LINEAR ALGEBRA

ALEJANDRO ALJURE

References: Grossman, S. Álgebra Lineal, 5ta edición. McGraw-Hill, 1996

Presentation ICAM “EN – Mathematics 5 – Linear Algebra”

https://algebralinealblog.home.blog/
 Course outline
Topics:
1. Linear systems
2. Solutions to linear systems
3. Matrix operations
4. Rotation and reflection of vectors
5. Complex numbers

Class time: 12h TE

12h TP

Exams: - Linear systems matrices and vectors

- Complex numbers

ICAM O1 - ALEJANDRO ALJURE 2

Linear systems

ICAM O1 - ALEJANDRO ALJURE 3

 Linear systems
y
•Linear equations: which ones are linear?

2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 7
Equations of the form:
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 = 9 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 or 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
x
𝑦 = cos(𝑥) + 3

𝑥 cos(30°) + 𝑦 sin(30°) = 5
•Linear combination:
➢Addition and multiplication by scalar 2 𝑥 − 3 − 4(𝑥 + 6) = −2𝑥 − 30

2a+3b Linear Linear Linear

function function function
2a

𝑥 − 3 (𝑥 + 6) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 18
a
3b Multiplication between functions Not a linear
b is not a linear combination function
ICAM O1 - ALEJANDRO ALJURE 4
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Linear systems
•Solve:

𝑥−𝑦=7 𝑥=6
a)
𝑥+𝑦=5 𝑦 = −1

b) 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 𝑥=3
𝑥+𝑦 =1 𝑦 = −2

c)
𝑥−𝑦 =5 𝑥=0
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 10 𝑦 = −5

ICAM O1 - ALEJANDRO ALJURE 5

 Linear systems
•Solve:

𝑥−𝑦 =7 𝑥
d) 14 = 14
2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 14 True
𝑦 =𝑥−7
statement
Infinite
solutions

e) 𝑥−𝑦 =7
14 = 13 No
2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 13
False
solutions
statement

ICAM O1 - ALEJANDRO ALJURE 6

Linear systems
•Linear combinations:

1) 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 𝑥=3
2) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 𝑦 = −2

➢Equation 2 multiplied by 2:

1) 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 𝑥=3
2a) 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2 𝑦 = −2

➢Equation 1 minus equation 2a substitutes equation 2a:

1) 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 𝑥=3
2b) 𝑥 + 0𝑦 = 3 𝑦 = −2

ICAM O1 - ALEJANDRO ALJURE 7

Linear systems
•Linear combinations:

1) 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 𝑥=3
2) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 𝑦 = −2

➢Equation 2 multiplied by 2:

1) 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 𝑥=3
2a) 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2 𝑦 = −2

➢Equation 1 minus equation 2a substitutes equation 1:

1a) 𝑥 + 0𝑦 = 3 𝑥=3
2a) 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2 𝑦 = −2

ICAM O1 - ALEJANDRO ALJURE 8

Linear systems
•Linear combinations:

1a) 𝑥 + 0𝑦 = 3 𝑥=3
2a) 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2 𝑦 = −2

➢Equation 1a times 2 minus equation 2a replaces equation 2a:

1a) 𝑥 + 0𝑦 = 3 𝑥=3
2b) 0𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 4 𝑦 = −2
Each new system has
the same solution as
•Equation 2b divided by -2: the original system

1a) 𝑥 + 0𝑦 = 3 𝑥=3
2c) 0𝑥 + 𝑦 = −2 𝑦 = −2

ICAM O1 - ALEJANDRO ALJURE 9

 Linear systems
•Solve using linear combinations:
a) 1) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 7
2) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
➢Equation 1 plus equation 2 replaces equation 1:
1a) 2𝑥 + 0𝑦 = 12
2) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
➢Equation 1a divided by 2:

1b) 𝑥 + 0𝑦 = 6 𝒙=𝟔
2) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 𝒚 = −𝟏
➢Equation 2 minus equation 1b replaces equation 2:
1b) 𝑥 + 0𝑦 = 6
2a) 0𝑥 + 𝑦 = −1
ICAM O1 - ALEJANDRO ALJURE 10
 Linear systems
•Solve using linear combinations:
c) 1) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5
2) 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 10
➢
➢(2)-3x(1) replaces equation 2:
1) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5
2a) 0𝑥 + 𝑦 = −5
➢ (1)+(2a) replaces equation 1:
1a) 𝑥 − 0𝑦 = 0
𝒙=𝟎
2a) 0𝑥 + 𝑦 = −5
𝒚 = −𝟓

