Sentence

Present
1. He is not an engineer.
2. She is not a nurse.
3. I am not 15 years old.
4. They are not happy.
1
Past
1. He was not a student.
2. She was not a pupil.
3. I was not 14 years old.
4. They were not angry.
 Question Sentence

Present Past
1. Is he an engineer? Yes, he is. 1. Was he an engineer? Yes, he was.
2. Is she a nurse? Yes, she is. 2. Was she a nurse? Yes, she was.
3. How old am I? I am 15. 3. How old was I? I was 14.
4. Are they happy? Yes, they are. 4. Were they happy? Yes, they were.

Types of Sentences
There are many types of sentences in English language, but we
mention the most important of them.
1. Affirmative sentence
2. Negative sentence
3. Question sentence:
a. A type begins with a helping verb
b. A type begins with a question word

2
The Present Continuous Tense

The Meaning
It expresses an action which is continuously happening now.

The Rule
Subject + (am / are / is) + (Verb + ing) + Object + Adverb.

Examples:
Affirmative Sentence
• Ahmed is learning Grammar now.
• We are speaking English at this moment.
• I am watching TV.

Negative Sentence (not)

• Ahmed is not learning Grammar now.
• We are not speaking English at this moment.
• I am not watching TV.

Question Sentence
1- A type begins with (am / are / is)

• Is Ahmed learning Grammar now?

• Are we speaking English at this moment?
• Am I watching TV?

2- A type begins with (Question Word)

• What is Ahmed learning now?

• Where are we speaking English at this moment?
• When am I watching TV?

3
The Past Continuous Tense

The Meaning
It expresses an action which happened in the past continuously.

The Rule
Subject + (was / were) + (Verb + ing) + Object + Adverb.

Examples:
Affirmative Sentence
• Ahmed was learning Grammar yesterday.
• We were speaking English last week.
• I was watching TV.

Negative Sentence (not)

• Ahmed was not learning Grammar yesterday.
• We were not speaking English last week.
• I was not watching TV.

Question Sentence
1- A type begins with (was / were)

• Was Ahmed learning Grammar yesterday?

• Were we speaking English last week?
• Was I watching TV?

2- A type begins with (Question Word)

• What was Ahmed learning yesterday?

• When were we speaking English?
• Where was I watching TV?

4
The Present Simple Tense

The Meaning
It expresses an action which happens repeatedly.

The Rule
Subject + (Infinitive / Verb + s / Verb + es) + Object + Adverb.

Examples:
Affirmative Sentence
• Ahmed learns Grammar every day.
• We speak English sometimes.
• Mona watches TV always.

Verbs end with (ss , sh ,ch , o , x) + es

discuss = discusses / wash = washes / watch = watches / go = goes / fix = fixes

Negative Sentence (do not / does not)

• Ahmed does not learn Grammar every day.
• We do not speak English sometimes.
• Mona does not watch TV often.

Question Sentence
1- A type begins with (do / does)

• Does Ahmed learn Grammar?

• Do we speak English sometimes?
• Does Mona watch TV often?

2- A type begins with (Question Word)

• What does Ahmed learn every day?

• Where do we speak English sometimes?
• When does Mona watch TV?

5
The Past Simple Tense

The Meaning
It expresses an action which happened in the near past.

The Rule
Subject + Verb in Past + Object + Adverb.

Examples:
Affirmative Sentence
• Ahmed learned Grammar yesterday.
• We spoke English last week.

Negative Sentence (did not)

• Ahmed did not learn Grammar yesterday.
• We did not speak English last week.

Question Sentence
1- A type begins with (did)

• Did Ahmed learn Grammar yesterday?

• Did we speak English last week?

2- A type begins with (Question Word)

• What did Ahmed learn yesterday?

• Where did we speak English last week?

Types of verbs

Regular Verbs + (ed / d) Irregular Verbs

help helped go went

want wanted speak spoke
decide decided take took

6
The Present Perfect Tense

The Meaning
It expresses an action which has just happened and there is a current effect
proving it.

The Rule
Subject + (have / has) + Verb in Past Participle + Object + Adverb.

Examples:
Affirmative Sentence
• We have written the lesson already.
• He has arrived from Kosty now.
• They have done their homework today.

Negative Sentence (not)

• We have not written the lesson already.
• He has not arrived from Kosty now.
• They have not done their homework today.

Question Sentence
1- A type begins with (have / has)

• Have we written the lesson already?

• Has he arrived from Kosty now?
• Have they done their homework today?

2- A type begins with (Question Word)

• What have we written already?

• Why has he arrived from Kosty now?
• How have they done their homework today?

7
The Past Perfect Tense

The Meaning
It expresses an action which happened in the remote past.

The Rule
Subject + (had) + Verb in Past Participle + Object + Adverb.

Examples:
Affirmative Sentence
• We had written the lesson last year.
• He had arrived from Kosty before two years.

Negative Sentence (not)

• We had not written the lesson last year.
• He had not arrived from Kosty before two years.

Question Sentence
1- A type begins with (had)

• Had we written the lesson last year?

• Had he arrived from Kosty before two years?

2- A type begins with (Question Word)

• What had we written last year?

• When had he arrived from Kosty?

