Introduction:

Parenthetical citations:
Parenthetical citations are acknowledgements to
original sources which you use in your paper.
Then, your readers will immediately understand
where the information comes from. In this
respect, this chapter will provide guidelines in
order to use parenthetical citations.
As you remember, in accordance with the
rules of APA style, three kinds of information
should be included in in-text citations. Two of
them, namely the surname of the author and
date of publication should be included in all
citations; however, the page number is
essential only in case of using direct quotations.

Where to place parenthetical citations:

In academic papers, you have three alternatives
to present your citations. This is in relation with
your aims in integrating the in-text citation.
Consider the following examples.
Sample 1: Idea-focused
Schemata are accepted as interlocking mental structures
representing readers’ knowledge (Alderson, 2000;
Anderson & Pearson, 1988; Brown, 2001; Cook, 1997;
Harmer, 2001; Perkins, 1983; Zaher, 1987) of ordinary
events (Nassaji,
2002).

Sample 2: Researcher-focused
Nassaji (2002) discusses one of the unexpected findings
of schema-based studies that would account for working
 memory.

Sample 3: Chronology-focused
In 1932, Bartlett introduced schema theory.

Cite a source with one author:

For the first time you refer to a source, you need
to refer to the surname of the author which is
followed by date of publication. However, if
you refer to the same source in the same
paragraph; then, you write only the surname of
the author but you do not repeat date of
publication. Nevertheless, if you refer to the same
source in a subsequent citation in another
paragraph, remember that you need to refer to
the surname of the author again which is
followed by date of publication.
Authors with the same surname:
If you refer to sources which were written by
different authors with the same surname, then
you need to mention their initials in order to
discriminate these two authors. Remember that
the difference in the date of publication does not
matter. For example, the author refers to two
different studies written by N. J. Anderson and
J. R. Anderson. Examine the use of initials in
order to discriminate these two authors from
each other.
Cite more than one item by the same author in the same
year:
When you refer to two or more studies by the
same author written in the same year, you need
to distinguish them from each other by adding
letters such as a, b, c, ... In the following sample
paragraph, for example, there are two different
sources written by Oxford in 2001. In order to
discriminate them from each other, we add ‘a’
and ‘b’ to the date of publication.

Cite a source with two authors:

If you are citing a source with two
authors, the surname of both the author should be listed in
your in text citation. You should keep the names in the same
order as they are in the source.

Details with In-Text Citations 199

Moreover, you should pay attention to the use

of an ampersand (&) in your citations. If you
present the two authors surnames in parentheses,
then you must use an ampersand (&); however if
you present the two authors surnames in your
sentence without using any parentheses, then you
must replace the ampersand with ‘and’.

Cite a source with three, four, or five authors:

For the first time you refer to a source written
by three authors, you need to mention the
surnames of all three authors. For the second
time you refer to the same source, it does not
matter whether in the same paragraph or not,
you mention only the first author’s surname and
then in order to represent the second and the
third authors you add use ‘et al.’ which means
and his friends. This rule is the same also for the
sources with four and five authors.

Cite a source with six or more authors:

Even for the first citation of a source written by
six or more authors, you need to mention only the
first author’s surname and in order to represent
the other authors you need to add ‘et al.’.
Consider the citation to the source written by
Hassan, Macaro, Mason, Nye, Smith, and
Vanderplank. Nowhere in the text do you
mention the surnames of all authors. However,
when you are writing your reference list, you are
expected to mention their surnames. Remember
that with sources written by seven or more
authors, also in the reference list you need to
use et al.

Sources with two or more six-author groups with same

first surname:
In case of referring to two or more six-author
groups starting with the same surname, you need
to add the surname of the second, if necessary
the third and so on, author before et al.
A source with no author:
If there is no author for a publication; then, you
can refer to the first few words in the title of the
source you use. Consider the use of National
Research Council in the following sample
paragraph

Sample citation to a source with no author

Being able to monitor learning strategies can contribute
to their learning through metacognitive approaches
(“National Research Council”, 2000).

An edited work with no author:

In case of an existence of an editor, or several
editors, for a no-author publication, you can use
the surname(s) of the editor(s) in the author
position.

Cite multiple sources in one reference:

When you refer to two or more sources in
citations in parentheses, you need to put them
into alphabetical order. In order to discriminate
sources from each other, you need to use
semicolon.
Remember that you need to arrange different
sources according to alphabetical order.
However, you are not allowed to change the
order of authors in any source. For example, if
the source is written by O’Malley and Chamot
(1990) you cannot say Chamot and O’Malley
(1990).
Cite multiple sources in one reference by the same
author:
In case of referring to two or more sources by the
same author in the same citation, you need to
discriminate these sources from each other by
using a comma. Remember that you do not
repeat the surname of the author.

Use of major works with the others:

If you would like to discriminate any sources
from each other in terms their importance, then
use ‘see also’ which is followed by the major
work. The studies of Rubin and Stern are
regarded as major ones in the related field and the
other researchers in the other studies follow
them.

Use of sample citations:

If you would like to provide sample studies in
relation with the explanation that you deal with,
then add ‘e.g. In the following sample sentence,
the author gives an example from Vann and
Abraham’s study.
Sample citation to a sample study
Concerning learners’ inadequacy in using appropriate
strategies triggered researchers to study also unsuccessful
learners (e.g. Vann & Abraham, 1990) who were
attributed as having difficulties in administering
strategies.

Cite an electronic source

 Author or editor
  Publication or update date
 Article title
 Journal title
 The type of medium (i.e CD Rom, online etc.)
 Volume and pages or pages
 A source statement e.g URL, electronic database
vendor, email address
 Date you accessed the source online
Use of secondary sources:
When you refer to a source, ask yourself
whether you have read the original study or
not. If you have not read the original source;
then, you need to indicate this to your readers as
you are referring to someone’s ideas with the
words of another one.