UNIT – V

Emerging Trends in IT
Introduction to SAP

SAP was founded in 1972 in Walldorf, Germany. It stands for Systems, Applications and
Products in Data Processing. Over the years, it has grown and evolved to become the world
premier provider of client/server business solutions for which it is so well known today. The
SAP R/3 enterprise application suite for open client/server systems has established new
standards for providing business information management solutions.

SAP products are considered excellent but not perfect. The main problems with software
product are that it can never be perfect.

The main advantage of using SAP as your company ERP system is that SAP has a very high
level of integration among its individual applications which guarantee consistency of data
throughout the system and the company itself.

In a standard SAP project system, it is divided into three environments, Development,

Quality Assurance and Production.

 The development system is where most of the implementation work takes place.
 The quality assurance system is where all the final testing is conducted before
moving the transports to the production environment.
 The production system is where all the daily business activities occur. It is also the
client that all the end users use to perform their daily job functions.

SAP is the world leader in enterprise applications in terms of software and software-related
service revenue. Based on market capitalization, it is the world’s third largest independent
software manufacturer supporting all sizes of industries helping them to operate
profitability, grow sustainably and stay ahead of the competition in the market.

SAP at a Glance
SAP is known worldwide for its unique innovations that help the customers run their
business with high efficiency. Some of its facts and figures stand as follows −
 More than 263,000 customers in 188 countries.
 More than 68,800 employees in more than 130 countries.
 Annual revenue (IFRS) of €1682 billion.

ISO Certificates

 SAP Development: ISO 9001:2008 certificate

 SAP Active Global Support: ISO 9001:2008 certificate
 SAP Active Global Support: ISO 27001:2005 certificate

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SAP Partners
SAP partners play an important role in helping organizations to buy, build, implement,
service, and support the SAP solution that best fits their unique needs. They help
organizations to achieve business goals quickly with better results. Broadly, SAP partners
help in −

 Solving small and midsize business needs

 Extending SAP solution with custom apps
 Managing country and language rollouts
 Buying SAP solutions

Benefits brought by the SAP

 Faster time to serve customers, external and internal.

 Smaller rework-integration between people and information.
 Point of contact for customers
 Easier to measure results
 Optimization of costs.

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IP addresses
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device
connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.
An IP address serves two principal functions:
 Host or network interface identification
 Location addressing.

An IP address is a fascinating product of modern computer technology designed to

allow one computer (or other digital device) to communicate with another via the Internet. IP
addresses allow the location of literally billions of digital devices that are connected to the
Internet to be pinpointed and differentiated from other devices. In the same sense that
someone needs your mailing address to send you a letter, a remote computer needs your IP
address to communicate with your computer.

"IP" stands for Internet Protocol, so an IP address is an Internet Protocol address. What does
that mean? An Internet Protocol is a set of rules that govern Internet activity and facilitate
completion of a variety of actions on the World Wide Web. Therefore an Internet Protocol
address is part of the systematically laid out interconnected grid that governs online
communication by identifying both initiating devices and various Internet destinations,
thereby making two-way communication possible.

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An IPv4 address consists of four numbers, each of which contains one to three digits, with a
single dot (.) separating each number or set of digits. Each of the four numbers can range
from 0 to 255. Here's an example of what an IP address might look like: 78.125.0.209. This
innocuous-looking group of four numbers is the key that empowers you and me to send and
retrieve data over our Internet connections, ensuring that our messages, as well as our
requests for data and the data we've requested, will reach their correct Internet destinations.
Without this numeric protocol, sending and receiving data over the World Wide Web would
be impossible.
An IPv6 address consists of eight groups of four hexadecimal digits. If a group consists of
four zeros, the notation can be shortened using a colon to replace the zeros.

Dynamic or Static
IP addresses can be either static or dynamic. Static IP addresses never change. They serve as
a permanent Internet address and provide a simple and reliable way for remote computers to
contact you. Static IP addresses reveal such information as the continent, country, region, and
city in which a computer is located; the ISP (Internet Service Provider) that services that
particular computer; and such technical information as the precise latitude and longitude of
the country, as well as the locale, of the computer. Many websites provide IP address look-up
services to their visitors, free of charge. If you're curious about your own IP address, you can
locate these websites by performing a Google search.
Dynamic IP addresses are temporary and are assigned (via DHCP) each time a computer
joins a network. They are, in effect, borrowed from a pool of IP addresses that are shared
among various computers. Since a limited number of static IP addresses are available, many
ISPs reserve a portion of their assigned addresses for sharing among their subscribers in this
way. This lowers costs and allows them to service far more subscribers than they otherwise
could.
Static IP addresses are generally preferable for such uses as VOIP (Voice over Internet
Protocol), online gaming, or any other purpose where users need to make it easy for other
computers to locate and connect to them. Easy access can also be facilitated when using a
dynamic IP address through the use of a dynamic DNS service, which enables other
computers to find you even though you may be using a temporary, one-time IP address. This
often entails an extra charge, however, so check with your ISP.
Static IP addresses are considered somewhat less secure than dynamic IP addresses, since
they are easier to track for data mining purposes. However, following safe Internet practices
can help mitigate this potential problem and keep your computer secure no matter what type
of IP address you use.

