GE 3: CONTEMPORARY WOLRD  “if there are states with multiple nations,
there are also single nations with multiple
LESSON III: HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS
INTERNALIZATION
- phenomenon that refers to the deepening of
the interactions between states.
- NOT EQUAL to globalization
- it is a MAJOR PART of globalization
GLOBALIZATION
- encompasses a multitude of connections
and interactions that cannot be reduced to
the ties between governments.
“It is important to study to study international
relations as a facet of government because
STATES/GOVERNMENTS are the key drivers of global
process.”
THE ATTRIBUTES OF TODAYS GLOBAL SYSTEM
FOUR PRIMARY CHARACTERISTICS OF TODAY’S
GLOBAL POLITICS
(1) There are independent countries or states
that rule themselves.
(2) These countries communicate with one
another through diplomacy.
(3) There are international institutions that
enables this interaction such as UN.
(4) International institutions take on lives on
their own in addition to enabling meetings
between government.
Country – or what academics called a nation state.
Christendom – the entire Christian world.
The term nation-state is composed of two
interchangeable words. “Not all states are nation,
and not all nations are states.”
 Example: The nation of Scotland has its own
flag and national culture; but it still belongs
to state called United Kingdom.
 Bangsamoro is a separate nation existing
within the Philippines but through their
elites, recognizes the authority of the
Philippine state.
states.”
 The nation of Korea is divided into North
and South.
 Chinese nation may refer to both People’s
Republic of China (mainland) and Taiwan.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATION AND STATE
FOUR ATTRIBUTES OF STATE
(1) It exercises the authority over a specific
population called citizens
(2) It governs a specific territory
(3) It has a structured government that crafts
various rules that people follow.
(4) It has sovereignty over its territory.
Sovereignty – refers to the internal and external
authority. (ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
OF MODERN POLITICS)
Internal sovereignty – implementation of laws inside
the state’s/ country’s territory.
External sovereignty – a state’s policies and
procedures are independent of the interventions of
other states (validating sovereignty among different
countries.)
Benedict Anderson
- describes nation as an “imagined
community”
- it is limited because it does not go beyond a
given “official boundary” and because rights
and responsibilities are mainly the privilege
and concern of the citizens of that nation.
- Being limited means “nation has its own
boundaries.”
Example:
Discipleship – Catholics want more people to join
their community. (anyone can be a catholic)
BUT
(Not everyone can simple become a Filipino). An
American cannot simple go to Philippine Embassy
and convert into Filipino citizen.
“Nation and states are closely related because it is
nationalism that facilitate states information.”
THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM
TREATY OF WESTPHALIA
- a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end
the 30 years’ war between the major
continental powers of Europe.
- (basis of concepts in modern day
sovereignty).
- Spain, France, Sweden and Dutch republic
designed a system that would avert war in
the future by recognizing that treaty signers
exercise control over their domesticated
affairs and swear not to meddle with other’s
affair.
WESTPHALIAN SYSTEM
- Provide stability for nations of Europe until
it faced its majority challenge by Napoleon
Bonaparte.
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
- Believed in spreading the Principles of the
French Revolution – liberty, equality, and
fraternity – to the rest of the Europe and
thus challenged the power of Kings, the
nobility and religion in Europe.
NAPOLEONIC WARS
- Lasted 1803 to 1815 (12 years) with
Napoleon and his armies marching all over
much of the Europe.
- They implemented Napoleonic Code in
every country they encountered.
NAPOLEONIC CODE
- Forbade birth privileges, encourage freedom
of religion, and promoted meritocracy in
government service.
- This system shock monarchies and
hereditary elites (dukes, and duchesses) of
Europe.
ANGLO AND PRUSSIAN ARMIES
- Defeated napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo
in 1815, ending the latter’s mission to
spread their liberal code across the Europe,
“To prevent another war and keep their system’s
privilege, the royal powers created a new system
that in effect restore the Westphalian System.”
