UNIT-I

PART-A
1.1 Define server?
 A person or thing that serves.
 A computer or computer program Which manages access to a
centralized resource or service in a network.
1.2 What is internet?
A global computer network providing a variety of information and
communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized
communication protocols.
1.3 What do you mean by telnet?
Telnet is a protocol that allows you to connect to remote computers (called
hosts) over a TCP/IP network (such as the internet). Using telnet client software on
your computer, you can make a connection to a telnet server (i.e., the remote host).
1.4 What is IP address?
A global computer network providing a variety of information and
communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized
communication protocols.

1.5 Define protocol?

1. The official procedure or system of rules governing affairs of state or
diplomatic occasions. "Protocol forbids the prince from making any public statement in
his defence"
2. the original draft of a diplomatic document, especially of the terms of a
treaty agreed to in conference and signed by the parties. "Signatories to the Montreal
Protocol"

1.6 List out some domains?

This list of Internet top-level domain (TLD) extensions contains top-level
domains, which are those domains in the DNS root zone of the Domain Name System of
the Internet.

1.7 What are issues of phone line?

*Unplug the phone that doesn't work. ...
*Find a phone in the house that works. ...
*Unplug the working phone and cord. ...
*Plug in the phone that wasn't working. ...
*Check for a dial tone. ...
*Try a different phone cord. ...
 *Consider repairing the wall jack.

1.8 Define the term internet?

A local or restricted communications network, especially a private network created
using World Wide Web software.

1.9 What is the role of domain name system server?9

DNS stands for Domain Name System. The main function of DNS is to
translate domain names into IP Addresses, which computers can understand.

1.10 List out the various internet services?

*Dial-Up (Analog 56K).
*DSL. DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line. ...
*Cable. Cable provides an internet connection through a cable modem and
operates over cable TV lines. ...
*Wireless. Wireless, or Wi-Fi, as the name suggests, does not
use telephone lines or cables to connect to the internet. ...
*Satellite. ...
*Cellular.
1.11 What are the components of an intranet?
Done. A classic software project. But in reality, an intranet is not
a software program, but a platform for communication and collaboration with various
components. And at the centre of all of these components are the real owners of an
intranet: the employees.
1.12 What is the difference between node and host?
Hi, A node is any addressable device connected to a network whereas
the host is a more specific descriptor that refers to a networked general-purpose
computer rather than a single purpose device (such as a printer). ... A network host is a
network node that is assigned a network layer host address.

1.13 List out the purpose of routers?

A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between... The
most familiar type of routers are home and small office routers that simply forward
IP... Each router builds up a routing table listing the preferred routes between any
two...

1.14 What is meant by pinging?

1. make or cause to make a ping."the doorbell pinged"
2. query (another computer on a network) to determine whether there is a
connection to it.
1.15 State the media for intranet?
An intranet is a private network accessible only to an organization's
staff.[1][2] Often, a wide range of information and services are available on an
organization's internal intranet that are unavailable to the public, unlike the Internet.

1.16 Define port?

A town or city with a harbour or access to navigable
water where ships load or unload.

PART-B
1.17 Write short notes on the following (i)ISP (ii)Firewall?
An Internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides customers with Internet
access. Data may be transmitted using several technologies, including dial-up, DSL,
cable modem, wireless or dedicated high-speed interconnects.
Typically, ISPs also provide their customers with the ability to communicate with one
another by providing Internet email accounts, usually with numerous email addresses
at the customer’s discretion. Other services, such as telephone and television services,
may be provided as well. The services and service combinations may be unique to each
ISP.
An Internet service provider is also known as an Internet access provider (IAP).
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
The Internet began as a closed network between government research laboratories and
universities and colleges. As universities and colleges began giving Internet access to
their faculty and other employees, ISPs were created to provide Internet access to those
employees at home and elsewhere. The first ISP began in 1990 as The World, based in
Brookline, Massachusetts.
Individual customers and businesses pay ISPs for Internet Access. ISPs are
interconnected to one another at network access points. In turn, ISPs pay other, larger
ISPs for their Internet access, which in turn pay still other ISPs. This cascades multiple
times until transmissions reach a Tier 1 carrier, which is an ISP capable of reaching
every other network on the Internet without purchasing IP transit or paying
settlements. However, it is difficult to determine the status of a network because the
business agreements to pay settlements are not made public.
However, the situation is more complex than simply a single connection established to
an upstream ISP. ISPs may have more than one point of presence (PoP), which is an
access point to the Internet comprised of a physical location housing servers, routers,
ATM switches and digital/analog call aggregators. Some ISPs have thousands of PoPs.
Multiple PoPs may have separate connections to an upstream ISP. And each ISP may
have upstream ISPs and connections to each one of them at one or multiple PoPs.
1.18 Explain internet concepts?
The Internet is a global network of networks connecting millions of users
worldwide via many computer networks using a simple standard common addressing
system and basic communications protocol called TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol). This allows messages sent over the Internet to be broken
into small pieces, called packets, which travel over many different routes between
source and destination computers.
Clients and Servers
Internet resources -- information and services -- are provided through host computers,
known as servers. The serveries the computer system that contains information such as
electronic mail, database information, or text files. As a customer, or client, you access
those resources via client programs (applications) which use TCP/IP to deliver the
information to your screen in the appropriate format for your computer.
One important kind of client program is called a browser, which is used to search
through information provided by a specific type of server. A browser helps you view
and navigate through information on the Internet. Today's most popular browsers,
including Mosaic(R), Netscape(TM) Navigator, and the Microsoft Internet Explorer
offer a graphical interface to the World Wide Web.
Client/Server Operation
A client/server system works something like this:
A big hunk of computer (called a server) sits in some office somewhere with a bunch of
files that people might want access to. This computer runs a software package (uh...also
called a server unfortunately) that listens all day long to requests over the wires.
Typically, these requests will be in some language and some format that the computer
understands, but in English sound something like, "hello software package running on a
big hunk of computer, please give me the file called "mydocument.txt" that is located in
the directory "/usr/people/my name".
The "server software" will then access the server hardware, find the requested file, send
it back over the wires to the "client" who requested it, and then wait for another
request from the same or another client.
Usually, the "client" is actually a software program, like Netscape Navigator, that is
being operated by a person who is the one who really wants to see the file. The client
software however, deals with all the underlying client/server protocol stuff and then
displays the document (that usually means interpreting HTML, but we'll get there in
just a bit) to the human user.
The whole process looks something like the figure below:
Hypertext Documents
The WWW makes extensive use of hypertext documents which contain Multimedia data
such as text, images, sounds, video clips etc.
Links to other documents (situated anywhere on the web).
HTTP
The client/server protocol used to exchange hypertext documents is called HTTP
(Hypertext Transport Protocol). The main thing you need to know is that HTTP is a
language spoken between your web browser (client software) and a web server (server
software) so that they can communicate with each other and exchange files.
HTTP is a "request-response" type protocol that specifies that a client will open a
connection to a server then send a request using a very specific format. The server will
then respond and close the connection.
HTML
Hypertext documents are represented using a specialised mark up language
called HTML (HyperText Mark up Language).