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 PROTOCOLS

 Protocols form one of the most important parts of Network. They were developed in
the early 1980-83.
 Protocol means rules and regulations between two (2) Network systems (computers).
 The type of protocols used communicate between the computers depends on the type
of OS used by the computers in the network.
Ex: If the network consists of Novell OS then computer use IPX/SPX Protocol

Microsoft Network use NETBEUI Protocol

IBM Network uses NETBIOS Protocol

TCP/IP: (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

It is a suit of communication protocol used to connect hosts on the internet; the two
most important protocols are TCP & IP. TCP/IP implies both TCP and IP working together.

TCP is responsible for breaking down data into IP packets before they are sent while
IP is responsible for sending the packets to the receiver

FIND: My network place========Properties========LAN Connection======

Properties========TCP/IP==============Properties-==============Set IP address

ARP: (Address Resolution Protocol)

ARP is protocol used with the IP Protocol for mapping a 32 bit internet protocol
address to a MAC address. That is recognized in the Local Network.

HTTP: (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

 It is application level protocol with the lightness and speed necessary for distributed.
 HTTP has been in use by the World Wide Web. Global information initiative since
1990
DHCP: (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

It is used in Domain Network set the IP Address automatically & root providing
purpose

FTP: (File Transfer Protocol)

 It is first proposed in 1971 for and developed for implementation on Hosts

 FTP is a standard way to transfer files between computers the method has built in
error checking.
 FTP often refers to a standard way of transferring many types of files over the
internet.
RDP: (Remote Desktop Connection)

It is enable Remote desktop connection to communicate with Microsoft terminal

service.

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SMTP: (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

 SMTP is a communication protocol that sends E-mail messages from one system to
another system.
 The messages can then be retrieved from a server with generally either POP or IMAP

WAP: (Wireless Application Protocol)

WAP is specifications for a set of communication protocols used to allow wireless

devices to access the internet and other network utilities such also E-mail, chat etc…

NET BEUI/BIOS: (Net bios Enhanced User Interface)

 It is originally developed by IBM in 1985 and is an enhanced version of NETBIOS

protocol used by network operating systems allowing the computers to communicate
with other computers utilizing the same protocol.
 It is used to connect the Network machines through computer Name (Without IP
address)
 This protocol is fast but do not support routing due to which it can be used only in a
small to medium sized networks. Where the number of nodes is below 200.
SLIP: (Serial Line Internet Protocol)

It is simple protocol which is designed to transmit signals over a serial connection

(MODEM & Telephone lines).

PPP: (Point to Point Protocol)

 It is used when established dial-up-connection to an Internet Service Provider (ISP).

 It is more complex and its designed to provide a number of services than SLIP.
 These include the ability of the systems to exchange IP address and carry data
generated by multi network0

OSI LAYERS
(OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION)
The most common model that communicates over a Network is the OSI model. This
model was developed in the early 1980 to ensure that computers all over the globe could have
a global set of communication standards.

This module deals with the OSI model its layer and how data is packaged in to frames
and packets while being transmitted in between layers and finally sent on to the Network.

OSI model defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in 7 layers

developed by the international organization.

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1. APPLICATION Layer ------User interaction

2. PRESENTAION Layer -----Data representation and encryption

3. SESSION Layer -------------Inter host communication

4. TRANSPOART Layer -----End to End connections and reliability

5. NETWORK Layer ----------IP logical addressing

6. DATA LINK Layer ---------MAC and LLC

7. PHYSICAL Layer ----------media signals and binary transmission.

1. APPLICATION Sachin.txt

2. PRESENTAION ASCII

3. SESSION Data Duplex

4. TRANSPOART Data Duplex Protocol

5. NETWORK Data Duplex Protocol IP address

6. DATA LINK Data Duplex Protocol IP address MAC address

7. PHYSICAL 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

PING Errors:

PING (IP address) enter

1. Requested Timed out

Problem is cable

2. Destination host unreachable

Problem is Network cable

3. Hardware Error
Network card Error or Problem

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What is ERP?
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is software that is built to organizations belonging to
different industrial sectors, regardless of their size and strength.
The ERP package is designed to support and integrate almost every functional area of a
business process such as procurement of goods and services, sale and distribution, finance,
accountings, human resource, manufacturing, production planning, logistics & warehouse
management.