CONCERT OF EUROPE
- Was an alliance of “great powers” – the UK,
Austria, Russia and Prussia – that sought to
restore the world of monarchical, hereditary
and religious privileges of the time before
the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.
- IT IS AN ALLIANCE THAT SOUGHT TO
RESTORE THE SOVEREIGNTY OF STATES.
- Under the Metternich system, the concerts
power laster from 1815 to 1924 at the Dawn
of World War I.
METTERNICH SYSTEM
- Named after an Australian Diplomat
Klemens von Metternich – the system’s main
architect.
SECURITY COUNCIL
- The most powerful grouping in the UN, has
a core of 5 permanent members who have
all veto powers over the council’s decision
making process.
INTERNATIONALISM
World was split into independent, sovereign entities
under:
 Westphalian System
 Concert System
INTERNATIONALISM
- The desire for increased cooperation and
solidarity among states and people
- others imagine system of heightened
interaction between various sovereign states
TWO BROAD CATERGORIES OF INTERNATIONALISM
(1) Liberal Internationalism
(2) Socialist Internationalism
IMMANUEL KANT
 - The late 18th century German Philosopher
who is the first major thinker of liberal
internationalism.
- He likened states in a global system to
people living in a given territory
- Imagined a form of global government
- He argued “without a form of global
government, the international systems will
chaotic.”
JEREMY BENTHAM
- 18th century British philosopher who coined
the word “international” in 1780.
- Advocate the creation of “international law”
that would govern interstate relations.
- Believe that objective global legislators
should aim to propose legislation that
would create “the greatest happiness of all
nations taken together,”
GUISEPPE MAZZINI
- A 19th century Italian patriot and the first
thinker to reconcile the nationalism with
liberal internationalism
- Both an advocate of the unification of the
various Italian speaking mini-states and a
major critic of Metternich System.
- He believes in Republican Government
(without king or queen successions) and
proposed a system of free nations that
cooperated with each other to create an
international system.
- For him, free, independent states would be
the basis of an equally free, cooperative
international system.
- Was a nationalist internationalist who
believes that free, unified nation states
should be the basis of global cooperation.
- Influenced the thinking of US President
(1913-1921) Woodrow Wilson
WOODROW WILSON
- Became one of the 20th century most
prominent internationalist
- He saw nationalism as a prerequisite of
internationalism.
- Because of his faith in nationalism, he
forwarded the “principle of self-
determination”
- PRINCIPLE OF SELF-DETERMINATION the
belief that the world’s nations had a right to
a free and sovereign government.
- Wilson became the most notable advocate
for the creation of the League of Nations.
- At the end of World War I, he pushed to
transform the League into a venue of
reconciliation and arbitration to prevent
another war. (by this effort, he was awarded
“THE NOBLE PEACE PRIZE IN 1919”
- US was not able to join in the League due to
strong opposition of the Senate
- League was not able to hinder another war
break out.
AXIS POWER
- Hitler’s Germany
- Mussolini’s Italy
- Hiroshito’s Japan
- Who were the ultra-nationalist that had an
instinctive disdain for internationalism and
preferred to violently impose their
dominance over other nations.
ALLIED POWERS
- United States
- United Kingdom
- France
- Holland
- Belgium
The league gave birth to international organization
present until today:
a. World Health Organization
b. International Labour Organization
LEAGUE
- Manifestation of liberal internationalism
- Kant: need to form common international
principles
- Mazzini: principle of respect and
coordination among nation states
- Wilson: called for democracy and self
determination
KARL MARX
- A German socialist philosopher and one of
the most vehement adversary of Mazzini.
- An internationalist
- HE DID NOT BELIEVE IN NATIONALISM
- Any authentic version of internationalism, he
felt should purposefully reject nationalism.
- He emphasizes economic equality dividing
the world into classes rather than countries.
