INTERNET AND

WORLD WIDE
WEB
Suresh Singh Rajpurohit
What is Internet ?
A computer network consisting of a worldwide network of computers that
use the TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data transmission and
exchange.
What is the Web?
The World Wide Web usually called the Web for short is a collection of
different websites you can access through the Internet. A website is
made up of related text, images, and other resources. Websites can
resemble other forms of media like newspaper articles or television
programs or they can be interactive in a way that's unique to
computers.
The purpose of a website can be almost anything: a news platform, an
advertisement, an online library, a forum for sharing images, or an
educational site.
Applications of Internet
Internet Applications
Sending and receiving email.
Searching and browsing information archives.
Copying files between computers.
Conducting financial transactions.
Navigating (in your car, smart scooter, smart bike, or other)
Playing interactive games.
Video and music streaming.
E mail (Electronic mail)
Electronic mail (also known as email or e-mail) is one of the most
commonly used services on the Internet, allowing people to send
messages to one or more recipients.
Electronic mail is a method of exchanging digital messages from an
author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the
Internet or other computer networks. Today's email systems are based
on a store-and-forward model.
An email message consists of three components, the message envelope, the
message header, and the message body.
Header contains information about who sent the message, the recipient(s)
and the route.
Header also usually contains descriptive information, such as a subject header
field and a message submission date/timestamp.
Email message body contains text (7bit ASCII) as well as multimedia
messages. These processes are declared in Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME). MIME is set of RFCs (Request for Comment)
Network based emails are exchanged over the internet using the SMTP
(Simple Mail Transfer protocol).
In the process of transporting email messages between systems,
SMTP communicates delivery parameters using a message envelope
separate from the message (header and body)itself.
Email addresses (both for senders and recipients) are two strings
separated by the character "@" (the "at sign"): such as user@domain
Telnet
Telnet is a network protocol used in any network (internet or LAN) for
bidirectional text oriented communication.
Original purpose of the telnet protocol was to login to the remote
computers on the network.
Telnet protocol uses ‘virtual terminal’ to connect to the remote hosts.
Virtual terminal is a application service that allows host in a multi
terminal network to communicate with other hosts irrespective of
terminal type or characteristics.
Telnet uses the TCP protocol for
transmission of 8 byte data.
Most network equipment and
operating systems with a TCP/IP stack
support a Telnet service for remote
configuration (including systems
based on Windows NT)
The term telnet may also refer to the
software that implements the client
part of the protocol
FTP
File transfer protocol is a simple and standard network protocols that
transfers a file from one host to the other over a TCP network.
Based on client server architecture. Utilizes separate control and data
connection for client and server to transmit and receive file(s) over the
network. It is an application protocol that uses the internet’s TCP/IP suite.
Mainly used to transfer the web pages or related data from the source or
creator to a host that acts as a server to make the page or file available to
other hosts (uploading) or downloading programs andother files from
server to a host. FTP protocol can perform over a active or passive
connection.
Data transfer can take place in following three modes.
Stream mode data is sent in a continuous stream where FTP does not
do any formatting.
Block mode: FTP breaks the data into several blocks (block header, byte
count, and data field) and then passes it on to TCP.
Compressed mode: Data is compressed using a single algorithm.
ECommerce
Ecommerce, also known as electronic commerce or internet commerce,
refers to the buying and selling of goods or services using the internet,
and the transfer of money and data to execute these transactions.
Ecommerce is often used to refer to the sale of physical products online,
but it can also describe any kind of commercial transaction that is
facilitated through the internet.
Types of Ecommerce Models
There are four main types of ecommerce models that can describe almost every transaction that
takes place between consumers and businesses.
1. Business to Consumer (B2C):
When a business sells a good or service to an individual consumer (e.g. You buy a pair of shoes
from an online retailer).
2. Business to Business (B2B):
When a business sells a good or service to another business (e.g. A business sells software-as-a-
service for other businesses to use)  

3. Consumer to Consumer (C2C):

When a consumer sells a good or service to another consumer (e.g. You sell your old furniture
on eBay to another consumer).

4. Consumer to Business (C2B):

When a consumer sells their own products or services to a business or organization (e.g. An
influencer offers exposure to their online audience in exchange for a fee, or a photographer
licenses their photo for a business to use).
Video Conferencing
Video conferencing or video teleconference is a set oftelecommunication
technologies which allow one or more locations to transmit and receive
video and audio signals simultaneously. This is known as visual
collaboration.

