Basic Maths

ALLEN BASIC MATHS
BASIC MATHS
1. NU M BER S Y S T EM :
Natural Numbers : (N) = {1, 2, 3....}
Wh ole Num bers : (W) = {0, 1, 2, 3.....}
Integers : (I) = {........–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3.....}
Positive Integers : (I + ) = {1, 2, 3 ... }
Negative Integers : (I – ) = {.... –3, –2, –1}
Non-negative Integers : {0, 1, 2, 3........}
Non-positive Intege rs : {.... –3, –2, –1, 0}
Even Integers = {.... –6, –4, –2, 0, 2, 4, 6 ...}
Odd Integers = {........ –5, –3, –1, 1, 3, 5........}
Not e :
(i) Zero is neither positive nor negative. (ii) Zero is even number.
(ii) Positive means > 0. (iv) Non-negative means ³ 0.
æpö
2. FR ACT ION ç ÷ :
èqø
3 5 r
(a) Proper Fraction = : N r < Dr (b) Improper Fraction = : N > Dr
5 3
2
3 3
(c) Mixed Fraction : 2 + (d) Compound Fraction : 5
5
6
1 2
(e) Complex Fraction : 2 (f) Continued Fraction : 2 +
3 2
2+
+.....
This is usually written in the more compact
1 1
form 2 + ........
2+ 2+
3. R AT IONA L NU M BER S (Q ) :
All the numbers that can be represented in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q ¹ 0, are called
rational numbers. Integers, Fractions, Terminating decimal numbers, Non-terminating but repeating decimal
ìp ü
numbers are all rational numbers. Q = í : p, q Î I and q ¹ 0 ý
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îq þ
Not e :
(i) Integers are rational numbers, but converse need not be true.
(ii) A rational number always exists between two distinct rational numbers, hence infinite rational
numbers exist between two rational numbers.
4. IR R AT IONAL NU M BER S (Q C ) :
There are real numbers which can not be expressed in p/q form. Non-Terminating non repeating decimal
numbers are irrational number e.g. 2, 5, 3, 3 10 ; e, p .

e » 2.71 is called Napier's constant and p » 3.14
E 1
JEE(Main)-Mathematics ALLEN
Not e :
(i) Sum of a rational number and an irrational number is an irrational number E.g. 2 + 3
(ii) If a Î Q and b Ï Q, then ab = rational number, only if a = 0.
(iii) Sum, difference, product and quotient of two irrational numbers need not be an irrational
number or we can say, result may be a rational number also.
5. R EA L NU M B ER S (R ) :
The complete set of rational and irrational number is the set of real numbers, R = Q È QC . The real numbers
can be represented as a position of a point on the real number line.
6. COM PL EX NUM BER S . (C ) :
A number of the form a + ib, where a, b Î R and i = -1 is called a complex number. Complex number
is usually denoted by z and the set of all complex numbers is represented by
C = {(x + iy) : x, y Î R, i = -1 }
N⊂W⊂I⊂Q⊂R⊂C
7. EVE N NUM BER S :
Numbers which are divisible by 2 are known as even numbers, unit's digit 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 & represented by
2n ; n Î I
8. ODD NU M BER S :
Numbers which are not divisible by 2 are known as odd number & last digit 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 represented by
(2n ± 1) n Î I
(a) even ± even = even
(b) even ± odd = odd
(c) odd ± odd = even
(d) even × odd = even
(e) even × even = even
(f) odd × odd = odd
9. P R IM E NU M BER S :
Let 'p' be a natural number, 'p' is said to be prime if it has exactly two distinct positive integral factors, namely
1 and itself. e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31 .....
10. CO MP OS IT E NU M B ER S :
A number that has more than two divisors is known as composite numbers.
Not e :
(i) '1' is neither prime nor composite.
(ii) '2' is the only even prime number.
(iii) '4' is the smallest composite number.

