Sample Interpretation in Anova and T Test

Department of Education
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE I PANGASINAN

BUGALLON INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Espino St., Poblacion, Bugallon, Pangasinan
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Pest such as rice bug (Leptocorisa Oratorius) is a big threat for the farmers. Rice
bugs damage rice by sucking out the contents of developing grains from pre-flowering
spikelets to soft dough stage, therefore causing unfilled or empty grains and
discoloration. Immature and adult rice bugs both feed on rice grains. Rice bugs are found
in all rice environments but they are more common in rained and upland rice and prefer
the flowering to milky stages of the rice crop. Adults are active during the late afternoon
and early morning but under bright sunlight, they hide in grassy areas and they are less
active during the dry season (Catindig, 2010).
Based from the report of the Office of the Provincial Agriculturist (OPA) of
Bacolod City, Pontevedra town and Himamaylan City lost P2, 445,536.00 worth of rice
crops due to infestation last January 2018. Rice bug, an emerging rice pest in Negros
Occidental, continues to infest more areas as the OPA recorded another P2.4 million
worth of damage in two municipalities (Garcia, 2018).
To control the infestation of the farm pests, pesticides are widely used by the
farmers. When effectively applied, pesticides can kill or control pests, including weeds,
insects, fungi, bacteria and rodents. Chemical pest control has contributed to dramatic
increases in yields for most major fruit and vegetable crops. However, many pesticides
1
Effectiveness of Duhat (Syzygium Cumini) Leaf
Extracts Against Rice Bugs (Leptocorisa
Oratorius)
are harmful to the environment and are known or suspected to be toxic to humans. This
can produce a wide range of adverse effects on human health that include acute
neurologic toxicity, chronic neurodevelopmental impairment, cancer, reproductive
dysfunction of the immune and endocrine systems (Washington, 1993).
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) year 2008, about 22% and
17% of the chemicals in the Philippines and Vietnam were classified as extremely
hazardous. Therefore, the use of organic pesticide will be very helpful to the society
especially to the farmers who have a real time problem about pests that could harm their
crops. Botanical pesticides that are alternative replacement of commercial pesticides are
more environment-friendly and less harmful. It promotes balanced and self-regulated
agricultural systems. It is less harmful to the environment, humans and livestock and cost
less to the farmers.
One of these plants that have insecticidal and pesticidal activities is the Duhat
(Syzygium Cumini). The phytochemical analysis of these plant revealed that its leaves
contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, saponins, tannins, steroids and
triterpenoids compounds. According to Ujvary (1999), plant extracts containing
insecticidal alkaloids as bioactive constituents have played an important role in the
abatement of insects of agricultural and public health importance for centuries.
Moreover, new pesticides are being developed using flavonoids, as they are being
an alternative to synthetic pesticides. They can inhibit enzymatic activity and prevent the
2
Oratorius)
growth of different insect species (Tenango and Hernandez, 2017). Tannins are
endogenous inhibitors of growth of numerous species of pests. They act as an antibiotic
substance or as an anti-nutritional deterrent against insects and aphids (Silvateam, 2010).
Saponins possess clear insecticidal activities. They exert a strong and rapid-working
action against a broad range of pests or insects that is different from neurotoxicity. The
most observed effects are increased mortality, lowered food intake, weight reduction,
retardation in development and decreased reproduction (Geyter, 2007).
Since Duhat tree is widely grown in the municipality of Bugallon, Pangasinan, the
potential of Duhat as alternative pesticide against farm pests, specifically rice bugs, was
then tested. In this study, the researchers determined the best concentration of Duhat leaf
extract that is effective in killing rice bugs and the extracts was also compared with the
commercial pesticide. Generally, this study aimed to provide cheaper but more
environment-friendly pesticide than the commercial pesticide that supports the farmers,
economically.
3
Oratorius)
Conceptual Framework
Independent Dependent
Variables Variables
● Pesticidal effect
● Duhat leaf ● Amount of time
extracts the rice bugs were
● Commercial killed
pesticide ● Number of rice
bugs died
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Oratorius)
Statement of the Problem
1. Do extracts from Duhat leaves can be used as pesticide against rice bugs?
2. What concentration of Duhat leaves extracts is most effective in controlling the
rice bugs in terms of:
a. the amount of time the rice bugs were killed; and
b. the number of rice bugs died?
3. Is there a significant difference between the Duhat leaves extracts and commercial
pesticide in killing the rice bugs?
Hypothesis
1. Ho: Extract from Duhat leaves can’t be used as pesticide against rice bugs.
Ha: Extract from Duhat leaves can be used as pesticide against rice bugs.
2. Ho: There is no significant difference between the Duhat leaves extracts and
commercial pesticide in killing the rice bugs.
Ha: There is significant difference between the Duhat leaves extracts and
commercial pesticide in killing the rice bugs.
5
Oratorius)
Significance of the Study
Rice bug is a common farm pest that infects the plants in some farm areas in
Bugallon, Pangasinan. Specifically, the results of the study are of great help to the
following:
Farmers. They can use a more safe, economical and practical way in eradicating farm
rice bugs that can help increase their crop yield. Since duhat trees are abundant in the
municipality of Bugallon, the production of pesticide may be easy and the product may
cost less than other commercial pesticides. Likewise, this may also encourage them the
propagation of this tree with high value of pesticidal substance.
Community. Pesticide from duhat doesn’t emit toxins when being sprayed to rice bugs
because the extract is produced naturally form the duhat leaves. There is a possibility of
reducing if not totally eliminating the dependence of farmers to chemical pesticides, thus