1.19 Discuss about TCP/IP and connection software?

TCP/IP, or the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is a suite of
communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet. TCP/IP
can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (an intranet or
an extranet).
The entire internet protocol suite -- a set of rules and procedures -- is commonly
referred to as TCP/IP, though others are included in the suite.
TCP/IP specifies how data is exchanged over the internet by providing end-to-end
communications that identify how it should be broken into packets, addressed,
transmitted, routed and received at the destination. TCP/IP requires little central
management, and it is designed to make networks reliable, with the ability to recover
automatically from the failure of any device on the network.
The two main protocols in the internet protocol suite serve specific functions. TCP
defines how applications can create channels of communication across a network. It also
manages how a message is assembled into smaller packets before they are then
transmitted over the internet and reassembled in the right order at the destination
address.
IP defines how to address and route each packet to make sure it reaches the right
destination. Each gateway computer on the network checks this IP address to determine
where to forward the message.

1.20 Briefly describe about internet services?

An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that provides Internet access by using
copper, fiber, or even satellite communications to the customer. In this lesson, we will
cover exactly what an ISP is, how the ISP connects customers, and what type of services
the ISPs provide.
Definition
An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company such as AT&T, Verizon, Comcast, or
Bright House that provides Internet access to companies, families, and even mobile
users. ISPs use fiber-optics, satellite, copper wire, and other forms to provide Internet
access to its customers.
The type of Internet access varies depending on what the customer requires. For home
use, cable or DSL (digital subscriber line) is the perfect, affordable choice. The price of
home use can range anywhere from free to roughly $120 a month. The amount of
bandwidth is usually what drives the price. Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be
sent through an internet connection in a given amount of time. The speed for home use
usually varies from 14 kilobits per second to 100 megabits per second. For large
companies and organizations, their bandwidth requirements may be 1 to 10 gigabits per
second, which is both insanely fast and expensive!
The Internet Highway
ISPs connect to one another by forming backbones, which is another way of saying a
main highway of communications. Backbones usually consist of satellite, copper wire, or
even fiber-optic media. Media is a term that means cables or lines, and it's the physical
means of connecting your home to the internet.

Now, imagine these 'main highways' are like the major arteries that we have in our
bodies. These major arteries push an extreme amount of blood (or data) to our smaller
blood arteries (cities). Those smaller arteries then feed into blood vessels
(neighbourhoods) and then into tiny capillaries (our individual homes).
ISPs provide the same service, except that they use different types of media to do so.
ISPs bridge distant locations between cities, states, and countries. Because of these high
speed backbone systems, we are able receive an email within seconds, stream our
favourite movie without interruption, and play online games with no lag whatsoever.
Satellites
Let's go over the different types of media that are used in order to give you a broader
understanding of how ISPs work.
Customers who live in remote locations, such as farms, deserts, and mountainous areas,
may require a satellite Internet service. This involves transmitting and receiving data
from a satellite orbiting about 22,000 miles above the earth. Although satellite
communication is not as fast as other mediums, it does provide flexibility with limited
environmental impact, and there is not as much need for support from the local
telecommunications company.
These satellite terminals can also be used when setting up natural disaster recovery
centres. For example, FEMA used a satellite terminal during Hurricane Katrina, since
the public telecommunication infrastructure was severely damaged.
Fiber Optics
Fiber optics, or fiber, is a transmission medium used to transmit light instead of
electrical voltage, like copper. The great thing about fiber is that it transmits Internet
traffic at the speed of light!
Fiber has great qualities, such as being very reliable and immune to electromagnetic
interference, unlike copper. Fiber has the bandwidth capability from 10 gigabits per
second all the way up to 31 terabits per second. Without boosting stations (which boost
or amplify the signal as it travels, and commonly used with copper), fiber can transmit
signals up to 150 miles without regeneration. Right now, there are fiber cables that run
along the ocean floor, connecting countries across the globe through high speed Internet
access. Pretty cool!