MEANS OF PRODUCTION
- Refers to as the capitalist class. (owners of
factories)
Proletariat Class
- Those who did not own factories rather
work for the capitalist
Marx and Friedrich Engels
- Believe that in a socialist revolution seeking
to overthrow the state and alter the
economy, the proletariat had no nation,
their famous battle cry “WORKERS OF THE
WOLRD, UNITE! YOU HAVE NOTHING TO
LOSE BUT YOUR CHAINS.”
- They oppose nationalism because they
believe it prevent unification of the world’s
workers.
1883
- Death of Marx
- His followers sought to make his vision
concrete by establishing their international
organization
SOCIALIST INTERNATIONAL
- A union of European socialist and labor
parties established in Paris in 1889.
- Collapse during World War I
- ACHIEVEMENTS
(1) Declaration of May 1 as Labor Day
(2) Creation of International Women’s day
(3) Campaign for 8- hour work day
Russian Revolution 1917
- a more radical version of SI
- Czar Nicholas II was overthrown and
replaced by a revolutionary government led
by the “Bolshevik Party” and its leader
Vladimir Lenin, the new state was called
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the
USSR
- Bolshevik – did not believe in obtaining
power for the working class through
election (exhorted the revolutionary
“vanguard” parties to lead the revolution
across the world using methods of terror if
necessary. (Today they are called Communist
party)
Vladimir Lenin
- Russian revolutionist founded the
Comintern to spread socialist revolutions
across the world.
COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL OR COMINTERN
- Established to encourage socialist revolution
across the world.
- Served as a “central body” for directing
Communist parties all over the world.
- Less democratic
- Top-down governance
Problem arose during World War II when the Soviet
Union joined the Allied Powers in 1941.
JOSEPH STALIN
- Dissolved the Comintern in 1943.
- After the war Stalin re-establish the
Comintern as the “Communist Information
Bureau (Cominform).
1991
- Eventual collapse of Soviet Union
LESSON I: GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION
- Mostly viewed as primarily an economic
process
- Integration of national markets to a wider
global market signified by an increase in
free trade.
ANTI-GLOBALIZATION
- The act of opposing trade deals among
countries facilitated and promoted by
international organizations such as World
Trade Organization (WTO)
Interdisciplinary Approach
- It is the approach used in the General
education courses.
MANFRED STEGER
- Has the best scholarly description of
globalization
- Described the process as “the expansion
and intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world-time and across
world space.
Expansion
- Refers to both creations of new social
networks and multiplication of existing
connections that cut across traditional
political, economic, cultural, and geographic
boundaries.
- Social media – establish new global
connections between people
- International network – international groups
of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)
are networks that connect a more specific
group – social worker & activist.
Intensification
- Refers to the expansion, stretching, and
acceleration of networks.
- E.g. strong financial market connecting
London and New York
1980’s
- China committed itself to the global
economy
- SHANGHAI – steadily returned to its old role
as a major trading post.
2012
- Monsoon rain flooded Bangkok, the Honda
plant making some of the company’s critical
car parts temporarily ceased production.
People’s perception of time and space
- Last feature of Steger’s definition of
globalization
- Notes that “globalization processes do not
occur merely at an object, material level but
they also involve the subject plane of
human consciousness.
“Steger posits that his definition of globalization
must be differentiated with an ideology called
globalism.”
GLOBALIZATION
- represents the many processes that allow
for the expansion and intensification of
global connections
- “a process refers to a larger phenomenon
that cannot be simply reduced to the ways
in which global markets have been
integrated.
GLOBALISM
- it is a widespread belief among powerful
people that global integration of economic
markets is beneficial for everyone as its
spread freedom and democracy across the
world
- It is a common belief forwarded in media
and policy circles.
ARJUN APPADURAI
- An anthropologist says that “different kinds
of globalization occur on multiple and
intersecting dimensions of integration which
he calls “SCAPES”
 DISTINCT WINDOWS INTO THE BROADER LESSON II: GLOBALIZATION OF WOLRD
PHENOMENON OF GLOBALIZATION ECONOMICS

ETHNOSCAPE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)

- Refers to the global movement of people - Regards “Economic Globalization” as a
MEDIASCAPE historical process representing the result of
- The flow of the culture human innovation and technological
TECHNOSCAPE progress.