reducing the risk of toxin exposure.
Future Researchers. This study may serve as their initial bases for a better experimental
research.Those who wish to conduct similar research may use the findings to support and
justify their proposal.
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Oratorius)
Scope and Delimitation
This study aimed to produce pesticides that can control the number of rice
bugs in differents farms in Bugallon, Pangasinan. Rice bugs were collected and the
extracts were tested through traditonal application. Chix, a commercial pesticide, was
also used to compare its killing ability with the Duhat extracts.
However, the phytochemical analysis of the Duhat leaves was not considered
in this study. There was no quantitaive analysis of Duhat leaves extracts and tissue
analysis to determine what substances are responsible for the death of the rice bugs.
Definition of Terms
Commercial Pesticide It is a kind of pesticide which has a mixture of highly
concentrated chemicals. This is commonly available in the
market.
Concentration It refers to the amount or mixing ratio of water and extracts
in the mixture.
Effectiveness It is the ability of the extracts used in the study to produce
pesticidal effects that can kill pests specifically, rice bugs.
Extract This refers to the juice that was produced after cutting,
pounding and squeezing the leaves of the plant.
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Oratorius)
Milky Stage It is the stage when the grains are being filled. Rice at this
stage is very susceptible to attack by insects by sucking the
milk out of the grains.
Organic Pesticide It is a kind of pesticide that uses the pure extracts from any
parts of the plants without combining any chemicals.
Pests These are organisms that damage plants or crops and
commonly found in rice fields.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Duhat Tree
Syzygium Cumini is a tree belonging to the Myrtaceae family, originally from
India and widely distributed in Asian countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, and the
Philippines. Syzygium Cumini is commonly known as Black Plum, Jaman, Java plum,
Jambolian, Indian Blackberry, Jambolan Plum, Duhat Plum and Jamun. Duhat is a
smooth tree, about 8 to 15 meters high with white branch lets and reddish young shoots.
Leaves are opposite, shiny and leathery, oblong-ovate to elliptic or obviate-elliptic, 6 to
12 centimeters long, the tip being broad and shortly pointed. It can grow on shallow,
rocky soils and grow up to 25 meters tall (Sharma et al, 2008).
8
Oratorius)
Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Syzygium Cumini
Based from the study of Ramya, Neethirajam and Jayakumararaj (2012) entitled,
“Bioactive Compound in Syzygium Cumini”, it was presented that Syzygium Cumini is a
traditional medicinal plant that all parts have been pharmacologically tested to have
hypoglycemic, anti-bacterial and anti-HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) activities.
From Syzygium Cumini, the bioactive compounds have been isolated, purified and
characterized. The other parts of the plant (bark, leaf, fruit and seeds) have been
extensively investigated for their bioactive pharmaceutical constituents.
The bioactive extracts of stem of S. Cumini can be utilized as an active
antibacterial agent against both the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Presence
of flavonoids, antioxidant activity and neuroprotective ability in the bioactive extracts of
stem suggests using it as natural antioxidant as well as neuroprotectant that could have
great importance as a therapeutic agent. Future work requires the in vivo studies to use
the stem of S. Cumini as a traditional herbal remedy (Sharma, Mehrotra, Kundu and
Shrivastava, 2018).
After conducting a phytochemical screening, Gowri and Vasantha (2010) reported
that the leaves of Syzygium Cumini were rich in flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides,
steroids, phenols, tannins and saponins. This was determined after the phytochemical
screening and this phytochemical accord antimicrobial activity on the leaf extracts. These
phytochemical compounds detected are possible to be part of medicinal services. Just like
9
Oratorius)
flavonoids have been shown to have a wide range of biological and pharmacological
activities. This include anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-microbial.
Plant steroids possess many interesting medicinal, pharmaceutical or agrochemical
activities like anti-tumor, anti-microbial and cardiotonic activity. Other compounds are
lightly similar to each other because of their similarity in functions.
The extracts of higher plants can be possibly source of antibiotic against various
bacterial pathogens in any plants that having an anti-microbial property have enormous
therapeutic potential as they can act without any side effect as found with synthetic anti-
microbial products. Most medicinal plant are more effective against gram-positive than
gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, Syzygium Cumini has a methanol and aqueous
extract because of tannis and other phenolic constituents. This is also known to be very
rich in gallic and ellagic acid polyphenol derivatives. Some tannis considered
nutritionally undesirable and some tannis can reduce a number of mutagens and display
anticarcinogens, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.
In the study of Ramos and Bandiola (2017) entitled, “Phytochemical Screening of
Syzygium Cumini (Myrtaceae) Leaf Extracts Using Different Solvents of Extraction”, it
was showed that both the ethanolic and methanolic extracts contained most of the
phytochemical constituents, followed by ethyl acetate, hexane, and aqueous extracts,
respectively. Among these phytochemicals present in the leaves of Syzguim Cumini are
alkaloids; saponins; tannins; glycosides; phenols; proteins; triterpenoids; steroids; and
10
Oratorius)
fixed oils and fats. Proteins were the highest constituents in all types of solvent.
However, carbohydrates were absent in all extracts of the leaves. It was observed that S.
Cumini leaves contained significant bioactive compounds that make the plant a potential
antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial and among other therapeutic properties.
Anti-Hyperglycemic Property of Syzygium Cumini
In 2018, Hilario evaluated the anti-hyperglycemic property of the Philippine