(iv) Natural numbers which are not prime are composite numbers (except 1)
11. CO-PRIME NUMBER S/ REL ATIVELY P RIME NUMBERS :
Two natural numbers (not necessarily prime) are coprime, if their H.C.F. is one.
e.g. (1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4) (5, 6) etc.
Not e :
(i) Two distinct prime number(s) are always co-prime but converse need not be true.
(ii) Consecutive natural numbers are always co-prime numbers.
12. T W IN P R IM E NU M BER S :
If the difference between two prime numbers is two, then the numbers are twin prime numbers.
e.g. {3, 5}, {5, 7}, {11, 13} etc.
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ALLEN BASIC MATHS
13. NUMBERS TO REMEMBER :
Number 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Square 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 225 256 289 324 361 400
Cube 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000 1331 1728 2197 2744 3375 4096 4913 5832 6859 8000
Sq. Root 1.41 1.73 2 2.24 2.45 2.65 2.83 3 3.16
Not e :
(i) Square of a real number is always non negative (i.e. x 2 ³ 0)
(ii) Square root of a positive number is always positive e.g. 4 = 2
(iii) x 2 = |x|, x Î R
14. DIVIS IBIL I T Y RU L ES :
Di vis i ble by Remark.
2 Last digit of number is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8
3 Sum of digits of number divisible by 3 (Remainder will be same when number
is divided by 3 or sum of digits is divided by 3.)
4 Number formed by last two digits divisible by 4 (Remainder w ill be same whether
we divide the number or its last two digits)
5 Last digit 0 or 5
6 Divisible by 2 and 3 simultaneously.
8 Number formed by last three digits is divisible by 8 (Remainder will be same
whether we divide the number or its last three digits)
9 Sum of digits divisible by 9. (Remainder will be same when number is divided
by 9 or sum of digit is divided by 9)
10 Last digit 0
11 (Sum of digits at even places) – (sum of digits at odd places) = 0 or divisible by 11
15. L CM AND HCF :
(a) HCF is the highest common factor between any two or more numbers or algebraic
expressions.
When dealing only with numbers, it is also called "Greatest common divisor" (GCD).
(b) LCM is the lowest common multiple of two or more numbers or algebraic expressions.
(c) The product of HCF and LCM of two numbers (or expressions) is equal to the product of
the numbers.
16. INDICES
So me u sefu l Formulae
(i) am × an = am+n
(ii) am ÷ an = am–n
(iii) (am)n = (an)m = amn
m m
-
æaö n æ b ön
(iv) ç ÷ =ç ÷
èbø èaø
(v) am ÷ b–n = am × bn
(vi) ( n a )n = a, where n Î N , n > 2 and 'a' is positive rational number
(vii) n
anb= n
ab , where n Î N , n > 2 and 'a', 'b' are rational numbers.
E 3
n
a a
(viii) = n
, where n Î N , n > 2 and 'a', 'b' are rational numbers.
n
b b
(ix) m n
a = mn
a = n m
a , where m, n Î N, m,n > 2 and 'a' is a positive rational number
(x) n m
(a k )m = n
ak = mn
a km , where m, n Î N, m,n > 2 , 'k' are positive integers and 'a' is a positive
rational number
(xi) a´ a = a
(xii) a´ b = ab , a,b Î R and ab > 0
(xiii) ( a + b )2 = a + b + 2 ab , a,b Î R and ab > 0
(xiv) ( a – b)2 = a + b – 2 ab , a,b Î R and ab > 0
(xv) a + b = c + d Þ a = c and b = d where a,c are rational numbers and b, d are irrational
numbers
1 a+ b a+ b
(xvi) = =
a- b ( a - b)( a + b) a-b
1 a- b a- b
(xvii) = =
a+ b ( a + b)( a - b) a-b
(xviii) a0 = 1, a ¹ 0
Il lu s t ra ti on -1 :
Evaluate the following
-1 –3 / 2
æ 121 ö
(i) ( 3 64 ) 2 (ii) ç ÷
è 169 ø
Solu tion :
-1
-1
é 1ù2 1 -1 -1
(i) ( 3 64 ) 2 = ê (64) 3 ú = (64) 3 ´ 2 = (64) 6
ë û
-1 æ -1 ö
6 ´ç ÷
è 6ø 1
= 6 6
(2 ) =2 = 2 -1 =
2
–3 / 2 –3 / 2 -3 -3 3
æ 11 ´ 11 ö æ 112 ö æ 11 ö
2´
2 æ 11 ö æ 13 ö 2197
(ii) ç ÷ = çç 2 ÷÷ = ç ÷ = ç ÷ =ç ÷ =
è 13 ´ 13 ø è 13 ø è 13 ø è 13 ø è 11 ø 1331
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ALLEN BASIC MATHS
If a x = b, b y = c, c z = a, prove that xyz = 1 where a,b,c are distinct numbers.

S ol utio n :
We have,
a xyz = (a x ) yz
Þ a xyz = (b) yz [Q a x = b]
Þ a xyz = (b y) z
Þ a xyz = c z [ Q b y = c]
Þ a xyz = a [Q c z = a]
\ a xyz = a 1
Þ xyz = 1
17. REM AINDER T HEOR EM
St atement : Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree ³ 1 and 'a' is any real number. If p(x) is divided by
(x – a), then the remainder is p(a).
E.g. Let p(x) be x3 – 7x2 + 6x + 4
Divide p(x) with (x – 6) and to find the remainder, put x = 6 in p(x) i.e. p(6) will be the remainder.
\ required remainder be
p(6) = (6)3 – 7.62 + 6.6 + 4 = 216 – 252 + 36 + 4 = 256 – 252 = 4
)
x – 6 x3 – 7x2 + 6x + 4 (x 2
–x
x3 – 6x2
– +
– x 2 + 6x + 4
– x 2 + 6x
+ –
Remainder = 4
Thus, p(a) is remainder on dividing p(x) by (x – a).

R e m a r k (i) p(–a) is remainder on dividing p(x) by (x + a)
[Q x + a = 0 Þ x = – a]
æbö
(ii) p ç ÷ is remainder on dividing p(x) by (ax – b)
èaø
[Q ax – b = 0 Þ x = b/a]
æ -b ö
(iii) p ç ÷ is remainder on dividing p(x) by (ax + b)
è a ø
[Q ax + b = 0 Þ x = –b/a]
æbö
(iv) p ç ÷ is remainder on dividing p(x) by (b – ax)
èaø
[Q b – ax = 0 Þ x = b/a]
E 5
Illus tration-3 :
Find the remainder when
x3 – ax2 + 6x – a is divided by x – a
Solution :
Let p(x) = x3 – ax2 + 6x – a
p(a) = a3 – a(a)2 + 6(a) – a
= a3 – a3 + 6a – a = 5a
So, by the Remainder theorem, remainder = 5a
18. FACTOR THEOREM
Statement : Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree ³ 1 and a be any real constant such that f(a) = 0, then (x – a) is a factor
of f(x). Conversely, if (x – a) is a factor of f(x), then f(a) = 0.
Proof : By Remainder theorem, if f(x) is divided by (x – a), the remainder will be f(a). Let q(x) be the quotient.
Then, we can write,
f(x) = (x – a) × q(x) + f(a) (Q Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder)
If f(a) = 0, then f(x) = (x – a) × q(x)
Thus, (x – a) is a factor of q(x).
Converse Let (x – a) is a factor of f(x).
Then we have a polynomial q(x) such that f(x) = (x – a) × q(x)
Replacing x by a, we get f(a) = 0. Hence, proved.
Use the factor theorem to determine whether (x – 1) is a factor of f(x) = 2 2 x 3 + 5 2 x2 - 7 2
S o lu ti on :
By using factor theorem, (x – 1) is a factor of f(x), only when f(1) = 0
f(1) = 2 2 (1)3 + 5 2 (1)2 - 7 2 = 2 2 + 5 2 - 7 2 = 0
Hence, (x – 1) is a factor of f(x).
19. FACTOR IZAT ION :

For mula e :
(a) (a ± b) 2 = a 2 ± 2ab + b 2 = (a m b) 2 ± 4ab
(b) a2 – b 2 = (a+b) (a–b)
1
• If a2 – b 2 = 1 then a + b =
a-b
1 1
For example : sec q - tan q = or 3+ 2 =
sec q + tan q 3- 2
(c) (a+b) 3 = a 3 + b 3 + 3ab(a+b)
(d) (a–b) 3 = a 3–b 3 – 3ab (a–b)