- Refers to the circulation of mechanical - It is characterized by the increasing
goods and services integration of economies around the world
FINANCESCAPE through the movement of goods, services,
- Denotes the global circulation of money and capital across boarders
IDEOSCAPE
- Is the realm wherein political ideas move WORLD BANK OR IBRD (INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR
around. RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
- An international development organization
APPADURAI’S ARGUMENT that owned by 189 countries.
“There are multiple globalizations, hence, even if - Its role is to reduce poverty by lending
one does not agree that globalization can be money to the governments of its poorer
divided into five “scapes” it is hard to deny that members so that they can improve their
Appadurai’s central thrust of viewing globalization economies and the standard of living of
through various lenses.” their people
- Since 1974, the World Bank has funded over
12, 000 developmental projects via
traditional loans, interest free credits, and
grants.

UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND

DEVELOPMENT OR UNCTAD
- The amount of foreign direct investments
flowing across the world was 57 billion US
dollar in 1982.

Supercomputers
- Can execute millions of stock purchases and
sales between different cities in a matter of
seconds through a process called “high
frequency trading”.
INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMS
SILK ROAD
- The oldest known international trade route
- It had a network of route that connected
different parts of ancient world from China
to what is the Middle East today and Europe.
- Name was derived from it profitable
product, silk
- Silk is highly prized, especially in the area
that is now the Middle East as well as in the
West (Europe).
HAN DYNASTY OF CHINA
- Open the silk road to the West in 130 BCE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
- They closed the silk road in 1453 BCE
“Silk road was considered international but not
global because it does not include routes of
American continents.”
DENNIS O FLYNN and ARTURO GIRALDEZ
- Historians stating that “globalization began
to exchange products continuously – both
each other directly and indirectly via other
continents and in values sufficient to
generate crucial impacts on all trading
partners
1571
- Establishment of Galleon Trade that
connected Manila in the Philippines and
Acapulco in Mexico. (this was the 1st time
that the Americas were directly connected to
Asian trading routes.)
GALLEON TRADE
- connected Manila in the Philippines and
Acapulco in Mexico
- took place during the age of Mercantilism
- During the 16th century until the 18th century,
countries, mainly in Europe, competed with one
another to sell more goods in order to increase
their country's income (which was soon termed
monetary reserves)
- to defend their products from competitors who
sold goods at cheap prices. They imposed high
tariffs, prohibited colonies from trading with
other countries, limited trade channels, and
subsidized exports.
- mercantilism was also a global trade system
that had multiple restrictions.
- United Kingdom, the United States and
other European nations adopted the gold
standard at an international monetary
conference in Paris.
- OVERALL PURPOSE was to establish a
common system that would enable more
efficient trade and, at the same time,
prohibit the isolationism of the mercantilist
era.
- As a result, the countries developed a
common basis for currency prices as well as
a fixed exchange rate system that are all
based on the value of gold.
- The gold standard, though making trade
easier, was nonetheless an extremely
limiting system because it required
governments to back their currencies with
set gold reserves
FIRST WOLRD WAR
- Forced countries to use their gold reserves
to support their armies, thus several were
obliged to abandon the gold standard.
1920’s to 1930’s
- A global economic crisis occurred called
Great Depression
GREAT DEPRESSION
- Significantly depleted resources which lead
to difficulty of going back to a pure
standard.
- Economic depression considered to be the
worst and longest experience in EUROPE.
- It was largely caused by the “gold standard”
as it limited the amount of circulating
money, therefore reduced demand and
consumption.
BARRY EICHENGREEN
- An economic historian who says that
“United States began to recover when it
abandoned the Gold Standard.”
Today the world economy operates based on what
are called FIAT CURRENCIES.