Duhat of the crude methanolic leaf extract on glucose challenged hyperglycemic mice.
Crude methanolic extract of S. Cumini leaves showed blood glucose lowering property
similar to glibenclamide in glucose challenge hyperglycemic mice. S. Cumini can be a
potential source of plant-based pharmacologic agent, which can be used in controlling
unwanted hyperglycemic states in diabetic individuals. In order to provide more
information regarding the pharmaceutical properties of the local variety of S. Cumini
leaves, it is recommended that other medicinal properties, such as anti-coagulant, gastro-
protective and reno-protective properties, be further investigated using the crude
methanolic leaf extracts of Philippine Duhat.
According to the study of Helmstaedter (2008) entitled, “Syzygium Cumini (L.)
skeels (Myrtaceae) Against Diabetes – 125 years of Research”, S. Cumini have
antihyperglycemic properties which have mainly been confirmed in a large amount of
animal studies. It was concluded from patient characteristics, that patients treated
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Oratorius)
successfully most probably suffered from type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, patients usually
showed an improvement in subjective parameters. Extract of S. Cumini fruit or bark were
also used successfully in some cases, extract doses of more than 40 g/day were given.
Adverse effects of the treatment were obviously rare and concentrated on the digestive
tract. Animal experiments reported in almost 40 publications after the Second World War
clearly confirm antihyperglycemic effect of the drug fasting and postprandial blood
glucose levels were typically reduced by about 30%.
Antihypertensive Effect of Syzygium Cumini
Based from the study of Ribeiro et al (2014) entitled, “Antihypertensive Effect of
Syzygium Cumini in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats”, S. Cumini extract reduced the
vasoconstrictor activity of calcium in a concentration dependent manner in endothelium
deprived mesenteric arteries exposed to a depolarizing solution. This study showed that
plant extract containing flavonoids and triterpenes reduces antihypertensive effects
through the combination of the vasodilators and antioxidant activities. Syzygium Cumini
reduces blood pressure and heart rate. The results may partially explain the traditional use
of S. Cumini for the treatment of disorders such as hypertension. However, further studies
are needed to educate the possible antihypertensive mechanism of this medicinal plant.
Rice Bugs
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Oratorius)
Rice bug (Leptocorisa Oratorius) is a broad-headed bug that belongs to the family
Alydidae, a well-known but relatively small family of plant feeding true bugs. This
species is commonly confused with Leptocorisa Acuta, a similar and closely related
species called the rice ear bug. It is typically found during the flowering stage of the rice
crop, which coincides with rainfall and high humidity at the beginning of the wet season
(Reji and Chander, 2007).
Rice bugs damage rice by sucking out the contents of developing grains from pre-
flowering spikelet to soft dough stage, therefore causing unfilled or empty grains and
discoloration. Immature and adult rice bugs both feed on rice grains. They are active
during the early morning and late afternoon. During the heat of mid-day, they leave the
rice crop in search of wild grassy areas (Pathack and Khan, 1994).
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Materials and Equipments
The Duhat leaves were gathered from an old Duhat tree inside the vicinity of
Bugallon Integrated School-Senior High School Department. Two kilograms of leaves
were harvested and it produced 100 ml extracts. Using mortar and pestle, the leaves were
extracted. The extracts were measured using a beaker and place in spray bottle.
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Oratorius)
Procedures
A. Extraction of Duhat leaves extracts
Duhat leaves were washed to remove the dust. They were cut into small
pieces using scissors for easy extractions of juice. The leaves were pounded using
mortar and pestle and the extracts were strained using a cloth. The extract was
placed in spray bottle.
B. Preparation of Different Experimental Set-ups
From the extracted Duhat leaves, the following concentrations were made:
a. 50% Duhat leaves extracts and 50% distilled water (4.5 ml Duhat leaves
extract and 10.5 ml distilled water)
b. 75% Duhat leaves extracts and 50% distilled water (7.5 ml Duhat leaves
extract and 7.5 ml distilled water)
c. 100% Duhat leaves extracts (15 ml pure Duhat leaves extract)
d. Commercialized pesticide (Chix) was used as another set-up to compare its
effectiveness in controlling the rice bugs among the Duhat leaves extracts.
C. Collection of Rice Bugs
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Oratorius)
Forty (40) pieces of rice bugs were gathered in the rice fields of Barangay
Umanday and Barangay Laguit Padilla in Bugallon, Pangasinan. The rice bugs
were place in plastic containers to ensure that they wouldn’t escape.
D. Application
Twelve jars were used during the testing and each jar contained five pests.
Labels were placed accordingly in each jar. Using spray bottles, 5 ml of the
different concentrations of Duhat leaves extracts were applied on the prepared
jars. Then, the reactions of the rice bugs were observed and the number of rice
bugs killed was determined with different time intervals. Three trials for the
similar set-ups were made and the data were recorded.
E. Data Gathering
The rice bugs were observed before and after the spraying. Every 10
minutes, the number killed rice bugs were recorded until 30 minutes. The dead
rice bugs were observed to be motionless and these were disposed carefully.
Data Processing Method
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Oratorius)
One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was done to compare if there is
significant difference among the effects of the different concentrations of Duhat extracts
and commercial pesticide in killing mosquito larvae. T-test was used to determine the
specific sources of variations. The results for the different parameters were tested at 5%
level of significance.
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Table 1: Mortality of Rice Bugs after Three Sets of Observation Periods and Replications
No. of Number of Dead Rice Bugs