ICAM O1 - ALEJANDRO ALJURE 11

 Linear systems
•Solve using linear combinations:
d) 1) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 7 eq(1)*2 1a) 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 14
2) 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 14 2) 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 14
The same equation

➢(2)-2x(1) replaces equation 2:

1) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 7
2a) 0𝑥 + 0𝑦 = 0
➢Equation (2a) is true but is not useful
➢There is only 1 equation for 2 variables
Any pair of (x,y) that satisfy equation 1 is a 𝒙 is anything
valid solution 𝒚=𝒙−𝟕
Infinite solutions

ICAM O1 - ALEJANDRO ALJURE 12

 Linear systems
•Solve using linear combinations:
e) 1) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 7
2) 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 13

➢(2)-2x(1) replaces equation 2:

1) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 7
2a) 0𝑥 + 0𝑦 = −1
➢Equation (2a) is false
➢No pair of (x,y) will ever satisfy equation 2a

No solutions

ICAM O1 - ALEJANDRO ALJURE 13

 Linear systems
•Solve using linear combinations:
e) 1) a𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑒 𝒆𝒅 − 𝒇𝒃
2) 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓 𝒙=
𝒂𝒅 − 𝒃𝒄
➢(1)x d replaces equation 1 and (2)x b replaces
equation 2:
𝑓𝑏𝑎𝑑 − 𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑐 − 𝑒𝑑𝑏𝑐 + 𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑐
𝑦=
1a) ad𝑥 + 𝑏𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
2a) bc𝑥 + 𝑏𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓𝑏 𝒇𝒂 − 𝒆𝒄
𝒚=
➢(1a)-(2a) replaces equation (1a) 𝒂𝒅 − 𝒃𝒄
1b) ad − 𝑏𝑐 𝑥 + 0𝑦 = 𝑒𝑑 − 𝑓𝑏
2a) bc𝑥 + 𝑏𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓𝑏
If 𝒂𝒅 − 𝒃𝒄 ≠ 𝟎 then
➢(2a)-(1b)*(bc/(ad-bc)) replaces equation (1b) there is a solution (x,y)
1b) ad − 𝑏𝑐 𝑥 + 0𝑦 = 𝑒𝑑 − 𝑓𝑏
𝑏𝑐
2b) 0𝑥 + 𝑏𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓𝑏 − 𝑒𝑑 − 𝑓𝑏 ICAM O1 - ALEJANDRO ALJURE 14
𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
 Linear systems
•Check ad-bc: 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 1) a𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑒
a) 𝑥−𝑦 =7 2) 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓
1 1 − −1 1 = 2
𝑥+𝑦 =5
If 𝒂𝒅 − 𝒃𝒄 ≠ 𝟎 then
b) 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 there is a solution (x,y)
3 1 − 2 1 =1
𝑥+𝑦 =1

c)
𝑥−𝑦 =5
1 −2 − −1 3 = 1
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 10

𝑥−𝑦 =7 1 −2 − −1 2 = 0 Infinite solutions

d) 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 14

𝑥−𝑦 =7 1 −2 − −1 2 = 0 No solutions
e)
2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 13
 Linear systems
•Exercises
1. In a zoo there are birds (with 2 legs) and mammals (with 4 legs). If the zoo has 60
heads and 200 legs, how many birds and mammals live there?
2. An ice cream shop sells cones and milkshakes. A cone has 1 cup of syrup and 4
cups of ice cream. A milkshake has 1 cup of syrup and 3 cups of ice cream. If the
shop uses 20 L of ice cream and 6 L of syrup, how many cones and milkshakes
does the shop sell?
3. Solve these systems:
a. 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2 d. 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 2
𝑥+𝑦 =2 4𝑥 + 9𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 8
b. 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 1 −2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 10
3𝑥 + 9𝑦 = 2
c. 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4
−10𝑥 + 5𝑦 = −20
 Linear systems
•Triangular system: Row_1: 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 2
Row_2: 4𝑥 + 9𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 8
Row_3: −2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 10

Gaussian
1. Cancel x from 2nd and 3rd equations 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 2 elimination
a. Row_2 – 2*Row_1 0𝑥 + 1𝑦 + 1𝑧 = 4
b. Row_3 + Row_1 0𝑥 + 1𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 12

