Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. describe Spanish colonization of the Philippines in the 19th century;
2. determine the social, political, education/al, and economic
problems/issues of the Philippines in the 19th century;
3. analyze the various social, political, education/al, and economic
changes that occurred in the 19th century;
4. appraise Rizal's representation of the conditions and problems of the
Philippines in the 19" century; and
5. demonstrate understanding of the 19 century Philippines in the context
of Rizal's time.
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During that time, our forefathers
are being influence or
affected in four aspects

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 Social Political
Context Context

Educational/ Economic
Education Context Context
 Social Context

The Filipinos in the 19th century had

suffered from feudalistic and master
slave relationship by the Spaniards.
 j Social Context

Their social structure is ranked into three

groups:
 : Social Context

Highest class:
The people that belong in this class
include the Spaniards, peninsulares and
the friars. They have the power and
authority to rule over the Filipinos.
 : Social Context |

Highest class:
The Spanish The
officials
my EN

=» Peninsulares Spaniards who

whomwere born in
Spain). They held the most important
government jobs, and made up the
smallest number of the population.
 td Social Context

ERNE class:
The Spanish
"™N
officials
dal 4 Peninsulares

Friars are members of any of certain

religious orders of men, especially the
four mendicant orders (Augustinians,
Carmelites, Dominicans, and
Franciscans).
 : Social Context |

Middle class:

The people that belongs into this class

includes the natives, mestizos and the
criollos.
 : Social Context |

Middle class:
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Middle class:

TD
Filipinos mixed with indigenous Filipino
or European or Chinese ancestry.
 Social Context

Lowest class:

This class includes the Filipinos only.

 : Social Context

Lowest class:
a —

Rcic:
The Indios are the poor people having
pure blood Filipino which ruled by the
Spaniards.
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 Political System
During the Spanish regime, there
was union of church and state:
The governor-general had power
over the church. - The friars, on
the other hand, played a very
important role in the government.
 Government System of Philippines
in 19th Century

1. Central Government

2. Local Government
 1. Central Government |
The King entrusted the
colony to the
governor-general, who
had the highest
position in the
government.
 2. Local Government
(provinces, cities, towns and barrios)

The provinces were divided into two:

. Alcaldia which recognized Spain's possession over the land

.. corregimiento where the people had not succumbed to its ruling power
Our fellow forefathers
lost their rights,
they were belittled,
treated as low people
in the society.
There was an appointment of officials with
inferior qualifications, without dedication
of duty and moral strength to resist
corruption for material advancement.
Through the power and authority the
Spaniards possess, they collected and
wasted the money of the Filipinos.
5 sources of Abuses in the Administrative System:

There were too complicated

functions to the unions of the
church and the state.
5 sources of Abuses in the Administrative System: |

Manner of obtaining the position.

Through the power that the The appointment of positions is

Spaniards possess, they had the right obtained by the highest bidder which
to appoint the different positions. is the Governor-general of the country.
5 sources of Abuses in the Administrative System:

Term of office
Term of office or term in office is the
length of time a person (usually a
politician) serves in a particular office is
dependent on the desire of the King of
the country.
5 sources of Abuses in the Administrative System:

Distance of the colony

The Spanish officials traveled to various
There were also overlapping of
places and the needs of the Philippines
were ignored. They did not put too much powers and privileges of officials
attention to the needs of the other people. which made them competitive.

There were
inadequate administrative supervisions,
they were unable to face and solve the
problems regarding to the Philippines.
Education System
During the time of Rizal, or during the late 18th
to early 19th century, the Friars occupied the
Philippines These friars controlled the
educational system in the Philippines and they
were able to own different schools comprising
from the primary level to the tertiary levels of
education. The people who took charge in
teaching, implementation of the rules and
regulations and the monitoring of students
were assigned to the missionaries during that
time.
Discrimination during
the early times was
very much utilized.
This is because the
schools before were
exclusive only for the
Spaniards.
Filipinos were only able
to attend school in the
late 19th century.
Some schools also
limited their lodging, to
the sons of wealthy
Filipino families.
 Criticisms in the educational system:

Overemphasis on religious matters

The power of religious orders They were responsible for education and health
remained one of the great constants, measures. These missionaries emphasized the
over the centuries, of Spanish colonial teachings of the Catholic religion starting from
rule. the primary level to the tertiary level of
education.

The friars of the Augustinian, Dominican,

and Franciscan orders conducted many of
the executive and control functions of
government on the local level.
Criticisms in the educational system:

Obsolete teaching methods

Their methods are

outdated.
 Criticisms in the educational system:
Limited curriculum
The students in the primary level were
taught the Christian Doctrines, the
Aside from the Christian Doctrines
reading of Spanish books and a little of taught, Latin was also taught to the
the natives’ language. students instead of Spanish.

Science and Mathematics were

not very much taught to the
students even in the universities.
Criticisms in the educational system: |

Poor classroom facilities

 y

Criticisms in the educational system:

Absence of teaching materials

Criticisms in the educational system:

Primary education was neglected

 Criticisms in the educational system: |
Absence of academic freedom
The absence of academic freedom in Spain’s
Students memorized and repeated the contents
educational system was extended to the schools
of book which they did not understand. In most
that Spaniards established in the Philippines.
cases knowledge was measured in the ability of
Learning in every level was largely by rote.
the students to memorize.

Largely hampering intellectual progress.

Criticisms in the educational system: EE
Prejudice against Filipinos in the schools of higher learning

In entirety, education during the Spanish

regime was privileged only to Spanish The Filipinos became followers to the Spaniards
students. The supposed Philippine in their own country. Even auspicious Filipinos
education was only a means to remain in became cronies, to the extent that even their life
the Philippines as colonizers. styles were patterned from the Spaniards.
Criticisms in the educational system:

Friar control over the system

The friars controlled the educational system
during the Spanish times. They owned
different schools, ranging from the primary
level to the tertiary levels of education.
The missionaries took charge in
teaching, controlling and maintaining
the rules and regulations imposed to
the students.
Economic Context
During the 19th century, the Philippines’
economic condition gave rise to Haciendas
or the “cash-crop economy”. Where large
parts of lands would be used for crops
considered as cash-crop. Some
cash-crops are:
Sugar, Tobacco, Abaka, and
Coffee.
 Being open to world
trade and having these
products abundant in
the Philippines, the
Philippines became a
major exporter for these
products and
became well-known in
other parts of the world.
By these events, there
was a shift from barter
system to moneyed
economy.
Negative impacts: |

Spaniards are highly focused on

land ownership & Taxes. During that time,
there are presence of force labor, and there are
limited agricultural and commercial developmen
It's really sad, knowing that the source of living
of our forefathers are in agriculture.
 Based on the ideas you have gained and from the class discussion, let me check on your understanding by
answering the following questions.

1. What was the nature of Philippine society and what was the kind of life the Filipinos have

during the 19th century?

2. What major changes happened in the 19th century Philippines? (You may cite a particular domain

e.g. society, politics, education, economy)

3. Do you agree that the 19th century was a century of change? If yes, why? If no, why not?
As we end our session today, let us have a wrap-up of everything we learned by simply telling me this...

“The most important things | learned about our topic, 19th century Philippines as Rizal's Context is/are..."
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