Treatment/ minutes Mean
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Oratorius)
T1 10 0 0 0 0
(50%) 20 0 1 0 0.33
30 0 1 2 1
T2 10 0 0 0 0
(75%) 20 1 1 0 0.67
30 2 1 2 1.67
T3 10 0 0 0 0
(100%) 20 2 1 1 1.33
30 3 2 3 2.67
T4 10 2 3 5 3.33
(Chix) 20 5 5 5 5
30 5 5 5 5
Table 1 shows the mortality of rice bugs after three sets of observation periods
and replications. Among the three concentrations of Duhat extracts, Treatment 3 (100%)
recorded the highest mean number of dead rice bugs. It was followed by Treatment 2
(75%) and Treatment 1 (50%) with mean numbers of 1.67 and 1, respectively. Treatment
4, which uses a commercial pesticide (Chix), gained a mean number of 5 dead rice bugs.
Table 2: Mean Percent Mortality of Rice Bugs Treated with Varied Concentrations of
Duhat Extracts after 30 minutes Observation Period
Percent Mortality Mean Percent

Treatment Mortality
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
T1 0 20 40 20
T2 40 20 40 33.33
T3 60 40 60 53.33
T4 100 100 100 100
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Oratorius)
Table 2 presents the mean percent mortality of rice bugs treated with varied
concentrations of Duhat extracts after 30 minutes observation period. Treatment 4 gained
a perfect mean percent mortality of rice bugs which is 100%. Treatment 3 recorded a
mean percent mortality of 53.33 %, highest among the varied concentrations of Duhat
extracts. It was followed by Treatment 2 and the Treatment 1 recorded the lowest mean
percent mortality of rice bugs.
Table 3: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of the Pesticidal Effect of Varied Concentrations
of Duhat Extracts on Rice Bugs
Source of SS Df MS F calc F crit