(e) a 3 + b 3 = (a +b) (a 2–ab + b 2) = (a + b) 3 – 3ab(a+b)
(f) a3 – b 3 = (a–b) (a 2 + ab + b 2) = (a – b) 3 + 3ab(a–b)
(g) (a + b + c) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

(h) a3 + b 3 + c 3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 – ab – bc – ca)
1
= (a + b + c){(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2}
2
(i) (a + b + c) 3 = a 3+b 3+c 3 + 3(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
(j) a 4 + a 2 + 1 = (a 2 + 1) 2 – a 2 = (1 + a + a 2) (1 – a + a 2 )
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ALLEN BASIC MATHS
Factorization :
Illustration-5 : (3x – y)2 – (2x – 3y)2
Solution : Use a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)
(3x – y)2 – (2x – 3y)2 = (3x – y + 2x – 3y) (3x – y – 2x + 3y)
= (5x – 4y) (x + 2y)
Illustration-6 : a6 – b6
Solution : a6 – b6 = (a2)3 – (b2)3

= (a2 – b2) (a4 + a2b2 + b4)
= (a – b) (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2) (a2 + ab + b2)
Illustration-7 : x2 + 6x – 187
Solution : x2 + 6x – 187 = x2 + 17x – 11x – 187

= x(x + 17) – 11(x + 17)
= (x + 17) (x – 11)
Illus tratio n-8 : 9x4 – 10x2 + 1
Solution : 9x4 – 10x2 + 1 = (9x2 – 1) (x2 – 1 )

= (3x – 1) (3x + 1) (x – 1) (x + 1)
Illustration-9 : x3 – 13x – 12
Solution : x3 – 13x – 12 Q x = –1 satisfies given expression
Þ x + 1 is a factor
2
x +1 x3 – 13x – 12 x – x – 12
x3 + x 2
2
–x – 13x – 12
2
–x – x
–12x – 12
–12x – 12
0
\ x3 – 13x – 12 = (x + 1) (x2 – x – 12)

= (x + 1) (x – 4) (x + 3)
Illus tration -10 :8x + y + 27z3 – 18xyz
3 3
Solution : 8x3 + y3 + 27z3 – 18xyz = (2x)3 + (y)3 + (3z)3 – 3(2x) (y) (3z)
= (2x + y + 3z) (4x2 + y2 + 9z2 – 2xy – 6xz – 3yz)
Impor tant Re sult :
a c
If = , then
b d
a +b c+d
(i) = (Componendo)
b d
E 7
a–b c–d
(ii) = (Dividendo)
b d
a+b c+d
(iii) = (Componendo and dividendo)
a–b c–d
a a+c a–c
(iv) = = .
b b+d b–d
a c e l a + l 2 c + l 3 e...
(v) = = = ...... = 1 , where l1,l2,l3......... are real numbers
b d f l1 b + l 2 d + l 3 f...
1
a c e
= = = ......, then each ratio = æç a + c + e ö÷
n n n n
(vi) If
b d f è bn + d n + f n ø
a c a 2 + c2 a +c a -c
Example : = = = =
b d b +d
2 2 b+d b-d
Illus tration -11 :
Two positive numbers are in the ratio of 4 : 5. If the difference between these numbers is 24, then find the numbers.
Solution :
Here a = 4, b = 5 and x = 24.
ax 4 ´ 24
\ The first number = b - a = = 96.
5-4
bx 5 ´ 24
and the second number = = = 120.
b-a 5-4
20. INTERVALS
Intervals are basically subsets of R. If there are two numbers a, b Î R such that a < b, we can define four types
of intervals as follows :
(a) Open interval : (a, b) = {x : a < x < b} i.e. end points are not included.
Closed interval : [a, b] = {x : a £ x £ b} i.e. end points are also included.

(b)
This is possible only when both a and b are finite.
(c) Semi open or semi closed interval : (a, b] = {x : a < x £ b} ; [a, b) = {x : a £ x < b}
(d) The infinite intervals are defined as follows :
(i) (a, ¥ ) = {x : x > a} (ii) [a, ¥) = {x : x ³ a}
(iii) (–¥, b) = {x : x < b} (iv) (–¥, b] = {x : x £ b}
(v) (–¥, ¥) = R
8 E
ALLEN BASIC MATHS
N ote :
(i) For some particular values of x, we use symbol { } e.g. If x = 1, 2 we can write it as x Î {1, 2}
(ii) If there is no values of x, then we say x Î f (null set)

21. SET THEORY :
The collection of well defined things is called set. Well defined means a law by which we are able to find whether
a given thing is contained in the given set or not.
Example : (i) A = { x ; x is a prime number} means
A = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13........... }
(ii) W = { x ; x is a whole number } means
W = { 0 , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..... }
22. M E T HOD S T O W R I T E A S ET :
( i ) Roster Method : In this method a set is described by listing elements, separated by commas and
enclose then by curly brackets
Ex. The set of vowels of English Alphabet may be described as {a, e, i, o, u}

( i i ) Set Bulder form : In this case we write down a property or rule p Which gives us all the element
of the set
A = {x : P(x)} ; where P(x) is the property by which x Î A
Ex. A = {x : x Î N and x = 2n for n Î N}
i.e. A = {2, 4, 6, ....}
Ex. B = {x2 : x Î z}
i.e. B = {0, 1, 4, 9, ....}
23. TYPES OF SETS :

C Null set or Empty set : A set having no element in it is called an Empty set or a null set or void set
it is denoted by f or { }
Ex. A = {x Î N : 5 < x < 6} = f
A set consisting of at least one element is called a non-empty set or a non-void set.
C Singleton : A set consisting of a single element is called a singleton set.

