Internet and web development

Chapter one
Terminology of internet and web development
1.) Definition of website

What is web?

• The Web (World Wide Web) consists of information organized into Web
pages containing text and graphic images.
• It contains hypertext links or highlighted keywords and images that lead to
related information.
• A collection of linked Web pages that has a common theme or focus is
called a Web site.
• The main page that all of the pages on a particular Web site are organized
around and link back to are called the site’s home page.

Types of website
1.) Static website
2.) Dynamic website
The main difference between static and dynamic website
There are many static websites on the Internet, you may not be able to tell
immediately if it is a static or dynamic website, but the chances are, if the site
looks basic and is for a smaller company, and simply delivers information without
any bells and whistles, it could be a static website. Static websites can only really
be updated by someone with knowledge of website development. Static websites
are the cheapest to develop and host, and many smaller companies still use these to
get a web presence.

Advantages of static websites

 Quick to develop
 Cheap to develop
 Cheap to host

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Disadvantages of static websites

 Requires web development expertise to update site
 Site not as useful for the user
 Content can get stagnant
The architecture of static website

Dynamic website
Dynamic sites on the other hand can be more expensive to develop initially, but the
advantages are numerous. At a basic level, a dynamic website can give the website
owner the ability to simply update and add new content to the site. For example,
news and events could be posted to the site through a simple browser interface.
Some examples of dynamic website features could be:
 Content management system,
 E-commerce system,
 Discussion boards, forum and blogs.
Ability for clients or users to upload documents, ability for administrators or users
to create content or add information to a site (dynamic publishing).
Advantages of dynamic websites
 Much more functional website
 Much easier to update
 New content brings people back to the site and helps in the search engines
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 Can work as a system to allow staff or users to collaborate

Disadvantages of dynamic websites
 Slower / more expensive to develop
 Hosting costs a little more

The architecture of dynamic website

2.) Network
A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share
resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic
communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables,
telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

A network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices,

peripherals, or other devices connected to one another allowing for data to be
shared and used. An excellent example of a network is the Internet, connecting
millions of people all over the world together.

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Examples of network devices

 Desktop computers, laptops, mainframes, and servers

 Consoles and thin clients
 Firewalls
 Switches, hubs, and routers
 Smart phones and tablets
 Webcams

Internet
The Internet - a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standard Internet Protocol suite (TCP/IP)
Internet
 Electronic mail(E-mail) : Allow the user to send a mail (message) to another
internet user in any part of the world
 File transfer protocol Allow user to move file from one computer to
another on the internet
 telnet : allow a user to log into another computer somewhere on the
internet
Example of telnet
o using a software on the remote computer
o Accessing remote computer database or achieve
o Logging into one’s own computer from another computer

Internet is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in

which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information
from any other computer.

The uses of the Internet

• Send e-mail messages.

• Send (upload) or receive (down load) files between computers.
• Participate in discussion groups, such as mailing lists and newsgroups.
• Surfing the web.

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Intranet
 Intranet is system in which multiple PCs are connected to each other.

 PCs in intranet are not available to the world outside the intranet.

 Usually each company or organization has their own Intranet network

and members/employees of that company can access the computers in
their intranet.

 Each computer in Intranet is also identified by an IP Address which is

unique among the computers in that Intranet.

How to access the Internet?

• To access the Internet, an existing network need to pay a small registration

fee and agree to certain standards based on the TCP/IP (Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) reference model.
• Each organization pays for its own networks and its own telephone bills, but
those costs usually exist independent of the internet.
• The regional Internet companies route and forward all traffic, and the cost is
still only that of a local telephone call.

Internet protocol address

An Internet Protocol is a set of rules that govern Internet activity and facilitate
completion of a variety of actions on the World Wide Web. Therefore an Internet
Protocol address is part of the systematically laid out interconnected grid that
governs online communication by identifying both initiating devices and various
Internet destinations, thereby making two-way communication possible.

An IP address is a fascinating product of modern computer technology designed to

allow one computer (or other digital device) to communicate with another via the
Internet. IP addresses allow the location of literally billions of digital devices that
are connected to the Internet to be pinpointed and differentiated from other
devices. In the same sense that someone needs your mailing address to send you a
letter, a remote computer needs your IP address to communicate with your
computer.

An IP address consists of four numbers, each of which contains one to three digits,
with a single dot (.) separating each number or set of digits. Each of the four
numbers can range from 0 to 255

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• Each computer on the internet does have a unique identification number,

called an IP (Internet Protocol) address.
• The IP addressing system currently in use on the Internet uses a four-part
number.
• Each part of the address is a number ranging from 0 to 255, and each part is
separated from the previous part by period,
• For example, 106.29.242.17

Types of IP

Static Ip

– manually input by network administrator

– manageable for small networks
– requires careful checks to avoid duplication

Dynamic Ip

• examples - BOOTP, DHCP

– assigned by server when host boots
– derived automatically from a range of addresses
– duration of ‘lease’ negotiated, then address released back to server

Internet Service Provider

• An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is the industry term for the company that
is able to provide you with access to the Internet, typically from a computer.
If you hear someone talking about the Internet and they mention their
"provider," they're usually talking about their ISP.

• Your ISP makes the Internet a possibility. In other words, you can have
shiny computer with a built-in modem and could have a router for
networking, but without a subscription with an ISP, you won't have a
connection to the Internet.

Internet Service Provider, it refers to a company that provides Internet

services, including personal and business access to the Internet. For a
monthly fee, the service provider usually provides a software package,
username, password and access phone number. Equipped with a modem,
you can then log on to the Internet and browse the World Wide Web and

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USENET, and send and receive e-mail. For broadband access you typically
receive the broadband modem hardware or pay a monthly fee for this
equipment that is added to your ISP account billing.

Domain name service

• Most web browsers do not use the IP address t locate Web sites and
individual pages. They use domain name addressing.

• A domain name is a unique name associated with a specific IP address by a

program that runs on an Internet host computer.

• This program, which coordinates the IP addresses and domain names for all
computers attached to it, is called DNS (Domain Name System) software.

• The host computer that runs this software is called a domain name server.

• Domain names can include any number of parts separated by periods,

however most domain names currently in use have only three or four parts.

• Domain names follow hierarchical model that you can follow from top to
bottom if you read the name from the right to the left.

For example, the domain name gsb.uchicago.edu is the computer connected

to the Internet at the Graduate School of Business (gsb), which is an
academic unit of the University of Chicago (uchicago), which is an
educational institution (edu).

• No other computer on the Internet has the same domain name.

Uniform Resource locator

• To identify a Web pages exact location, Web browsers rely on Uniform

Resource Locator (URL).

• URL is a four-part addressing scheme that tells the Web browser:

 What transfer protocol to use for transporting the file

 The domain name of the computer on which the file resides

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 The pathname of the folder or directory on the computer on which the file
resides

 The name of the file

Structure of Uniform Resource Locators

http://www.ethiocomputerscience.com/confereance/homepage.html

Protocol path name File name

Domain name

HTTP protocol

• The transfer protocol is the set of rules that the computers use to move files
from one computer to another on the Internet.

• The most common transfer protocol used on the Internet is the Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

• Two other protocols that you can use on the Internet are the File Transfer
Protocol (FTP) and the Telnet Protocol.

Domain name service is hierarchical in structure. A domain is a sub tree of the

domain name space. From the root, the assigned top-level domains in the U.S. are:

 GOV - Government body.

 EDU - Educational body.
 INT - International organization
 NET - Networks
 COM - Commercial entity.
 MIL - U. S. Military.
 ORG - Any other organization not previously listed

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