1.21 When is the command to test your computer connection with another
system? list out any four operation of the command.
SUMMARY
I want to connect using the TCP/IP protocol. This might be over the Lap link Ethernet
Cable or a Local Area Network (LAN). How can I test the TCP/IP protocol?
SOLUTION
The PING command sends a test packet of data to a designated IP address.
Open up a DOS command prompt:
From the Windows Start menu, click Run. (In Windows Vista and newer, simply type
the command in step 2 into the search field and hit enter instead of clicking Run.)
Type CMD and click OK.
Do this step on both computers.
Identify the IP address on the target computer: See Technical Document 204: How to
Determine the IP Address on a Computer for more information.
Testing the network connection using PING:
In the command prompt of the source computer, type the following:
PING IP Address of the target computer
Then press Enter. For example, PING 10.0.0.2
Understanding the results:
Each PING test makes 4 tries, and gives back a response for each attempt. If the
response looks like this, the test is successful.
If the response looks like either of these examples, the test failed.
Resolving the problem:
There are several things that can cause a PING test to fail, such as:
Pinging the incorrect IP address. Verify that you are pinging the correct IP address of
the host computer.
Firewall software may be blocking PING requests, and you will need to disable the
firewall. Typically, if a firewall is blocking PING requests, it will very likely block Lap
link connections as well. To configure a firewall for Lap link connections, please
see Technical Document 633: Overview for Configuring a Firewall or Router to Allow
Lap Link Connections.
The network may be incorrectly configured. This can be due to a number of different
factors including incorrect IP address and/or subnet mask. Subnet masks determine the
valid range of IP addresses for a network. Both machines should have IP addresses that
fall within the range determined by the subnet mask. If the machines are on the same
subnet then they must have the same subnet mask. For more information, contact your
network administrator.
Hardware failure, i.e. a bad Ethernet adapter, cable, router, hub, etc.

1.22 How to you secure your system from internet?

A network is two or more computers and/or network devices (e.g., printer, switch, hub,
router) connected to the Internet. Because the computer is connected to the Internet or
to a local or wide area network, the emphasis for securing this computer is placed on
physical security of the computer, controlling access to the data, and protecting the data
from unauthorized access across the wire.
Whether you are using a Windows, Macintosh or Linux computer as your daily-use
computer, here are the minimum steps you should take to secure your sensitive data on
a computer connected to a network (for more OS-specific detailed security, see
these specific security guides). If only one person will be using the data stored on this
computer, the external hard drive option should be considered for better security.
Physical Security of a Computer on a Network
Secure the computer on which your sensitive data resides in a locked room, or secure
the computer to a table with a cable and lock.Laptops are NOT allowed for this security
plan. (If you have a laptop as your main computer, you should use the External Hard
Drive option.)
Controlling Access to the Data
Restrict access to your sensitive data to authorized project personnel using the security
features available via the operating system (e.g., login via userid/password and secure
with NTFS permissions in Windows and ACLs in Macintosh and Linux
computers).Require strong passwords.You can use Administrative Tools, Local Security
Policyto enable password complexity.To verify passwords are strong, get permission
from your Dean, Department Head or Director (or the equivalent in your company),
and audit your passwords with L0PHTCRACK.Password protect your screen saver and
set it to activate after 10-15 minutes of inactivity (if using a password of fewer than 16
characters, set your password-protected screen saver to activate after 3 minutes of
keyboard or mouse inactivity). Since the screen saver will not activate for 3-15 minutes,
it is recommended that you lock your screen (Windows = Windows Key + L) whenever
you walk away from your computer, even for a few minutes.Enable whole disk
encryption (e.g., Bitlocker, PGP Whole Disk Encryption, FileVault2, Veracrypt) or
directory-based encryption (e.g., Windows Encrypting File System or Veracrypt) for
directories containing secure data.Configure your analysis software to point temporary
work files to the encrypted sensitive data directory.Install and periodically run a secure
erasure program. This program should be run monthly and after the secure data has
been removed from the computer at the end of the contract period. (e.g., Eraserworks
well.)Do not copy or move your sensitive data out of the secured directory for any
reason.Additional security controls can be found in the "Workstation Security
Protocols" table in the form to describe your security plan.
Protecting the Data from Unauthorized Access Across the Wire
Please see the additional security controls and the explanation of the security controls
required to protect the data from unauthorized access from across the wire at the
following locations:
Form to describe your security planExplanation of Security Controls Standards
referenced in "Form to describe your security plan"

1.23 what are the two option available when you download the message
using dial up connection and e-mail software?
Dial-up Internet access is a form of Internet access that uses the facilities of the public
switched telephone network (PSTN) to establish a connection to an Internet service
provider (ISP) by dialing a telephone numberon a conventional telephone line. The
user's computer or router uses an attached modemto encode and decode information
into and from audio frequency signals, respectively.
In 1979, Tom Truscott and Steve Bellovin, graduate students for Duke University,
created an early predecessor to dial-up Internet access called the USENET. The
USENET was a UNIX based system that used a dial-up connection to transfer data
through telephone modems.[1] Dial-up Internet has been around since the 1980s via
public providers such as NSFNET-linked universities and was first offered
commercially in July 1992 by Sprint.[2]Despite losing ground to broadband since the
mid-2000s, dial-up is still used where other forms are not available or where the cost is
too high, such as in some rural or remote areas.[3][4]