Ex. Then set {0}, is a singleton set
C Finite Set : A set which has only finite number of elements is called a finite set.
Ex. A = {a, b, c}
C Order of a finite set : The number of elements in a finite set is called the order of the set A and is
denoted O(A) or n(A). It is also called cardinal number of the set.
Ex. A = {a, b, c, d} Þ n(A) = 4
C Infinite set : A set which has an infinite number of elements is called an infinite set.
Ex. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, ....} is an infinite set
C Equal sets : Two sets A and B are said to be equal if every element of A is a member of B, and every
element of B is a member of A.
If sets A and B are equal. We write A = B and A and B are not equal then A ¹ B
Ex. A = {1, 2, 6, 7} and B = {6, 1, 2, 7} Þ A = B
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C E qu i v ale nt s e ts : Two finite sets A and B are equivalent if their number of elements are same
ie. n(A) = n(B)
Ex. A = {1, 3, 5, 7}, B = {a, b, c, d}
n(A) = 4 and n(B) = 4 Þ n(A) = n(B)
Note : Equal set always equivalent but equivalent sets may not be equal
C Subsets and Superset : Let A and B be two sets if every element of A is an element B, then A is
called a subset of B and B is called superset of A, if A is a subset of B. we write A Í B
Exa mple : A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} Þ A Í B
The symbol ''Þ'' stands for "implies"
C Proper subset : If A is a subset of B and A ¹ B then A is a proper subset of B. and we write A Ì B
Note-1 : Every set is a subset of itself i.e. A Í A for all A
Note-2 : Empty set f is a subset of every set
Note-3 : Clearly N Ì W Ì Z Ì Q Ì R Ì C
Note-4 : The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n elements is 2 n
Note-5 : Number of proper subsets of a set having n elements is 2 n –1.
Note-6 : Empty set f is proper subset of every set except itself.
C Universal set : A set consisting of all possible elements which occur in the discussion is called a Universal
set and is denoted by U
Note : All sets are contained in the universal set
E x . If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 4, 5, 6}, C = {1, 3, 5, 7} then U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} can be taken
as the Universal set.
C Power set : Let A be any set. The set of all subsets of A is called power set of A and is denoted by
P(A)
Ex.1 Let A = {1, 2} then P(A) = {f, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}
Ex.2 Let P(f) = {f}
Q P(P(f)) = {f, {f}}
Q P(P(P(f)) = {f, {f}, {{f}}, {f, {f}}
Note-1 : If A = f then P(A) has one element
Note-2 : Power set of a given set is always non empty
24. OP ER AT IONS OF S ET S :
The basic operations of sets and their related results are as follows.
(i) Union of sets : The union of two sets is represented by A È B or A + B. This set contains those elements
which are in A or in B or in A and B both. So
A B
A ÈB
A È B = { x ; x Î A or x Î B }
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4} then A È B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
10 E
ALLEN BASIC MATHS
(ii) Intersection of two sets : The intersection of two sets is represented by A Ç B or AB. It contains those
all elements which are contained in both sets A and B both, So
A B
A ÇB
A Ç B = { x ; x ÎA and x Î B }
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3, }, B = {2, 3, 4} then A Ç B = {2, 3}
(iii) Difference of two sets : If A and B are two sets then A–B represents the set of those elements which
are in A and not in B. In the same manner B–A represents the set of those elements which are in B
and not in A. So
A B
A-B B–A
or or
– –
AÇ B BÇA
A – B = A Ç B = {x ; x Î A and x Ï B}
B – A = B Ç A = {x ; xÎB and xÏA}

e.g. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4} ; A – B = {1}
(iv) Complement of a set : A' = {x : x Ï A but x Î U} = U – A
e.g. U = {1, 2, ...., 10}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} then A' = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

(v) De-Morgan L aws : (A È B)' = A' Ç B' ; (A Ç B)' = A' È B'
(vi) A – (B È C) = (A – B) Ç (A – C) ; A – (B Ç C) = (A – B) È (A – C)
(vii) Distributive Laws : A È (B Ç C) = (A È B) Ç (A È C) ; A Ç (B È C) = (A Ç B) È (A Ç C)

( v ii i ) Commutative L aws : A È B = B È A ; A Ç B = B Ç A
(ix) Associative Laws : (A È B) È C = A È (B È C) ; (A Ç B) Ç C = A Ç (B Ç C)
(x) A Ç f = f ; A Ç U = A
A È f = A ; A È U = U
( xi ) A ÇB Í A ; A Ç B Í B
(xii) A Í A ÈB ; B Í A È B
( x ii i ) A Í B Þ A Ç B = A
(xiv) A Í B Þ A È B = B
E 11
Dis joint Se ts :
IF A Ç B = f, then A, B are disjoint.

e.g. if A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {7, 8, 9} then A Ç B = f
Note : A Ç A' = f \ A, A' are disjoint.
Sym metric Diffe renc e of S et s :
A D B = (A – B) È (B – A)
Po i nts to be reme mber :

l (A')' = A
l A Í B Û B' Í A'
l n(A È B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A Ç B)
l n(A È B) = n(A) + n(B) Û A, B are disjoint non-void sets.
l n(A – B) = n(A) – n(A Ç B) i.e. n(A – B) + n(A Ç B) = n(A)
l n(A È B È C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A Ç B) – n(B Ç C) – n(A Ç C) + n(A Ç B Ç C)
Ex. In a group of 1000 people, there are 750 who can speak Hindi and 400 who can speak Bengali. How
many can speak Hindi only ?How many can spak Bengali ? How many can spak both Hindi and Bengali?
Sol. Let A and B be the sets of persons who can speak Hindi and Bengali respectively.
then n(A Ç B) = 1000, n(A) = 750, n(B) = 400.

Number of persons whos can speak both Hindi and Bengali
= n(A Ç B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A È B)
= 750 + 400 – 1000
Number of persons who can speak Hindi only = 150
= n(A – B) = n(A) – n(A Ç B) = 750 – 150 = 600
Number of persons Whos can speak Bengali only
= n(B – A) = n(B) – n(A Ç B) = 400 – 150 = 250
12 E
ALLEN BASIC MATHS
25. LOGARITHMS :
Definition : Every positive real number N can be expressed in exponential form as ax = N where 'a' is also a
positive real number different than unity and is called the base and 'x' is called an exponent.
We can write the relation ax = N in logarithmic form as logaN = x. Hence ax = N Û logaN = x.
Hence logarithm of a number to some base is the exponent by which the base must be raised in order to get that
number.
Limitations of logarithm: log aN is defined only when
(i) N > 0 (ii) a > 0 (iii) a ¹ 1
Not e :
(i) For a given value of N, logaN will give us a unique value.
(ii) Logarithm of zero does not exist.
(iii) Logarithm of negative reals are not defined in the system of real numbers.
Illustration 12 : If log4m = 1.5, then find the value of m.