Variation
Between Groups 43015 3 14338.33 86.03 4.0662
Within Groups 1333.33 8 166.67
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Oratorius)
Total 12366.67 11
Table 3 shows the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of the pesticidal effect of
varied concentrations of Duhat extracts on rice bugs in 30-minute observation period. It
indicates that there is significant difference among the percent mortalities of the rice bugs
after the experiment given the four different treatments.
Table 4: Independent Samples T-test Results for the Pesticidal Effects of Varied
Concentrations of Duhat Extracts on Rice Bugs
Tabular Value at
Paired Comparisons Calculated t 0.05 Level of Decision
Significance
T1 and T2 -1 2.78 Accept Ho
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T1 and T3 -2.5 2.78 Accept Ho

T1 and Pesticide -6.93 2.78 Reject Ho
T2 and T3 -2.12 2.78 Accept Ho
T2 and Pesticide -10 2.78 Reject Ho
T3 and Pesticide -7 2.78 Reject Ho
Table 4 presents the Independent Samples T-test results for the pesticidal effects
of varied concentrations of Duhat extracts on rice bugs.
The calculated t of T1 and T2, T1 and T3, and T2 and T3 is lesser than the tabular
value. Thus, the null hypothesis of no significant difference is accepted. The data suggest
that each of the treatment has similarities in terms of their pesticidal effects.
However, the pesticidal effect of varied concentrations of Duhat extracts is not
comparable with the commercial pesticide. They have significant differences in terms of
their effects based from calculated t and tabular value.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
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Based from the experiment, Duhat extracts can kill rice bugs. Treatment 3, which
uses 100% concentrations of Duhat extracts, recorded the highest mean in terms of the
number of dead rice bugs within a 30-minute observation period. The increased in
concentrations of Duhat extracts as pesticide significantly affected the percent mortality
of the rice bugs. As the concentration increases, the number of dead rice bugs also
increases.
Furthermore, there is a significant difference among the effects of the different
concentrations of Duhat extracts and commercial pesticide in killing rice bugs. There is
also significant difference between the pesticidal effects of Duhat leaves extracts and
commercial pesticide in killing the rice bugs. Hence, the effect of Duhat leaves extract is
incomparable to commercial pesticide.
Recommendations
It is recommended that in testing the pesticidal effect of Duhat extracts, it should
cover a large number of rice bugs. Phytochemical analysis of the different parts of Duhat
should also be conducted to determine what specific chemical is present in the extracts at
certain concentrations. Thus, Duhat tree must be propagated in the country because of its
potential as pesticide against rice bugs.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Glowri, S., Vasantha, K. (2010, April-June). Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial
activity of Syzygium Cumini (L.) (Myrtaceae) Leaves Extract. Sphinx Knowledge House.
Retrieved January 10, 2020, from https://Phytochemical_screening_and_antibacteria.pdf
Helmstaedter, A. (2015, March). Syzygium Cumini (L.) skeels (Myrtaceae) against
diabetes-- 125 years of research. Institute for the History of Pharmacy. Philipps-
University, Marburg, Germany. Retrieved January 10, 2020, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
Hilario, A. (2018). Evaluation of the Anti-Hyperglycemic Property of the Philippine
Duhat (Syzygium Cumini) Crude Methanolic Leaf Extract on Glucose Challenged
Hyperglycemic Mice. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Retrieved
January 10, 2020, from https://www. evaluation-of-the-antihyperglycemic-property-of-
the-philippine-duhat-syzygium-cumini-crude-methanolic-leaf-extract-on-glucose-chal-
15103.html.
Ramos, I., Bandiola, T. (2017). Phytochemical Screening of Syzyguim Cumini
(Myrtaceae) leaf extracts using different solvents of extraction. Scholar Research
Library. Retrieved January 10, 2020, from https://www.
Phytochemical_Screening_of_Syzygium_Cumini_
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Ramya, S., Neethirajan, K., Jayakumararaj, R. (2012). Profile of Bioactive Compounds in
Syzygium Cumini. Journal of Pharmacy Research. Retrieved January 10, 2020, from
https://www.Profile_of_bioactive_compounds_in_Syzygium_cumini_-_a_review
Ribeiro, R. et al, (December, 28 2014). Antihypertensive Effect of Syzygium Cumini in
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative
Medicine, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2020, from https://wwwhindawi.com/journals/eca
Sharma, V., Mehrotra, A., Kundu, N., Srivastava, N. (2017, October-December). A study
of antibacterial, antioxidant and neuroprotective effect of stem of Syzygium Cumini.
International Journal of Green Pharmacy, Retrieved January 10, 2020, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322300421_A_study_study_of_antibacterial_an
tioxidant_and_neuroprotective_effect_of_stem_of_Syzygium_Cumini
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Department of Education

SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE I PANGASINAN

Background of the Study

active during the dry season (Catindig, 2010).

worth of damage in two municipalities (Garcia, 2018).

neurologic toxicity, chronic neurodevelopmental impairment, cancer, reproductive

dysfunction of the immune and endocrine systems (Washington, 1993).

more environment-friendly and less harmful. It promotes balanced and self-regulated

less to the farmers.

contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, saponins, tannins, steroids and

triterpenoids compounds. According to Ujvary (1999), plant extracts containing

insecticidal alkaloids as bioactive constituents have played an important role in the

abatement of insects of agricultural and public health importance for centuries.

endogenous inhibitors of growth of numerous species of pests. They act as an antibiotic

substance or as an anti-nutritional deterrent against insects and aphids (Silvateam, 2010).

retardation in development and decreased reproduction (Geyter, 2007).

Statement of the Problem

2. What concentration of Duhat leaves extracts is most effective in controlling the

rice bugs in terms of:

a. the amount of time the rice bugs were killed; and

b. the number of rice bugs died?

pesticide in killing the rice bugs?

commercial pesticide in killing the rice bugs.

commercial pesticide in killing the rice bugs.

Significance of the Study

propagation of this tree with high value of pesticidal substance.

reducing the risk of toxin exposure.

justify their proposal.

Scope and Delimitation

Commercial Pesticide It is a kind of pesticide which has a mixture of highly

concentrated chemicals. This is commonly available in the

Concentration It refers to the amount or mixing ratio of water and extracts

Effectiveness It is the ability of the extracts used in the study to produce

pesticidal effects that can kill pests specifically, rice bugs.

pounding and squeezing the leaves of the plant.

stage is very susceptible to attack by insects by sucking the

milk out of the grains.

parts of the plants without combining any chemicals.

Pests These are organisms that damage plants or crops and

commonly found in rice fields.

Syzygium Cumini is a tree belonging to the Myrtaceae family, originally from

Leaves are opposite, shiny and leathery, oblong-ovate to elliptic or obviate-elliptic, 6 to

rocky soils and grow up to 25 meters tall (Sharma et al, 2008).

Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Syzygium Cumini

“Bioactive Compound in Syzygium Cumini”, it was presented that Syzygium Cumini is a

hypoglycemic, anti-bacterial and anti-HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) activities.

extensively investigated for their bioactive pharmaceutical constituents.

The bioactive extracts of stem of S. Cumini can be utilized as an active

of flavonoids, antioxidant activity and neuroprotective ability in the bioactive extracts of

After conducting a phytochemical screening, Gowri and Vasantha (2010) reported

activities. This include anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-microbial.

Plant steroids possess many interesting medicinal, pharmaceutical or agrochemical

lightly similar to each other because of their similarity in functions.

gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, Syzygium Cumini has a methanol and aqueous

anticarcinogens, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.

In the study of Ramos and Bandiola (2017) entitled, “Phytochemical Screening of

Syzygium Cumini (Myrtaceae) Leaf Extracts Using Different Solvents of Extraction”, it

phytochemical constituents, followed by ethyl acetate, hexane, and aqueous extracts,

alkaloids; saponins; tannins; glycosides; phenols; proteins; triterpenoids; steroids; and

antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial and among other therapeutic properties.

Anti-Hyperglycemic Property of Syzygium Cumini

In 2018, Hilario evaluated the anti-hyperglycemic property of the Philippine

similar to glibenclamide in glucose challenge hyperglycemic mice. S. Cumini can be a