Availability:
Dial-up connections to the Internet require no infrastructure other than the telephone
network and the modems and servers needed to make and answer the calls. Where
telephone access is widely available, dial-up is often the only choice available for rural
or remote areas, where broadband installations are not prevalent due to low population
density and high infrastructure cost.[5] Dial-up access may also be an alternative for
users on limited budgets, as it is offered free by some ISPs, though broadband is
increasingly available at lower prices in many countries due to market competition.
Dial-up requires time to establish a telephone connection (up to several seconds,
depending on the location) and perform configuration for protocol synchronization
before data transfers can take place. In locales with telephone connection charges, each
connection incurs an incremental cost. If calls are time-metered, the duration of the
connection incurs costs.
Dial-up access is a transient connection, because either the user, ISP or phone company
terminates the connection. Internet service providers will often set a limit on connection
durations to allow sharing of resources, and will disconnect the user—requiring
reconnection and the costs and delays associated with it. Technically inclined users often
find a way to disable the auto-disconnect program such that they can remain connected
for more days than one.[citation needed]
A 2008 Pew Research Center study stated that only 10% of US adults still used dial-up
Internet access. The study found that the most common reason for retaining dial-up
access was high broadband prices. Users cited lack of infrastructure as a reason less
often than stating that they would never upgrade to broadband.[6] That number had
fallen to 6% by 2010,[7] and to 3% by 2013.[8]
The CRTC estimated that there were 336,000 Canadian dial-up users in 2010.[9]

E-MAIL SOFTWARE
Software for creating, sending, receiving and organizing electronic mail, or email.
Modern desktop email clients like Microsoft Outlook, Windows Live Mail and Mozilla
Thunderbird offer advanced features for managing email,
including WYSIWYG editors for composing email messages, anti-spam and anti-
phishing security protection, advanced search capabilities, and rules and filters for
more efficiently handling and organizing messages and email folders.
A large number of online email services, called webmail, exist with features and
functionality for managing e-mail similar to their desktop email software counterparts.
Some of the more popular online email services are Yahoo! Mail, Gmail, Hotmail
(Windows Live Mail) and AOL Mail.
1.24 List out any four widely used port numbers and its corresponding internet
services?
A port number is a way to identify a specific process to which the Internet or another
network message is to be forwarded when it arrives at a server. For the Transmission
Control Protocol and the User Datagram Protocol, a port number is a 16-bit integer
that is put in the header appended to a message unit.
Note: Port number 0 is reserved and cannot be used.
List of Well-Known TCP/IP Port Numbers
Below, we take a look at these protocols, provides a basic description of their function,
and lists the port numbers that they are commonly associated with.
Protocol
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Secure Shell (SSH)
Telnet
Simple Mail Transfer protocol(SMTP)
Domain Name System(DNS)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Trivival File Transfer Protocol(TFTP)
Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP)
Post Office Protocol(POP)version3
Network Time Protocol(NTP)
Internet Message Access Protocol(IAMP)
Simple Network Management Protocol(SNMP)
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Over SSL/TLS(HTTPS)
FTP over TLS/SSL
Microsoft SQL Server
cPanel default port
cPanel over SSL
cPanel Web Host Manager(default)
cPanel Web Host Manager(with https)
cPanel Webmail
cPanel secure Webmail over SSL
Direct admin Server Control panel
MySQL Database server
Virtuozzo power panel
postgreSQL Database server
piesk control panel port(default)
Piesk server control panel port over SSL
DotNet Panel
DotNet Panel Login
RDP(Remote Desktop Protocol)
1.25 Explain the advantage and disadvantage of intranet?
Advantages of the Intranet:
Every business wants to save money and one of the LS intranet’s main advantages is
that for a low monthly or yearly fee the whole office organization can use the services of
the Intranet. You don’t have to worry about extra costs for faxing or posting files, just
send them using the digital connection.
Digitized Workplace:
In today’s dynamic world LS intranet provides an online workplace which connects all
your workers, regardless of their location. This advantage of Intranet allows your
workers to be kept up-to-date and also it creates a dynamic and unique work
environment for your employees.
Easy Information Exchange:
With Intranet, you can send files to you colleagues in the other department with just
one click of a button. Files can be uploaded, downloaded, emailed or put on a notice
board in a matter of seconds.
The intranet advantage is that you can even authorize certain people to have access to
only certain files so that information remain prices are classified in cases where such
organization is needed.

More Productivity:
Another advantage of the intranet is that information is more easily acquirable so your
workers can spend more time getting their work done, rather than wasting time
searching for files or data they can’t seem to find. The productivity of the manager is
also increased because then he or she will be able to prioritize analyzing information.

PART-C
1.32 How to configure a dialup connection?
In the Port drop-down list, do one of the following: To configure a Dialup connection on
the Serial port (using a connected RS232 modem), select Serial. To configure a Dialup
connection on a USB port (using a connected USB modem), select USBModem1.
The Connection Type field displays Dialup.
Complete the fields using the relevant information in Internet Setup Fields.
New fields appear, depending on the check boxes you selected.
Click Apply.
The UTM-1 appliance attempts to connect to the Internet, and the Status Bar displays
the Internet status "Connecting". This may take several seconds.
Once the connection is made, the Status Bar displays the Internet status "Connected".

1.33 Explain in detail about choosing an ISP?

Your internet service provider (ISP) will provide an essential business service. It is vital
you choose one that can provide the broadband service you need.
Establish what you need. Will you be connecting a single computer or your entire
network? You will need a faster broadband connection if it is to be shared.
Evaluate how much data you need to upload. Cloud computing and remote access
require good upload speeds, but cheaper connections are designed mainly for
downloads.
Determine what type of connection you require: standard broadband or a faster fibre
optic connection (if available near you). If fibre is available, it's a much quicker, more
reliable option.
Steer clear of rock-bottom packages. These are rarely a good deal for business
purposes, as they offer slower upload and download speeds.
Decide whether to get a business package. These usually provide faster connections and
a higher level of service than consumer packages and are the better option for all but
the smallest companies.
Check broadband providers and connection options in your area. You can use a website
like Think Broadband to see what's available to you.