Solution : log4m = 1.5 Þ m = 43/2 Þ m = 8
p4 q 4
Illustration 13 : If log5p = a and log2q = a, then prove that = 1002a–1
100
Solution : log5p = a Þ p = 5a
log2q = a Þ q = 2a
p 4 q 4 54a.2 4a (10)4a (100)2a

Þ = = = = 100 2a -1
100 100 100 100
Illustration 14 : The value of N, satisfying loga[1 + logb{1 + logc(1 + logpN)}] = 0 is -

(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
Solution : 1 + logb{1 + logc(1 + logpN)} = a = 1
0
Þ logb{1 + logc(1 + logpN)} = 0 Þ 1 + logc(1 + logpN) = 1
Þ logc(1 + logpN) = 0 Þ 1 + logpN = 1
Þ logpN = 0 Þ N=1 Ans. (D)

26. FUNDA MENTAL IDENTITIES :

Using the basic definition of logarithm we have 3 important deductions :
(a) log a1 = 0 i.e. logarithm of unity to any base is zero.
(b) log N N = 1 i.e. logarithm of a number to the same base is 1.
(c) log 1 N = -1 = log N 1 i.e. logarithm of a number to the base as its reciprocal is –1.
N N
Note : N = (a) log a N e.g. 2 log2 7 = 7
E 13
27. THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS :
If m,n are arbitrary positive numbers where a > 0, a ¹ 1 and x is any real number, then-
m
(a) log amn= log am + log an (b) log a = log a m - log a n
n
(c) log amx = x log am
2 25 625
Illu s trati on 15 : Find the value of 2 log + 3 log - log
5 8 128
2 25 128
Sol utio n : 2 log + 3 log + log
5 8 625
3
22 æ 52 ö 27
= log 2 + log ç 3 ÷ + log 4
5 è2 ø 5
2 2 56 2 7
= log . . = log1 = 0
52 29 54
Ill us tr ation 16 : If log ex – log e y = a , log e y – log e z = b & log e z – log e x = c, then find the value of
b -c c -a a-b
æxö æyö æzö
ç ÷ ´ç ÷ ´ç ÷
èyø èzø èxø
x x
Sol utio n : log ex – log ey = a Þ loge = a Þ = ea
y y
y y
log ey – log ez = b Þ log e =b Þ = eb
z z
z z
log ez – log ex = c Þ loge =c Þ = ec
x x
(e ) ( ) ( )
b -c c -a a-b
\ a
´ eb ´ ec
a ( b -c ) + b ( c -a ) + c( a - b )
=e = e0 = 1
Illus tration 17 : If log ax = p and log b x 2 = q, then log x ab is equal to (where a, b, x Î R + – {1})-
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) + (B) + (C) + (D) +
p q 2p q p 2q 2p 2q
Sol utio n : log ax = p Þ a p = x Þ a = x 1/p .
similarly b q = x 2 Þ b = x 2/q
æ1 2ö 1
ç + ÷.
èp qø 2 1 1
Now, log x ab = log x x x 1/ p 2/q
= log x x = +
2p q
14 E
ALLEN BASIC MATHS
28. BASE CHANGING THEOREM :
Can be stated as "quotient of the logarithm of two numbers is independent of their common base."
loga m
Symbolically, log b m = , where a > 0, a ¹ 1, b > 0, b ¹ 1
loga b
Not e :
log a log b 1
(i) log ba. log a b = . = 1; hence log b a = .
log b log a log a b
(ii) a log b c = c log b a
1
(iii) Ba s e p ower for mula : loga k m = loga m
k
(iv) The base of the logarithm can be any positive number other than 1, but in normal practice, only
two bases are popular, these are 10 and e(=2.718 approx). Logarithms of numbers to the base 10
are named as 'common logarithm' and the logarithms of numbers to the base e are called Natural
or Napierian logarithm. We w i ll cons ider logx as log e x or l nx.
(v) Conversion of base e to base 10 & viceversa :
log10 a log e a
loge a = = 2.303 ´ log10 a ; log10 a = = log10 e ´ loge a = 0.434 loge a
log10 e loge 10
Ill us tr atio n 18 : If a, b, c are distinct positive real numbers different from 1 such that
(logba . logca – logaa) + (logab . logcb – logbb) + (logac . logbc – logcc ) = 0, then abc is equal to -
(A) 0 (B) e (C) 1 (D) none of these
Sol utio n : (logba logca – 1) + (logab . logcb – 1) + (logac logbc – 1) = 0
log a log a log b log b log c log c

Þ . + . + . =3
log b log c log a log c log a log b
Þ (log a)3 + (log b)3 + (log c)3 = 3loga logb logc

Þ (loga + logb + logc) = 0 [QIf a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0, then a + b + c = 0 if a ¹ b ¹ c]
Þ log abc = log 1 Þ abc = 1

Ill us tr atio n 19 : Evaluate : 81

1/ log5 3
+ 27log9 36 + 34 / log 7 9
Sol utio n : 81log3 5 + 33log9 36 + 34 log9 7

3/2 2
= 34log3 5 + 3log3 (36) + 3log3 7
= 625 + 216 + 49 = 890.
E 15
BASIC MATHEMATICS EXERCISE-I
1
( )
1é 2 ù æ 1 3ö
4
1. If x = 8 - 60 , then ê x+ ú =
1
2ë xû 8. ç 5 8 3 +27 3
÷ =
è ø
(1) 5 (2) 3 (1) 3 (2) 6
(3) 2 5 (4) 2 3 (3) 5 (4) 4
9. (13 + 23 + 3 3 + 43 )–3/2 =
4+3 5
2. If = a+b 5 , a, b are rational numbers, (1) 10–3 (2) 10–2
4-3 5
then (a, b) = (3) 10–4 (4) 10–1
10. (0.000729) –3/4 × (0.09) –3/4 =