Business Process Integration

Every business, regardless of the industry they belong to, require connected systems with
efficient information flow from one business process to another. Business Process
Integration (BPI) plays an important role in overcoming integrating challenges that allows
organizations to connect systems internally and externally.
Business Process Integration (BPI) allows −

 automation of business processes,

 integration of systems and services,
 secure sharing of data across numerous applications, and
 Automation of management, operational, and supporting process.

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 The following illustration shows an overview of various business processes running in an
enterprise and how they are integrated.

Free and open-source Various ERP software Packages

Countrie
Name Platform technology Software license Description s of
origin

Integrated ERP built

Adaxa Suite Java GPL on Adempiere/iDempier Australia
e

Began as
Adempiere Java GPL Worldwide
a fork of Compiere

Business solutions and

Java JavaScript FreeMarker applications framework
Apache OFBiz Apache License 2.0 Worldwide
groovy XML from the Apache
Software Foundation

Acquired by Consona
United
Compiere Java GPL/Commercial Corporation in June
States
2010

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Evolution of ERP
During early phases of development, integrated solutions were designed for particular
process areas such as −

 Material Management − the integrated system was known as Material Requirement

Planning (MRP)
 Manufacturing − the integrated system was known as Manufacturing Resource
Planning
However none of the integrated systems came with a complete solution for an organization
covering major business process areas. In early 1990’s, the Gartner Group first used the
acronym ERP. By mid–1990’s, ERP systems addressed all the core enterprise functions.
In the early stages, most of the ERP solutions were focused on automating back office
functions that were not directly affecting customers or general public. Later, front office
functions such as customer relationship management and e–business systems were
integrated.

Fig: - ERP System

Functions of ERP
An ERP system typically performs the following functions −
 Supports the integrated business process inside the organization.
 Improves capital planning and helps in executing organizational plans and strategies.
 Helps speed up the decision-making process over the analysis of accurate data.

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  Helps extend the business network to wider domains, expanding the products and
services to reach more customers, suppliers, and partners.
 Identifies operational risks to improve governance.
 Provides protection against organizational data breaches and security threats to
leakage of information.
 Makes the organization adaptable to the rapid changes in the business process
according to the needs.
 Gives long-term profit by providing means to increase the customer base.

Functional Areas

ERP is business management software is usually a suite of integrated applications that a

company can use to collect, store, manage, and interpret data from many functional areas
including −
 Financial Accounting − Deals with financial transactions and data.
 Human Resource − Deals with information related to employee of an organization.
 Customer Relationship Management − Deals with capturing and managing
customer’s relationship, facilitating the use of customer experience to evaluate the
knowledge database.
 Sales and Distribution − Deals with order placement, delivery, shipment and
invoicing.
 Logistics and Warehouse Management − Deals with storage of products and
shipment.
 Manufacturing and Material Management − Deals with the production and
production planning activities.
 Supply Change Management − Deals with the movement of products, storing,
managing, and controlling supplies.
 Business Intelligence − Analyzes data and converts the same to information.

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Advantages of ERP
By integrating the business processes, the ERP offers the following advantages −
 Saves time and expenses.
 Allows faster decision-making by the management, utilizing the data and reporting
tools designed in the systems.
 Single data source and sharing of data among all the units of an organization.
 Helps in tracking every transaction that takes place in an organization, from starting
till end.
 Supplies real-time information whenever required.
 Provides synchronized information transfer in between different functional areas such
as sales, marketing, finance, manufacturing, human resource, logistics, etc.

Disadvantages of ERP
It is not always easy to incorporate ERP in an organization. ERP suffers from the following
drawbacks −
 Sometimes business processes critical to an organization are to be re-engineered to
align them with an ERP solution.
 Cost of complex integration can be very high.
 Switching from one ERP solution to another increase the implementation cost even
further.
 End-users are to be trained for their daily operations.
 Customization is not preferred.