Consider how your internet needs may change in future. For instance, if your company
grows, you may need to upgrade to a faster connection.
Investigate ISPs' reputations for speed and reliability. Read reviews online from sites
like Broadband Choices. Many providers deliver a slower speed than that advertised.
Compare the cost of different broadband packages. Many providers offer introductory
deals, so check what their prices will rise to. Watch for extra charges for things like line
rental, too.
Check the contract carefully. A year's contract is common, but some providers will sign
you up for 18 months. Make sure you can upgrade during this period if you think your
requirements will change.
Decide whether you need a service level agreement (SLA). This guarantees you a certain
level of broadband reliability. Packages with an SLA usually cost more, but provide
greater reliability.
Check what support you will get. Most providers offer telephone support and online
chat, but the quality can vary.
Check what security measures they provide to protect your company from viruses,
malware and hacking. Some packages come with free security software.
Get recommendations from your IT supplier, advisers and contacts. Broadband
performance sometimes varies by area, so it can be a good idea to check with businesses
nearby.

1.34 Discuss the procedure for testing internet connections?

Check your Internet with Speed test
If there's someone on the planet who hasn't had trouble with their Internet connection
at one time or the other I don't know who it is. If you're having trouble with your
network connection, here are some simple tricks to find out what's what with your
Internet and maybe even fix it.
Check your local network
First things first, if your Internet connection is as dead as a doornail, check your
network cabling. It may seem dumb, but I can't begin to count the number of times
what appeared to be a major network problem just turned out to be an unplugged
network connection.
This isn't just for people who are using Cat-5 cable to hook your their networks. If your
Wi-Fi Access Point (AP) or cable or DSL modem have had their power cords unplugged
you're not going to connect with anything. My all time favourite failure of this sort was
when a friend called with a dead network connection and it turned out the problem was
he'd unplugged the AP while vacuuming and he forget to plug it back in. You should
always look for the simple answers first.
Continuing to look for simple answers, if your Wi-Fi connection isn't working, check to
make sure that your PC is actually trying to connect to the right AP. If your device is
actually trying to hook up to your neighbour's AP you're not going to get anywhere.
Also remember that if you change your AP's user authentication password, you'll need
to change it on all your devices as well. I've seen people often end up getting ticked off
for hours before they recall that they hadn't used a particular laptop in a couple of
weeks and that in the meantime they'd changed their password.

So, what if everything is powered up and hooked together but you're still not able to get
to the Internet. Well, check all the basics again. I've found over the years that the odds
are you've still forgotten something really simple. Lord knows I have!
Everything looks right but you still can't get to the net? Check to see if you can connect
to your AP. Most APs have a Web-based administration panel. If you can get to it, it's
finally time to stop looking for local area network (LAN) problems and look to your
Internet connection itself.
Checking the Internet
The next step is to see what's what with your Internet connection. I could tell you a lot
of fancy things to try, but I'll make this really simple. Unplug your cable or DSL
modem, whatever, wait for half-a-minute and then plug it back in. If you call your ISP,
chances are ninety-nine times out of one hundred they'll you to the same thing.
Then, if you're still not on the net, you might as well grit your teeth and call your ISP.
This is usually a pointless exercise, but every now and again you can get useful
information. For example, it's not just you but a whole neighbourhood that's having
problems because a back-hoe took out a cable. And, once in a blue moon, they'll
actually have a helpful suggestion. No! Really! I've seen it happen!
Let's say though that your Internet is up and running, but it's being a little flaky. Here's
what you do. First, let's see if you're actually getting the bandwidth you're paying for.
The best site to check on your current real speed is Speed test. This site is run by Okla.,
a network performance company. If you want to know what's really going on with your
LAN, wide-area network (WAN), or virtual private network (VPN) I highly recommend
their programs.
For just checking out what's what with your Internet connection, their main service is
free. The Speed test site will tell you what your ping is-the time it takes from a single
packet from your network to hit a host site-and your download and upload speeds.
What you want is a low ping number, less than 10ms (milliseconds) is good, and high
download and upload speeds. So, let's presume it's not as fast as you were promised.
Welcome to the real world. ISPs usually over-promise and under-deliver on bandwidth.
Even if you have a low ping and your bandwidth looks good your connection may still
not be that good. That's because ping and bandwidth only tell part of the story. You
may be losing packets or suffering from jitter. To check for these problems,
use Pingtest.net. The Measurement Lab's Network Diagnostic Tool (NDT) can also be
used for this.