æ 61 -24 ö æ -61 24 ö
(1) ç , ÷ (2) ç , ÷
è 29 29 ø è 29 29 ø 103 105
(1) (2)
æ 61 24 ö æ -61 -24 ö
33 35
(3) ç , ÷ (4) ç , ÷
è 29 29 ø è 29 29 ø 102 106
(3) (4)
32 36
3. The square root of 11 + 112 is -
–2/3
ì –12 ü
(1) 7 +2 (2) 7+ 2 11. ï4 æ 1 ö ï =
í ç ÷ ý
ïî è x ø ïþ
(3) 2 – 7 (4) None
1 1
The square root 5 + 2 6 is : (1) 2 (2)
4. x x4
(1) (2) 1 1
3 +2 3- 2 (3) (4)
3
x x
(3) 2- 3 (4) 3+ 2
3 3
5. If a + 3 b + 3 c = 0 then (a + b + c) =
12. If 4 3 x2 = xk, then k =
(1) abc (2) 3abc
(3) 9ac (4) 27abc
2
6. The numerical value of (1) (2) 6
6
1 1 1
æ 1 a – b ö a –c æ 1 b–c ö b–a æ 1 c–a ö c– b 1
çè x ÷ø ´ çx ÷ø ´çx ÷ø
is (3) (4) 7
è è 6
(a, b, c are distinct real numbers)

2
(1) 1 (2) 8 æ æ–1ö ö
13. ç 7çè 2 ÷ø × 52 ÷ ÷ 253 =
(3) 0 (4) None ç ÷
ç ÷
è ø
2
æ
( ) ö
–1
–1 4 5 7
ç (625)
7. 2 =
÷ (1)
7
(2)
5
è ø
5
(1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 35 (4) –
7
(3) 2 (4) 3
16 E
ALLEN BASIC MATHS
–2 16. Fac torize follow i ng exp re s s ion s
æ d3 ö
2 –1 3
14. (2d e ) × ç ÷ = (i) x2 + 3x – 40 (ii) x2 – 3x – 40
è eø
(iii) x2 + 5x – 14 (iv) x2 – 3x – 4
(1) 8e–2 (2) 8e–3
(3) 8e–1 (4) 8e–4 (v) x2 – 2x – 3 (vi) 3x2 – 10x + 8
15. If 9x = 3 92 , then x = (vii) 12x2 + x – 35 (viii) 3x2 – 5x + 2

(ix) 3x2 – 7x + 4 (x) 7x2 – 8x + 1
2 4
(1) (2) (xi) 2x2 – 17x + 26 (xii) 3a2 – 7a – 6
3 3
(xiii) 14a2 + a – 3
1 5
(3) (4)
3 3
ANSWER K EY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 1 4 1 4 4 1 2 3 1 4 1 3 1 3 2
16. (i) (x + 8) (x – 5) (ii) (x – 8) (x + 5) (iii) (x + 7) (x – 2) (iv) (x – 4)(x + 1)
(v) (x – 3) (x + 1) (vi) (x – 2) (3x – 4) (vii) (4x + 7) (3x – 5) (viii) (3x–2)(x–1)
(ix) (x – 1) (3x – 4) (x) (x – 1) (7x – 1) (xi) (2x – 13) (x – 2) (xii) (a–3)(3a+2)
(xiii) (2a + 1) (7a – 3)
E 17
BASIC MATHEMATICS EXERCISE-II
So lve the follo wi ng Ineq ua liti es :
x -1
1. (x – 1)(3 – x)(x – 2) 2 > 0 12. <x
x +1
6x - 5
2. <0 1 3
4x + 1 13. <
x + 2 x -3
x 2 + 2x - 3
3. <0
x2 + 1 x2 - 1
14. <3
2x + 5
(x - 1)(x + 2)2
4. <0
-1 - x x2 + 2
15. < -2
x2 - 1
x 2 + 4x + 4
5. >0
2x 2 - x - 1 (2 - x 2 )(x - 3)3
16. ³0
(x + 1)(x2 - 3x - 4)
5x - 1
6. <1
x2 + 3
(x + 2)(x 2 - 2x + 1)
17. ³0
x-2 1 4 + 3x - x 2
7. 2
<-
x +1 2
4 2
x +1 18. + <1
<1 1+ x 1- x
8.
(x - 1)2
x 2 + 6x - 7
1+ x 2 19. £2
9. <0 x2 + 1
2
x - 5x + 6
(x - 1) 2 (x + 1)3
2
x -x-6 20. £0
10. >0 x 4 (x - 2)
x 2 + 6x
x 2 - 6x + 9 (2x -1) (x - 1) 2 (x - 3)3

11. ³0 21. ³0
5 - 4x - x2 (x - 4)4
ANSWER K EY
1. (1,2) È (2,3) 2. ( -1/ 4, 5 / 6) 3. (–3, 1) 4. ( -¥, -2) È ( -2, -1) È (1, + ¥)
5. ( -¥, -2) È (-2, -1/ 2) È (1, +¥) 6. ( -¥, 1) È (4, + ¥) 7. (–3, 1)
8. ( -¥,0 ) È (3, ¥ ) 9. (2, 3) 10. ( -¥, -6) È ( -2,0) È (3, +¥) 11. ( -5,1) È {3}
12. ( -1, + ¥) 13. ( -9 / 2, - 2) È (3, + ¥) 1 4 . ( -¥, -5 / 2) È (-2,8)
15. (–1, 0) È (0, 1) 1 6 . [ - 2, -1) È ( -1, 2 ] È [3,4) 17. (-¥, - 2] È (-1, 4)

18. ( -¥, - 1) È (1, + ¥) 19. ( -¥, + ¥) 20. [–1, 0) È (0, 2)
21. x Î (–¥, 1/2] È {1} È [3, 4) È (4, ¥)
18 E
ALLEN BASIC MATHS
BASIC MATHEMATICS EXERCISE-III