Verb forms

Infinitive Past Past Participle

write wrote written
arrive arrived arrived
give gave given

8
The Future Simple Tense

The Meaning
It expresses an action which will happen in the future.

The Rule
Subject + (shall / will) + Infinitive + Object + Adverb.

Examples:
Affirmative Sentence
• We shall write the lesson next month.
• He will arrive from Kosty tomorrow.
• Ali will buy a new car next year.

Negative Sentence (not)

• We shall not write the lesson next month.
• He will not arrive from Kosty tomorrow.
• Ali will not buy a new car next year.

Question Sentence
1- A type begins with (shall / will)

• Shall we write the lesson next month?

• Will he arrive from Kosty tomorrow?
• Will Ali buy a new car next year?

2- A type begins with (Question Word)

• What shall we write next month?

• How will he arrive from Kosty?
• Who will buy a new car next year?

9
The Position of the Adverb

The adverb can come in any position in the sentence.

It can come at the beginning of the sentence, e.g.

• Now I am talking to you.

It can come after the subject, e.g.

• We sometimes visit our uncle.

It can come after the helping verb, e.g.

• She is really kind to her mother.

It can come after the main verb, e.g.

• He is working hard to achieve his goals.

It can come after the object, e.g.

• I speak English every day with my friend.

It can come at the end of the sentence, e.g.

• We are learning Grammar now.

10
The Passive Voice

The Meaning
The passive voice is a sentence that has not a subject.

The Tense The Active Voice The Passive Voice

o + (is / are) + being + p.p

Present Continuous Ahmed is writing the lesson. The lesson is being written.

o + (was / were) + being + p.p

Past Continuous Ahmed was writing the lesson. The lesson was being written.

o + (is / are) + p.p

Present Simple Ahmed writes the lesson. The lesson is written.

o + (was/ were) + p.p

Past Simple Ahmed wrote the lesson. The lesson was written.

o + (has / have) + been + p.p

Present Perfect Ahmed has written the lesson. The lesson has been written.

o + (had) + been + p.p

Past Perfect Ahmed had written the lesson. The lesson had been written.

o + ( will ) + be + p.p

Future Simple Ahmed will write the lesson. The lesson will be written.

11
The Helping Verbs

Verb to (be)

Present Past
I am was
You
We are were
They
He
She is was
It

Verb to (do)

Present Past
I
You
do
We
They did
He
She does
It

Verb to (have)

Present Past
I
You
have
We
They had
He
She has
It

12
Exercise (1) Present Continuous Tense
Make these sentences into negative and question sentences.

1) I am eating lunch now.

……………………………………………………………………….……………
……………………………………………………………………….……………

2) Mona is reading a book.

……………………………………………………………………….……………
…………………………………………………………………….…...………….

3) These plants are growing better outside.

……………………………………………………………….……………………
…………………………………………………………...…….………………….

4) This bus is going to the airport.

……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………...……….

5) Khalid is playing football at this moment.

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise (2) Past Continuous Tense

Write the sentences in the affirmative past continuous tense.

1) He / the car / wash.

……………………………………………………………………….……………

2) She / home / go.

……………………………………………………………………….……………

13
 3) They / the match / watch.

……………………………………………………………….……………………

4) You / in the shop / work.

……………………………………………………………………………………

5) I / a magazine / read.

……………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise (3) Present Simple Tense

Change these sentences into questions.

1) He lives in London.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

2) She sleeps usually after ten o’clock.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

3) I learn English every day.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

4) We drink water.

…………………………….………………………………………………………

5) They come by bus every day.

................................................................................................................................

Exercise (4) Past Simple Tense

Change these sentences into affirmative past simple tense.

1) He lives in London.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

2) She sleeps sometimes late.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

14
 3) I learn English every day.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

4) We drink water.

…………………………….………………………………………………………

5) They come by bus every day.

................................................................................................................................

Exercise (5) Present Perfect Tense

Put the verbs in brackets in the gaps. Use present perfect tense.

1) Ali ……………………..…. me an e-mail. (send)

2) We ………………..……… the museum. (visit)
3) She ………………………….. at the clothes shop. (be)
4) Ahmed ……………..……… an accident. (have)
5) I ……........already ……………. the exercises. (finish)

Exercise (6) Past Perfect Tense

Make affirmative or negative past perfect tense.

1) When I arrived at the college, the lecture ……………………. (start)

2) The grass was yellow because it ………………… (not rain) all summer.
3) The bus ……………….… (go), before its time.
4) She told me that she………………….. (study) a lot before exam.
5) They ……………………… (live) in China before they went to Thailand.

Exercise (7) Future Simple Tense

Write five sentences in the future simple tense.

1) ……………………………...………………………………………………
2) ……………………………………………………………………………...
3) ……………………………………………………………………………...
4) ………………………………………………………………………….......
5) ……………………………………………………………………………...

15
Some of the Irregular Verbs

The Verb The Meaning The Past The past Participle

begin began begun
break broke broken
bring brought brought
buy bought bought
choose chose chosen
come came come
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feel felt felt
find found found
forget forgot forgotten
get got got
give gave given
go went gone
keep kept kept
know knew known
make made made
meet met met
read read read
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
stand stood stood
take took taken
tell told told
think thought thought
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
write wrote written

16