2. Cancel y from 3rd equation 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 2

a. Row_3 – Row_2 0𝑥 + 1𝑦 + 1𝑧 = 4
0𝑥 + 0𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 8
2 + 2𝑧 − 4𝑦
Final system: 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 2 𝑥= = −1
2
𝑦 +𝑧 =4 𝑦 =4−𝑧 =2
4𝑧 = 8 𝒙 = −𝟏
Substitute
backwards: 𝑧 = 2 𝒚=𝟐
𝒛=𝟐
 Linear systems
Row_1: 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 2
•Diagonal system:
Row_2: 4𝑥 + 9𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 8 Gauss-
Row_3: −2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 10 Jordan
1. Coefficient of x from 1st row = 1 elimination
a. (Row_1) / 2 1𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1𝑧 = 1
4𝑥 + 9𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 8
−2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 10
2. Cancel x from 2nd and 3rd equations Operations with Row_1
a. Row_2 – 4*Row_1 1𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1𝑧 = 1
b. Row_3 + 2*Row_1 0𝑥 + 1𝑦 + 1𝑧 = 4
0𝑥 + 1𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 12
3. Coefficient of y from 2nd row = 1
a. (Row_2) / 1 Already done

4. Cancel y from 1st and 3rd equation Operations with Row_2

a. Row_1 – 2*Row_2 1𝑥 + 0𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −7
b. Row_3 – Row_2 0𝑥 + 1𝑦 + 1𝑧 = 4
0𝑥 + 0𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 8
 Linear systems
1𝑥 + 0𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −7
•Diagonal system: Gauss-
0𝑥 + 1𝑦 + 1𝑧 = 4
0𝑥 + 0𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 8 Jordan
4. Coefficient of z from 3rd row = 1 1𝑥 + 0𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −7 elimination
4. (Row_3) / 4 0𝑥 + 1𝑦 + 1𝑧 = 4
0𝑥 + 0𝑦 + 1𝑧 = 2

5. Cancel z from 1st and 2nd equations 1𝑥 + 0𝑦 + 0𝑧 = −1 Operations with Row_3

a. Row_1 + 3*Row_3 0𝑥 + 1𝑦 + 0𝑧 = 2
b. Row_2 - Row_3
0𝑥 + 0𝑦 + 1𝑧 = 2

Final system 𝑥 + 0𝑦 + 0𝑧 = −1 𝒙 = −𝟏
0𝑥 + 𝑦 + 0𝑧 = 2 𝒚=𝟐
0𝑥 + 0𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 𝒛=𝟐
 Linear systems
Exercises
➢Solve the system:

1. 𝑥+ 𝑦 + 𝑧 =5 4. 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 18 7. 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 11
𝑥− 𝑦 = −1 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 24 4𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 4
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 4 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10

2. 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5 5. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 8. 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 7
𝑥− 𝑦 = −1 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 4
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 15 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0

3. 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5 6. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 9. 𝑥+𝑦 − 𝑧 =0
𝑥− 𝑦 = −1 2𝑥 − 3 𝑦 = 7 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 0
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 10 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 10 6𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0
 Linear systems
Exercises
10. A traveler that just came back from Europe spent $30 daily in England, $20 daily in France
and $20 daily in Spain in housing. In food she spent $20 daily in England, $30 daily in
France and $20 in Spain. Her additional expenses were $10 daily in each country. Her
records indicate that she spend a total of $340 in housing, $320 in food and $140 in
additional expenses in these three countries. Calculate the number of days that this
traveler spent in each country or show that the records are wrong.
11. An investor claims that her stock portfolio decreased $350 two days ago, but yesterday it
increased $600. The trader remembers that two days ago the stocks in the investor’s
portfolio changed as follows: Delta Airlines decreased $1 per share, Hilton Hotels
decreased $1,50 per share and McDonald’s increased $0,50. Yesterday, the stocks changed
as follows: Delta Airlines increased $1,50 per share, Hilton Hotels decreased $0,50 per
share and McDonald’s increased $1. Can the trader determine the investor’s number of
stocks in each company? If so, how many?
12. The parabola y = a + bx + cx2 passes through (1, 4), (2,8) and (3,14). Find & and solve a matrix
equation for the unknowns a, b and c.