1. If A and B are two sets, then A Ç (A È B)' is equal 9. If A Í B, then A Ç B is equal to-
to-
(1) A (2) B (3) A' (4) B'
(1) A (2) B
10. If A and B are any two sets, then A È (A Ç B) is
(3) f (4) none of these
equal to-
2. If A is any set, then-
(1) A (2) B (3) A' (4) B'
(1) A È A' = f (2) A È A' = U
11. Let A and B be two sets such that n(A) = 70,
(3) A Ç A' = U (4) none of these
n(B) = 60 and n(A È B) = 110. Then n(A Ç B) is
3. If A, B be any two sets, then (A È B)' is equal to-
equal to-
(1) A' È B' (2) A' Ç B'
(1) 240 (2) 20 (3) 100 (4) 120
(3) A Ç B (4) A È B
12. The shaded region in the given figure is-
4. If A and B be any two sets, then (A Ç B)' is equal
to -
(1) A' Ç B' (2) A' È B' (3) A Ç B (4) A È B
5. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {1, 2, 5},
B = {6, 7} then A Ç B' is-
(1) B' (2) A (3) A' (4) B.
6. Let A and B be two sets in the universal set. Then (1) A Ç (B È C) (2) A È (B Ç C)
A – B equals- (3) A Ç (B – C) (4) A – (B È C)
(1) A Ç B' (2) A' Ç B 13. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, then the number of proper
(3) A Ç B (4) none of these subsets of A is
7. Two sets A, B are disjoint iff- (1) 120 (2) 30
(1) A È B = f (2) A Ç B ¹ f (3) 31 (4) 32
(3) A Ç B = f (4) A – B = A 14. If A and B are two sets then
8. Which of the following is a null set ? (A – B) È (B – A) È (A Ç B) is equal to-
(1) {0} (1) A È B (2) A Ç B (3) A (4) B
(2) {x : x > 0 or x < 0} 15. Let A and B be two sets then
(3) {x : x2 = 4 or x = 3} (A È B)' È (A' Ç B) is equal to-
(4) {x : x2 + 1 = 0, x Î R} (1) A' (2) A (3) B (4) B'

ANSWER K EY
Q ue. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans . 3 2 2 2 2 1 3 4 1 1 2 4 3 1 1
E 19
BASIC MATHEMATICS EXERCISE-IV
Solve for x Î R (Q.1 to Q.3) 8. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to
1. 4x – 10.2x–1 = 24 1
the base .
2. 4.2 2x x
– 6 = 18.3 2x 2
1 1
x +1 x 2 + 2x -11 9 (i) 1 (ii) (iii)
æ5ö æ 9 ö æ5ö 2 8
3. ç3÷ .ç ÷ =ç ÷
è ø è 25 ø è3ø 1
(iv) 1 6 (v) 2 (vi)
4. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to
2
the base 2. 1
(vii) 2 2 (viii)
(i) 1 (ii)2 (iii) 4 44 2
1 1 9. Find all values of 'a' for which the following equalities
(iv) 8 (v) (vi) hold true.
2 32
(i) log 3a = 2 (ii) log 1/3(a) = 4
1
3
(vii)
16
(viii) 2 (ix) 8 (iii) log 1/3(a) = 0 (iv) log a1 = 0
(v) loga(a + 2) = 2 (vi) log3(a2 + 1) = 1

1 1
(x) 2 2 (xi) 5 (xii) 7
10. Find all values of x for which the following equalities
2 8 hold true.
(i) log 2x2 = 1
1 (ii) log3x = log 3(2 – x)
the base .
3
(iii) log 4x 2 = log 4x
1 1
(i) 1 (ii) (iii) (iv) log 1/2(2x + 1) = log 1/2(x + 1)
3 9 (v) log 1/3(x2 + 8) = –2
(iv) 3 (v) 9 (vi) 81
11. Find all the values of x for which the following
1
3 equalities hold true.
(vii) 3 (viii) 7
3
(ix) 9 3
(i) log 2x2 = 2
1
(x) (ii) log 1/4x 2 = 1
94 3
6. Find all values of 'a' for which each of the following (iii) log1/2x – log1/2(3 – x) = 0
equalities hold true. (iv) log2(x + 1) – log2(2x – 3) = 0
(i) log2a = 2 (ii) log a2 = 1
(iii) log a1 = 0 (iv) log 10(a(a + 3)) = 1 the base 5.

(v) log1/3(a2 – 1) = –1 (vi) log2(a2 – 5) = 2 (i) 1 (ii) 5 (iii) 25
7. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to 1 1
the base 3. (iv) 62 5 (v) (vi)
5 25
(i) 1 (ii) 3 (iii) 9
1 1 1
(vii) (viii) 5 (ix) 5 2
(iv) 8 1 (v)
3
(vi) 3 5
1 1
(vii)
3 3
(viii) 27 3 (ix) 7
9 (x) 5 3 (xi) 4
53 5
20 E
ALLEN BASIC MATHS
13. Find value of following 15. If 2a = 3 and 9b = 4 then value of (ab) is-
(i) log 3- 2 ( 5-2 6 ) (A) 1

(C) 3
(B) 2
(D) 4
(ii) log (6 + 2 5)
( )
5 +1
16. If log 2 4 + log 3 ( x ) = 3 , then sum of digits of x
(iii) log 7 3. log 52.log 37.log 2(125)
is -
(iv) 25log5 3
(A) 3 (B) 6
(v) 6 log6 5 + 3log9 16
(C) 9 (D) 18
1
(vi) log 6 4 + 17. Solve the following equations :
log9 6
14. Find the value of following i. logx–13 = 2
æ 1 ö 1
(i) log5 ç ÷ ii . log 4 (2log 3 (1 + log 2 (1 + 3log 3 x))) =
è 5ø 2
(ii) log 12 8 + log 123 + log 126 ii i. log3(1 + log 3(2x – 7)) = 1
500 4 i v . log3(3x – 8) = 2 – x
(iii) log5 - log 5
3 3
v. x1+ log10 x = 10x
15 13 5
(iv) log39 + log39 - log39 vi. 2(log x 5) 2 - 3log x 5 + 1 = 0
7 3 21
(v) 2log 62 + 3log 63 + log 612
ANSWER K EY
-7
1. x = 3 2 . x = –2 3. x = ,2
2
4. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 3 (v) –1 (vi) –5 (vii) –4 (viii) 1/2
(ix) 1 (x) 3/2 (xi) –1/5 (xii) –3/7
5. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) –1 (v) –2 (vi) –4 (vii) –1/3 (viii) 1/7 (ix) –5/2 (x) 9/4
6. (i) 4 (ii) 2 (iii) a > 0, a ¹ 1 (iv) –5,2 (v) –2,2 (vi) –3,3
7. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 4 (v) –1 (vi) 1/2 (vii) –3/2(viii) 7/2 (ix) 2/7
8. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 3 (iv) –4 (v) –1/2 (vi) 1/2 (vii) –3/2(viii) 9/4
9. (i) 9 (ii) 1/81 (iii) 1 (iv) a > 0, a ¹ 1 (v) 2 (vi) 2, - 2
10. (i) 2, - 2 (ii) 1 (iii) 1 (iv) 0 (v) 1,–1