FIAT CURRENCIES
- Currencies that are not back up by precious
metal and whose values are determined by
their cost relative to other currencies.
- This system allows government to freely and
actively and actively manage their
economies by increasing or decreasing the
amount of money in circulation as they see
fit.
During the 1944 United Nations Monetary and
Financial Conference
- Bretton Woods system was inaugurated
BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM
- with the goal of preventing past
catastrophes from happening again and
impacting international connections.
JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES
- greatly influenced the Bretton Woods
system.
- British economist believed that a country
experiences economic crises not when it
does not have sufficient funds; rather, it
happens when money is not being spent;
thus, moved.
- When economies slow down, according to
Keynes, governments have to reinvigorate
markets with infusions of capital. This active
participation of governments in managing
economic crises became the foundation for
what would be called a system of global
Keynesianism.
Delegates at Bretton Woods agreed to create
two financial institutions.
(1) INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR
RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT (IBRD)
OR THE WORLD BANK
- the one responsible for funding postwar
reconstruction projects.
- It was a critical institution at a time when
many of the world's cities had been
destroyed by the war.
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)
- the global lender of last resort to
prevent individual countries from
spiraling into credit crises. If economic
growth in a country slowed down
because there was not enough money to
stimulate the economy, the IMF would
step in.
- both institutions remain key players in
economic globalization
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND
TRADE (GATT)
- develops after Bretton Woods to commit
further global integration in 1947.
- GATT'S MAIN OBJECTIVE was to
reduce tariffs and other hindrances to
free trade.
Mid-1940s until the early 1970s
- global Keynesianism was at its pinnacle
In the early 1970s
- the price of oil rose sharply as a result of
the Organization of Arab Petroleum
Exporting Countries' (OAPEC, the
Arab member-countries of the
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries or OPEC) imposition of an
embargo in response to the decision of
the United States and other countries to
resupply the Israeli military with the
needed arms during the Yom Kippur
War.
STAGFLATION
- which a decline in economic growth and
employment (stagnation) takes place
alongside a sharp increase in prices
(inflation).
Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman
- argued that the governments' practice of
pouring money into their economies had
caused inflation by increasing the
demand for goods without necessarily
increasing the supply.
Neoliberalism
- became the codified strategy of the
United States Treasury Department,
the World Bank, the IMF, and
eventually the World Trade
Organization (WTO)—a new
organization founded in 1995 to
continue the tariff reduction under the
GATT. The policies they forwarded
came to be called the Washington
Consensus.
From the 1980s through the early 2000s
- the Washington Consensus controlled
global economic policies.
- Its proponents argued that government
expenditure should be kept to a bare
minimum in order to minimize debt.
- They also advocated for the privatization
of government-run services such as
water, electricity, communications, and
transportation, thinking that the free
market can deliver the best results.
Neoliberalism's attraction was in its simplicity.
- Its proponents, such as Ronald Reagan
of the United States and Margaret
Thatcher of the United Kingdom,
justified their cuts in government
expenditures by equating national
economies to homes.
“mortgage-backed securities” (MBSs)
September 2008
- big investment banks such as Lehman
Brothers went bankrupt, wiping off large
investments.
United States recovered relatively quickly;
thanks to a large Keynesian-style stimulus
package that President Barack Obama
pushed for in his first months in office.
TNCs- Transitional Corporations
"RACE TO THE BOTTOM"
- refers to the practice of countries
decreasing their labor standards,
especially worker protections, in order to
entice international investors looking for
big profit margins at the lowest possible
cost.
- Governments weaken environmental
laws to attract investors, thus, creating
fatal consequences on their ecological
balance and depleting them of their finite
resources such as oil, coal, and
minerals
Many Philippine industries were devastated by
unfair trade deals under the GATT and
eventually the WTO. One sector that was
particularly affected was Philippine
agriculture.
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC
INTEGRATION IS A CENTRAL TENET OF
GLOBALIZATION