Modern video conferencing is IP based and through more efficient video

compression technologies, allowing desktop or PC based video
conferencing.
The components required for a videoconferencing system include:
Video input : video camera or webcam
Video output: computer monitor , television or projector
Audio input: microphones, CD/DVD player, cassette player, or any other
source of Pre Amp audio outlet.
Audio output: usually loudspeakers associated with the display device
or telephone
Data transfer: analog or digital telephone network, LAN or Internet
There are following layers in the videoconferencing technology
User interface
Conference control
Control or signal plane
Media plane.
E business
E business is conduct of business over the internet, which includes buying and selling of goods and even
services. In other words it is application of information and communication . technologies in support of all
activities in business.
Applications of E business are divided into following categories–
Internal business systems—
Customer Relationship Management(CRM)
Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP)
Human resource management system(HRMS)
Enterprise Communication and collaboration
Content management
E- mails
Voicemails
Web conferencing
Electronic commerce
INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER
An Internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides access to
the Internet, hosts data, or does both. ISP is also known as IAP (internet
access provider) Access ISPs connect customers to the Internet using
copper, wireless or fibre connections. Hosting ISPs lease server space
for smaller businesses and host other people servers (colocation).
Transit ISPs provide large tubes for connecting hosting ISPs to access
ISPs.  As internet gained popularity, it was essential to provide internet
access to many people or many hosts. Due to the increasing demand to
access internet, commercial ISP came into existence in1990.
Technologies used – For users and small business applications –
Dial up connection
DSL (digital subscriber line)
Broadband wireless connection
Cable modem
Fibre optical connection
ISP connections– ISPs which provide connections through phone lines like dial ups,
do not seek any information about the caller’s (user of the internet) physical
location or address. So, caller from any location which is in reach of the ISP, can use
the services provided.
Services provided – ISP host usually provide e mail, FTP and web hosting services.
Other services can be like virtual machines, clouds or entire physical servers where
clients can run their own softwares.
Peering : ISPs taking services from upstream and getting connected to each other to
exchange data and to control network traffic through peering points, orinternetex
change points. These points help save one 10 more upstream ISP and cut down on
the cost. The ISPs which do not need upstream ISP are called Tier 1 ISP.
Virtual ISP (VISP) : this is an ISP which purchases services from other ISP and gives
them to the end user, without any set up of its own.
Free ISP: these are ISPs which provide services free of cost to the users and display
advertisements till the users are connected. These are called as freenets. These are
normally run on no profit basis.
Domain name server
DNS stands for domain name server or domain name system. It is a type of
system in which a domain name is converted to an IP address. The example of a
domain name is www.google.com and the example of IP address is 192.168.1.1.
DNS is a type of phonebook in which all the IP addresses are stored with
associated domain names.
When a computer or mobile user types a domain name in the address bar of the
browser then the browser sends a request to the DNS server. The DNS server
finds the IP address and then connect it with the hosting and then the web page
is displayed on the browser.
DNS Server There are some rules to define a domain name. For example,
it is not allowed to use a hyphen (-) at the start and end of the domain
name. Also, the domain name cannot be more than 253 characters.
DNS acts as a communicator between humans and computers. The
computer understands IP addresses while humans understand English
words. So DNS convert English words (e.g. www.google.com) to IP
address (e.g. 74.125.68.102)
The IP address is understandable by the browser. The browser sends a
request to the Google server and Google servers send the web page to
the browser.
is an IP Address
What Is an IP Address?
IP address stands for internet protocol address; it is an identifying
number that is associated with a specific computer or computer
network. When connected to the internet, the IP address allows the
computers to send and receive information.
An internet protocol (IP) address allows computers to send and receive
information.
There are four types of IP addresses: public, private, static, and dynamic.
An IP address allows information to be sent and received by the correct
parties, which means it can also be used to track down a user's physical
location in some instances.
What Is an IPv6 Address?
IPv4 addresses consist of four one- to three-digit numerals separated
by a dot. IPv6 is the newer version of internet addressing that uses a
128-bit alphanumeric value to identify an endpoint device online.
An Ipv4 address may look something like 208.80. 154.224, and an Ipv6
address may look like: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334.
IPv6 allows for far more connected devices to exist on the internet
without duplicating addresses, which can cause issues.
What is URL
URL full form is Uniform Resource Locator. The complete address of the
website is called URL or web address. It is always unique for a web page.
Whatever gets results in the Google search engine, they have a unique URL
of the website, they identify the website and brand with the same URL.
Each URL has three parts
1. Protocol
2. fully qualified domain name
3. path of webpage
https://www.mywebsite.com/weather/country/weather.html
1. https=protocol (doing the work under the certain rules. The protocol that is being
spoken, which server is communicating with and from which server is the information
taken).

2. Mywebsite.com = fully qualified domain name (every domain has unique name and
every website have a domain name. They are different types of extension
like .com .in .net .co.in .org .info .online .club .co .website .site .host .space etc. www is
know as sub domain,
mywebsite is knows as domain name, .com is know as top level domain).

3. /weather/country/weather.html = path of the webpage (user searched a particular web

page of the website, to know the information on that page).
Search engine
A search engine is a software program that helps people find
the information they are looking for online using keywords or
phrases.
Search engines are able to return results quickly—even with
millions of websites online—by scanning the Internet
continuously and indexing every page they find.
When a user enters a search term, the search engine looks at
the website page titles, contents and keywords it has indexed
and uses algorithms (step-by-step operations) to produce a list
of sites—with the most relevant websites at the top of the list.
Companies use search engine optimization (SEO) to help
search engines recognize their websites as highly relevant to
particular searches. Popular search engines include Google,
Bing and Yahoo.
An overview of HTTP
HTTP is a protocol for fetching resources such as HTML documents. It
is the foundation of any data exchange on the Web and it is a client-
server protocol, which means requests are initiated by the recipient,
usually the Web browser. A complete document is reconstructed from
the different sub-documents fetched, for instance, text, layout
description, images, videos, scripts, and more.
Clients and servers communicate by exchanging individual messages (as
opposed to a stream of data). The messages sent by the client, usually a
Web browser, are called requests and the messages sent by the server
as an answer are called responses.
What is the Web Browser?
The web browser is an application software to explore www (World
Wide Web). It provides an interface between the server and the client
and requests to the server for web documents and services. It works as a
compiler to render HTML which is used to design a webpage.
Whenever we search anything on the internet, the browser loads a web
page written in HTML, including text, links, images, and other items
such as style sheets and JavaScript functions. Google Chrome,
Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, Safari are examples of web browsers.