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Introduction to BIG DATA: Types, Characteristics & Benefits
In order to understand 'Big Data', we first need to know what 'data' is. Oxford
dictionary defines 'data' as –

"The quantities, characters, or symbols on which operations are performed by a

computer, which may be stored and transmitted in the form of electrical signals and recorded
on magnetic, optical, or mechanical recording media. "

So, 'Big Data' is also a data but with a huge size. 'Big Data' is a term used to describe
collection of data that is huge in size and yet growing exponentially with time. In short, such
a data is so large and complex that none of the traditional data management tools are able to
store it or process it efficiently.

Examples of 'Big Data'

Following are some the examples of 'Big Data'-

The New York Stock Exchange generates about one terabyte of new trade data per day.

Social Media Impact

1. Statistic shows that 500+terabytes of new data gets ingested into the databases of
social media site Facebook, every day. This data is mainly generated in terms of photo
and video uploads, message exchanges, putting comments etc.
2. Single Jet engine can generate 10+terabytes of data in 30 minutes of a flight time.
With many thousand flights per day, generation of data reaches up to many Petabytes.

Categories of 'Big Data'

Big data' could be found in three forms:

1. Structured
2. Unstructured
3. Semi-structured

1. Structured

Any data that can be stored, accessed and processed in the form of fixed format is
termed as a 'structured' data. Over the period of time, talent in computer science have
achieved greater success in developing techniques for working with such kind of data (where
the format is well known in advance) and also deriving value out of it. However, now days,
we are foreseeing issues when size of such data grows to a huge extent, typical sizes are
being in the rage of multiple zettabyte.

Do you know? 1021 bytes equals to 1 zettabyte or one billion terabytes forms a zettabyte.

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 Looking at these figures one can easily understand why the name 'Big Data' is given
and imagine the challenges involved in its storage and processing.

Do you know? Data stored in a relational database management system is one example of
a 'structured' data.

Examples of Structured Data

An 'Employee' table in a database is an example of Structured Data

Employee_ID Employee_Name Gender Department Salary_In_lacs

2365 Rajesh Kulkarni Male Finance 650000

3398 Pratibha Joshi Female Admin 650000

7465 Shushil Roy Male Admin 500000

7500 Shubhojit Das Male Finance 500000

7699 Priya Sane Female Finance 550000

2.Unstructured

Any data with unknown form or the structure is classified as unstructured data. In
addition to the size being huge, un-structured data poses multiple challenges in terms of its
processing for deriving value out of it. Typical example of unstructured data is, a
heterogeneous data source containing a combination of simple text files, images, videos etc.
Now a day organizations have wealth of data available with them but unfortunately they don't
know how to derive value out of it since this data is in its raw form or unstructured format.

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Examples of Un-structured Data

Output returned by 'Google Search'

3.Semi-structured

Semi-structured data can contain both the forms of data. We can see semi-structured
data as a structured in form but it is actually not defined with e.g. a table definition in
relational DBMS. Example of semi-structured data is a data represented in XML file.

Examples of Semi-structured Data

Personal data stored in a XML file-

<rec><name>Prashant Rao</name><sex>Male</sex><age>35</age></rec>
<rec><name>Seema R.</name><sex>Female</sex><age>41</age></rec>
<rec><name>Satish Mane</name><sex>Male</sex><age>29</age></rec>
<rec><name>Subrato Roy</name><sex>Male</sex><age>26</age></rec>
<rec><name>Jeremiah J.</name><sex>Male</sex><age>35</age></rec>

Characteristics of 'Big Data'

(i)Volume – The name 'Big Data' itself is related to a size which is enormous. Size of data
plays very crucial role in determining value out of data. Also, whether a particular data can
actually be considered as a Big Data or not, is dependent upon volume of data.
Hence, 'Volume' is one characteristic which needs to be considered while dealing with 'Big
Data'.

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(ii)Variety –

Variety refers to heterogeneous sources and the nature of data, both structured and
unstructured. During earlier days, spreadsheets and databases were the only sources of data
considered by most of the applications. Now days, data in the form of emails, photos, videos,
monitoring devices, PDFs, audio, etc. is also being considered in the analysis applications.
This variety of unstructured data poses certain issues for storage, mining and analysing data.

(iii)Velocity – The term 'velocity' refers to the speed of generation of data. How fast the data
is generated and processed to meet the demands, determines real potential in the data.

Big Data Velocity deals with the speed at which data flows in from sources like business
processes, application logs, networks and social media sites, sensors, Mobile devices, etc.
The flow of data is massive and continuous.

(iv)Variability – This refers to the inconsistency which can be shown by the data at times,
thus hampering the process of being able to handle and manage the data effectively.