1.35 List out the advantages of internet services?

The Internet is one of the greatest creations and gives everyone in the
world with Internet access instant access to an endless supply of knowledge
and entertainment. Below is a complete list of all of the advantages of the
Internet.
Information, knowledge, and learning
As mentioned earlier, the Internet contains an endless supply of knowledge
and information that allows you to learn about almost any topic or question
you may have. Using a search engine like Google, you can ask virtually any
question and find a web page with an answer to that question. There are
also millions of videos on sites like YouTube that help explain various
topics and even online courses that can be taken to help teach you about
many different subjects.
How can I learn more about computers?
Connectivity, communication, and sharing
In the past, it would take days and sometimes even months to receive a
letter from someone else. Today, with the Internet, you can send an e-
mail to anyone in the world and often have it delivered in less than a
minute. Other forms of communication, such as chat and VOIP, also allow
you to have instant communication with anyone in the world.
Online forums are also places where people who share common interests
can connect with each other and talk about what they enjoy or ask other
experts in the field questions.
Address, mapping, and contact information
With the help of GPS technology, the Internet can help map and direct you
to almost every place in the world. You can quickly route to your location
or find businesses in your area that may sell or provide you with a service
you need. Today's search engines are also smart enough to know your
location and help give you the most relevant searches for your area. For
example, if you needed a plumber and did a search for "plumber", you
would be given local plumbers in your area.
Banking, bills, and shopping
The Internet gives you access to your bank account to view your balance,
make transactions, and send money. Also, many services enable you to view
and pay your bills electronically.
Online shopping is another huge advantage of the Internet, giving anyone
with Internet access the ability to find products that interest them and buy
them without having to visit a store. The Internet gives everyone easy
access to compare prices between companies and even see what others
think about a product through online reviews to help make better
purchasing decisions.
Selling and making money
If you are a business or want to sell anything, the Internet is a perfect place
to sell most goods. Because anyone in the world with Internet access can
find your website, you have access to more people than you ever could with
a local retail store. The Internet is always on and always available, which
means you have the potential of selling goods 24/7. The Internet also gives
all businesses the ability to advertise their product or service to everyone in
the world or specify an exact demographic they want to reach.
There are other ways someone can make money online by performing
other online services.
1.36 Discuss about the different types of accounts?
Although banks offer a wide variety of accounts, they can be broadly divided into five
types: savings accounts, basic checking accounts, interest-bearing checking accounts,
money market deposit accounts, and certificates of deposit. All five are insured by
the FDIC (in most cases, up to $250,000 per account). Most banks offer all of these types
of accounts, so the bank you choose probably won't restrict this decision, although it
does make sense to choose the account type you want first, so you can focus on that type
as you shop around to various banks.
Here is a brief description of each type of account:
Savings Accounts
These are intended to provide an incentive for you to save money.
You can make deposits and withdrawals, but usually can't write checks. They usually
pay an interest rate that's higher than a checking account, but lower than a money
market account or CD. Some savings accounts have a passbook, in which transactions
are logged in a small booklet that you keep, while others have a monthly or quarterly
statement detailing the transactions. Some savings accounts charge a fee if your balance
falls below a specified minimum.
Basic Checking Accounts
Sometimes also called "no frills" accounts, these offer a limited set of services at a low
cost.
You'll be able to perform basic functions, such as check writing, but they lack some of
the bells and whistles of more comprehensive accounts. They usually do not pay
interest, and they may restrict or impose additional fees for excessive activity, such as
writing more than a certain number of checks per month.
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts
In contrast to "no frills" accounts, these offer a more comprehensive set of services, but
usually at a higher cost . Also, unlike a basic checking account, you are usually able to
write an unlimited number of checks. Checking accounts which pay interest are
sometimes referred to as negotiable order of withdrawal (NOW) accounts. The interest
rate often depends on how large the balance in the account is, and most charge a
monthly service fee if your balance falls below a present level.
Money Market Deposit Accounts (MMDAs)
These accounts invest your balance in short-term debt such as commercial paper,
Treasury Bills, or CDs. The rates they offer tend to be slightly higher than those on
interest-bearing checking accounts, but they usually require a higher minimum balance
to start earning interest. These accounts provide only limited check writing privileges
(three transfers by check, and six total transfers, per month), and often impose a service
fee if your balance falls below a certain level.
Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
These are also known as "time deposits", because the account holder has agreed to keep
the money in the account for a specified amount of time, anywhere from three months
to six years.
Because the money will be inaccessible, the account holder is rewarded with a higher
interest rate, with the rate increasing as the duration increases. There is a substantial
penalty for early withdrawal, so don't select this option if you think you might need the
money before the time period is over (the "maturity date").
1.37 Briefly explain about the element element of windows 96 dialup networking?