1 3
11. (i) x = ±2 (ii) x= ± (iii) x = (iv) x = 4
2 2
12. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 4 (v) –1 (vi) –2 (vii) –1/2
(viii) 1/4 (ix) 1/2 (x) 1/3 (xi) 1/3
13. (i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 3 (iv) 9 (v) 9 (vi) 2
-1
14. (i) (ii) 2 (iii) 3 (iv) 1 (v) 4 15. A 16. C
2
17. i. {1 + 3} ii. {3} iii. {4} iv. {2} v. {10–1, 10} vi. { 5, 5}
E 21

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ALLEN BASIC MATHS

numbers are irrational number e.g. 2, 5, 3, 3 10 ; e, p .

(iii) '4' is the smallest composite number.

(vi) ( n a )n = a, where n Î N , n > 2 and 'a' is positive rational number

(xii) a´ b = ab , a,b Î R and ab > 0

(xiii) ( a + b )2 = a + b + 2 ab , a,b Î R and ab > 0

(xiv) ( a – b)2 = a + b – 2 ab , a,b Î R and ab > 0

Evaluate the following

If a x = b, b y = c, c z = a, prove that xyz = 1 where a,b,c are distinct numbers.

Thus, p(a) is remainder on dividing p(x) by (x – a).

19. FACTOR IZAT ION :

(d) (a–b) 3 = a 3–b 3 – 3ab (a–b)

(g) (a + b + c) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

Illustration-5 : (3x – y)2 – (2x – 3y)2

Solution : a6 – b6 = (a2)3 – (b2)3

Solution : x2 + 6x – 187 = x2 + 17x – 11x – 187

Illus tratio n-8 : 9x4 – 10x2 + 1

Solution : 9x4 – 10x2 + 1 = (9x2 – 1) (x2 – 1 )

Solution : x3 – 13x – 12 Q x = –1 satisfies given expression

\ x3 – 13x – 12 = (x + 1) (x2 – x – 12)

Illus tration -11 :

Here a = 4, b = 5 and x = 24.

Closed interval : [a, b] = {x : a £ x £ b} i.e. end points are also included.

This is possible only when both a and b are finite.

(d) The infinite intervals are defined as follows :

(i) (a, ¥ ) = {x : x > a} (ii) [a, ¥) = {x : x ³ a}

(iii) (–¥, b) = {x : x < b} (iv) (–¥, b] = {x : x £ b}

(ii) If there is no values of x, then we say x Î f (null set)

Ex. The set of vowels of English Alphabet may be described as {a, e, i, o, u}

23. TYPES OF SETS :

C Singleton : A set consisting of a single element is called a singleton set.

B – A = B Ç A = {x ; xÎB and xÏA}

(iv) Complement of a set : A' = {x : x Ï A but x Î U} = U – A

e.g. U = {1, 2, ...., 10}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} then A' = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

(vii) Distributive Laws : A È (B Ç C) = (A È B) Ç (A È C) ; A Ç (B È C) = (A Ç B) È (A Ç C)

IF A Ç B = f, then A, B are disjoint.

Note : A Ç A' = f \ A, A' are disjoint.

Sym metric Diffe renc e of S et s :

Po i nts to be reme mber :

then n(A Ç B) = 1000, n(A) = 750, n(B) = 400.

Illustration 12 : If log4m = 1.5, then find the value of m.

p 4 q 4 54a.2 4a (10)4a (100)2a

Illustration 14 : The value of N, satisfying loga[1 + logb{1 + logc(1 + logpN)}] = 0 is -

Þ logb{1 + logc(1 + logpN)} = 0 Þ 1 + logc(1 + logpN) = 1

Þ logc(1 + logpN) = 0 Þ 1 + logpN = 1

Þ logpN = 0 Þ N=1 Ans. (D)

26. FUNDA MENTAL IDENTITIES :

Note : N = (a) log a N e.g. 2 log2 7 = 7

(ii) a log b c = c log b a

log a log a log b log b log c log c

Þ (log a)3 + (log b)3 + (log c)3 = 3loga logb logc

Þ log abc = log 1 Þ abc = 1

Ill us tr atio n 19 : Evaluate : 81

Sol utio n : 81log3 5 + 33log9 36 + 34 log9 7

10. (0.000729) –3/4 × (0.09) –3/4 =

(a, b, c are distinct real numbers)

15. If 9x = 3 92 , then x = (vii) 12x2 + x – 35 (viii) 3x2 – 5x + 2

x 2 - 6x + 9 (2x -1) (x - 1) 2 (x - 3)3

15. (–1, 0) È (0, 1) 1 6 . [ - 2, -1) È ( -1, 2 ] È [3,4) 17. (-¥, - 2] È (-1, 4)

BASIC MATHEMATICS EXERCISE-III

(3) {x : x2 = 4 or x = 3} (A È B)' È (A' Ç B) is equal to-

(4) {x : x2 + 1 = 0, x Î R} (1) A' (2) A (3) B (4) B'

(v) loga(a + 2) = 2 (vi) log3(a2 + 1) = 1

(iii) log a1 = 0 (iv) log 10(a(a + 3)) = 1 the base 5.