Benefits of Big Data Processing

Ability to process 'Big Data' brings in multiple benefits, such as-

• Businesses can utilize outside intelligence while taking decisions

Access to social data from search engines and sites like facebook, twitter are enabling
organizations to fine tune their business strategies.

• Improved customer service

Traditional customer feedback systems are getting replaced by new systems designed
with 'Big Data' technologies. In these new systems, Big Data and natural language processing
technologies are being used to read and evaluate consumer responses.

• Early identification of risk to the product/services, if any

• Better operational efficiency

'Big Data' technologies can be used for creating staging area or landing zone for new
data before identifying what data should be moved to the data warehouse. In addition, such
integration of 'Big Data' technologies and data warehouse helps organization to offload
infrequently accessed data.

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Cloud Computing
The term “cloud”, as used in this white paper, appears to have its origins in network diagrams
that represented the internet, or various parts of it, as schematic clouds. “Cloud computing”
was coined for what happens when applications and services are moved into the internet
“cloud.” Cloud computing is not something that suddenly appeared overnight; in some form,
it may trace back to a time when computer systems remotely time-shared computing
resources and applications. More currently though, cloud computing refers to the many
different types of services and applications being delivered in the internet cloud, and the fact
that, in many cases, the devices used to access these services and applications do not require
any special applications..

Many companies are delivering services from the cloud. Some notable examples include the
following:
• Google — has a private cloud that it uses for delivering Google Docs and many other
services to its users, including email access, document applications, text translations, maps,
web analytics, and much more.

• Microsoft — has Microsoft Office 365 online service that allows for content and business
intelligence tools to be moved into the cloud, and Microsoft currently makes its office
applications available in a cloud.

• Salesforce.com — runs its application set for its customers in a cloud, and it’s Force.com
and Vmforce.com products provide developers with platforms to build customized cloud
services.

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Characteristics

Cloud computing has a variety of characteristics, with the main ones being:
• Shared Infrastructure — Uses a virtualized software model, enabling the sharing of
physical services, storage, and networking capabilities. The cloud infrastructure, regardless
of deployment model, seeks to make the most of the available infrastructure across a
number of users.

• Dynamic Provisioning — Allows for the provision of services based on current demand
requirements. This is done automatically using software automation, enabling the
expansion and contraction of service capability, as needed. This dynamic scaling needs to
be done while maintaining high levels of reliability and security.

• Network Access — Needs to be accessed across the internet from a broad range of devices
such as PCs, laptops, and mobile devices, using standards-based APIs (for example, ones
based on HTTP). Deployments of services in the cloud include everything from using
business applications to the latest application on the newest smart phones.

• Managed Metering — Uses metering for managing and optimizing the service and to
provide reporting and billing information. In this way, consumers are billed for services
according to how much they have actually used during the billing period.

Service Models
Once a cloud is established, how its cloud computing services are deployed in terms of
business models can differ depending on requirements.
• Software as a Service (SaaS) — Consumers purchase the ability to access and use an
application or service that is hosted in the cloud. A benchmark example of this is
Salesforce.com, as discussed previously, where necessary information for the interaction
between the consumer and the service is hosted as part of the service in the cloud.

• Platform as a Service (PaaS) — Consumers purchase access to the platforms, enabling

them to deploy their own software and applications in the cloud. The operating systems and
network access are not managed by the consumer, and there might be constraints as to
which applications can be deployed. Examples include Amazon Web Services (AWS),
Rack space and Microsoft Azure.

• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) — Consumers control and manage the systems in

terms of the operating systems, applications, storage, and network connectivity, but do not
themselves control the cloud infrastructure..

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Benefits

The following are some of the possible benefits for those who offer cloud computing-based
services and applications:

• Cost Savings — Companies can reduce their capital expenditures and use operational
expenditures for increasing their computing capabilities.

This is a lower barrier to entry and also requires fewer in-house IT resources to provide
system support.

• Scalability/Flexibility — Companies can start with a small deployment and grow to a large
deployment fairly rapidly, and then scale back if necessary. Also, the flexibility of cloud
computing allows companies to use extra resources at peak times, enabling them to satisfy
consumer demands.

• Reliability — Services using multiple redundant sites can support business continuity and
disaster recovery.

• Maintenance — Cloud service providers do the system maintenance, and access is through
APIs that do not require application installations onto PCs, thus further reducing
maintenance requirements.

• Mobile Accessible — Mobile workers have increased productivity due to systems

accessible in an infrastructure available from anywhere.

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