Windows 98
Windows 98 is released by Microsoft in June 25, 1998. It is a mixed 16 bit/32 bit
Windows operating system. The version number is 4.1 and the code name is Memphis.
Introduction
Windows98 has integrated the Internet standard comprehensively. It unifies as
simplifies desktop with Internet technology and allows the users to find and browse the
information on the computer or on the internet more simply and faster. It has a faster
speed and greater stability. With the brand new self-maintenance and updating
function, users can have more spare time to concentrate on work or games instead of
system management.
Features
This new system is edited on the base of Windows95. It improves the hardware
standard, such as MMX, and AGP. It has other features like supporting FAT32 file
system, multi-display, Web TV and the Internet Explorer integrated to the Windows
GUI. That is called Active Desktop.
Besides, in the internal memory management, it improved the problem that when the 16
bit and 32 bit source code are saved to one same storage space, one program error will
cause the whole system downtime. From Windows98, the reformation of memory
management is to put 16 bit and 32 bit source code to different memory spaces. Once
there is a program error, you can just stop that program and the system will not be
affected.
From Windows98, the multiprocessor operating systems have completely different
improvement with the pre-emptive multitasks of Windows95. The user can choose to
averagely distribute system resource for multitasking or put a program that needs a lot
of time to the backstage. Thus increase the practical applicability of multitasking.
Although Windows98 is not perfect in evry aspect, as all the Windows9x can enter into
the pure DOS operation interface so that it needn't DOS start up disk to repair when
the system crashes, this is one of its advantages. The present Windows XP/VISTA/2000
can no longer enter into the pure DOS interface, so if you need to repair you have to use
DOS starup disk, the other Windows9x or connect the hardware to the other
Windows9x computer.
Advantages
A great improvement compared to Windows95
1. Convenient to install: when installing Windows98, system will lead you to complete
the installation, and examine all the common hardware’s such as moderm, CD-ROM
driver, audio card, and printer, etc.
2. More coordinating with the present soft and hard wares: Windows98 provides
internal support for more than 1900 present hardware devices, and has passed the test
of compatibility with more than 3500 popular software’s. The internal support includes
the 32 bit device driver program. That means the hardware being supported will run
faster and more effectively under Windows98 environment.
3. Plug and paly function: when you are using the "plug and play" device on the
computer Windows98 will set it automatically.
4. Improved UI: the desktop of Windows98 makes you concentrate more on your own
task. There are only a few graphic objects on the desktop, and that is simpler than
before. The "start" button leads you to start the daily work with the computer. If you
want to quickly start a frequently-used program or document, you can just pull it to the
"start" button. It will be listed with other functions (like set-up procedure, open a
document, get help, change system settings, and find files) together in the "start" menu.
"My computer" makes browsing the content (all kinds of files, folders, and procedures)
of computer more convenient. "Network neiborhood" makes examing and using
network simpler. "Recycle bin" provides you a temporary space for placing deleted
files. You can choose to shift delete or get back to use.
5. Provide better support for MS-DOS without MS-DOS: different from Windows3.1,
Windows98 will not run on the MS-DOS operating system. Windows98 is a tightly
integrated system. It enters into the GUI directly instead of command line. But
Windows98 still supports MS-DOS.
6. Support long file name: in Windows98, the longest file name can be 255 characters.
That makes finding files very easy.
7. The function of mouse stands out: in Windows98, point to any object with the mouse
pointer and click the right button, you will see a pop-up menu that lists out all the
orders related to the object. With this menu, you can copy, delete, rename, create
shortcut, and view the file and folder's attributes.
8. Play CD automatically: if you put a CD that supports automatically playing,
Windows98 will paly the CD automatically instead of tedious operation procedure to
choose play tool.
9. Added and improved the tools of accessories: Windows98 provides a group of tools
that adapts to the new interface. "Tablet" is the 32 bit editor. It replaces the "Write"
and "Notebook" of Windows3.1. "Picture" is the 32 bit tool that replaces "Brush". As
"Picture" is the OLE software, its images can be connected or inset to other documents.
The backup of 32 bit makes the backup from computer or disk, magcard easier.
10. Connection with Internet: after the installation of IE4.0 in Windows98, there is a
option to open active desktop. That makes IE4.0 one intefrated part of Windows98
desktop. Through choosing active desktop, users can set the wallpaper as the HTML
page that can directly get informations from Internet. Besides, changing the traditional
explorer to the Internet Explorer makes different Windows intefaces. "Start" menu
includes address bar and interlinkage, collection, and so on, making net play more
covenient.
New Functions
Web-Aware UI
Using the Web-aware UI included in Windows98, Internat has become one part of UI.
The users needn't leran multi-applications - one for the local information, one for
browsing network, and of course one for Internet or Intranet. With this interface,
Windows98 makes the process a tool for browsing local, network, Intranet, and Internet
data. Therefore you can get informations you want in a faster and easier way.
Tools for Internet Communication
Windows98 also provides abundant tools for on-line communicatiom:
Out Look TM Express: a full-function E-mail and News reader client-side.
Microsoft Net Meeting TM: a solution that provides sound, data, images, meeting
function for the Internet meetings.
Personal Web Sewer (and Web Publishing Witard): it provides a simple way to publish
a webpage on the Intranet or Internet.
Microsoft Front Pad: a HTML editor that WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get). It
is developed on the base of the edit tool which is the prize winner, full-function webpage
creator and management tool of Microsoft FrontPage97.
Microsoft Net Show: a platform that transfers multimedia through network. The range
of network can be from the low bandwidth dial-up Internet to the high bandwidth
switching local network.
Updating
Windows Update website is the expansion of Windows98.
Improvement of dail-up network
The dial-up network has been updated, and it provides: dial-up script (it can connect to
the call-board and online service); the UI of dial-up network has been improved for
simplifying settings and dial-up connecting; supporting Multilink Channel
Aggregations enables the users to combine all the dial-up lines for higher transmission
rate.
Support for VPN users
Virtual Private Networking is the new network support for the remote users that enter
into their company's network through security association.
Online help of HTML
For helping users to find "help" information, Windows98 provides a HTML online help
system.
15 breakdown maintenance guides
These guides can help you quickly diagnosing and solving technology problems of
Windows98.
Setup Enhancements
The setup of Windows98 has been enhanced for reducing the time cost and increasing
the reliability of setup.
FAT 32 file system
FAT 32 is the improved version of FAT file system. It allows formatting a 2G hardware
to a single driver. That makes the space of disc more effective.
FAT32 Conversion Utility
Improvement of power source management
Windows98 supports built-in Advanced Configuration and Power Interface port. That
allows you to turn on or off your PC as TV.
Windows script host
Windows98 supports direct script from UI or command line (one script is only a
command line that can be carried out automatically).
New accessory tools
Windows98 provides two new tools: Accessibility Configuration Wizard and a screen
magnifying glass.
Win32 Driver Model
Win32 Driver Model is a brand new and unified driver model for Windows95 and
Wndows NT.
Windows Maintenance Wizard
Windows Maintenance Wizard is designed to enhance the self-maintainability of PC.
Scan Disk
When the operating system is turned off improperly or heavy mistake of hardware,
Windows98 can run the Scan Disk automatically.
Disk Clean Up
Disk Clean Up is a tool that cleans up the useless files from the disc automatically. It can
increase the effective space.
Microsoft system information tool4.1
Windows98 provides a composite information tool to collect system configuration
information about technology support.
System File Checker Utility
System File Checker Utility follows the key files of your computer. If these files are
moved or changed, SFCU can restore them in an easy way. Once the file changes are
sensed by SFCU, it will provide you a few kinds of solutions.
Registry Checker
Registry Checker is a program that finds and solves registry problems, and back-up
registry in time, and also provides experiential support.
Dr. Watson
Windows98 provides a enhanced Dr Watson Utility.
System Configuration Utility
System Configuration Utility replaces Sysedit with imaging way.
Version Conflict Manager
Version Conflict Manager checks the conflict of different versions of installed
programs.
New backups Utility
This new program supports SCSI tape device and makes backing up faster and easier.
Remote access server
Windows98 included all the parts of making the desktop a dial-up server.
Display Setting Enhancements
Display Setting Enhancements supports dynamic alteration of screen resolution and
colour depth.
Active Movie TM
Active Movie is a new media transmission system for Windows. It provides high quality
video palying; at the same time providing a group of ports that support multimedia
applications and tools.
Support for MMX CPU of Intel
Support the third applications developed on the base of next generation Intel Pentium
Multimedia Extesions (MMX) server for faster audio and video support.
Multiple Display Support
Multiple Display Support allows users use multiple displays or graphic adaptor on one
single PC.
Support for new generation hardware’s
The main purpose of Windows98 is providing support for the innovation of hardware’s
recent years.
PCMCIA enhancement
There are a few enhancement of PCMCIA technology:
Support for PC Card32 (Card bus)
Support for PC Card running in 3.3 volts
Support for Multifunction PC Cards
Support for built-in infrared data transmission
Windows98 supports IrDA (Infrared Data Association Standard).
Distributed Component Object Model
Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) allows software developers creating
component applications.
Net ware Directory Services support
Windows98 supports Client Services of Novell Netware Directory Services (NDS).
32 bit Data Link Control
Data Link Control (DLC) agreement is mainly used to enter into IBM mainframe and
IBM AS/HOO computer.
Strong functions of computer and supplemental devices
Microsoft Windows98 operating system provides built-in support for external devices,
making the using of these widely used devices easier.
Much more fun
Adding more entertainment functions and built-in support for new technology such as
MMX, DVD and Microsoft DirectX5.0, Microsoft Windows98 system creates a
harmony relationship between users and the computer and brings more fun.
Development
December 4, 2003, MSDN users download plan manager Andy Boyd announced in a
public news group that according to the settlement agreement with Sun Company in
2001, a series of products including Winsdows98 would be obsoleted gradually and
deleted from the MSDN users download content from December 15. MSDN distribution
channel would not provide these products, either. It is the time to say goodbye to
Window98.
These obsoleting products are inset with Java virtual machine technique. The Sun
Company who owns Java has sued Microsoft in 1998 for the improper use of Java
technique. Sun and Microsoft have reached an accommodation in 2001. Microsoft
compensates Sun 200 million dollars and promises to obsolete those old version Java
products which infringe the patent and trademark right of Sun.
Winodws98 has stopped the major security update as of July 11, 2006.
1.38 Explain the domain name system server?
Domain Name Servers (DNS) are the Internet's equivalent of a phone book. They
maintain a directory of domain names and translate them to Internet Protocol (IP)
addresses.
This is necessary because, although domain names are easy for people to remember,
computers or machines, access websites based on IP addresses.
Information from all the domain name servers across the Internet are gathered together
and housed at the Central Registry. Host companies and Internet Service Providers
interact with the Central Registry on a regular schedule to get updated DNS
information.
When you type in a web address, e.g., www.jimsbikes.com, your Internet Service
Provider views the DNS associated with the domain name, translates it into a machine
friendly IP address (for example 216.168.224.70 is the IP for jimsbikes.com) and directs
your Internet connection to the correct website.
After you register a new domain name or when you update the DNS servers on your
domain name, it usually takes about 12-36 hours for the domain name servers world-
wide to be updated and able to access the information. This 36-hour period is referred
to as propagation.
1.39 what are the feature consider to choose your ISP?
The best ISP's should be like a good sporting event official, ideally you never know they
are there. Unfortunately there are times when you need them, so keep an eye out for the
following items so your experience doesn't feel like a trip to the dentist.
Price-Let's just get the price issue out of the
way first. It matters, it certainly shouldn't be number one in the discussion but it needs
to come up. If you are a business owner and security and reliability are paramount to
the success of your business then paying a premium could be more of a necessity than
the business that only occasionally needs to browse the web.
Support-As a guy here at the office often says "No matter if it's a toaster, blow dryer, or
router. If you have to plug it in to make it work you're going to have an issue
sometime." This should be number one on the list of things to consider. What happens
when you have a problem? What is the process to resolve an issue? Where do I call to
talk to someone? Is my support technician local or coming from somewhere else? If
your ISP isn't there when you need them, then no matter what you pay it's too much!
Performance/Reliability- Much is made about performance these days, mostly in the
form of speed. While speed is critical to certain applications, the difference between
3Mbps & 6Mbps isn't noticeable to probably 99% of us. Talk to your account
representative about redudantcy, ask about recent significant outages.
Features- Ask yourself if you feel like your current ISP is just handing you a path to the
internet or if they are a true communications partner. Performance, reliability and cost
can all be improved with enhanced VOIP, most of which can be purchased through a
quality ISP. Today's technologies are too abundant to list in one article, so I suggest you
contact your communications partner and ask what they can do to help you grow your
business through IT service today.
These are just 4 things to consider when choosing an ISP. Truthfully I could go on and
on with other ideas, but this is a good start. The business world's reliance on the
internet isn't going anywhere soon, so make sure you're getting the most out of the
relationship.
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