LATE CRETACEOUS PLUTONIC AND METAMORPHIC OVERPRINT OF PROTEROZOIC

METASEDIMENTS OF ONTARIO RIDGE, EASTERN SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA

A Thesis

Presented to the

Faculty of

California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

Master of Science

In

Geological Sciences

By

Scott B. Zylstra

2017
 SIGNATURE PAGE

THESIS: LATE CRETACEOUS PLUTONIC AND METAMORPHIC

OVERPRINT OF PROTEROZOIC METASEDIMENTS OF
ONTARIO RIDGE, EASTERN SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS,
CALIFORNIA

AUTHOR: Scott B. Zylstra

DATE SUBMITTED: Fall 2017

Geological Sciences Department

Dr. Nicholas J. Van Buer ________________________________________________

Thesis Committee Chair
Geological Sciences

Dr. Jonathan A. Nourse ________________________________________________

Geological Sciences

Dr. Bryan P. Murray ________________________________________________

Geological Sciences

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many thanks to Drs. Jonathan Nourse and Nicholas Van Buer for countless hours

in research, assistance and editing on this project; to Zhan Peng, Anthony LeBeau and

Karissa Vermillion for laboratory assistance; to the MENTORES program and the Cal Poly

Geology Department for funding; to Joshua Schwartz and Carl Jacobson for valuable

insight; and to Jennifer, Gwendolyn and Lydia Jean Zylstra, without whom this work

would not be possible (and with whom sometimes has been scarcely possible).

iii
 ABSTRACT
The rifting of Rodinia, particularly in western Laurentia, has been a longstanding

geologic problem, as Proterozoic rocks in the western U.S. are few and far between. The

eastern San Gabriel Mountains contain a large metasedimentary package that has never

been dated or thoroughly mapped. We present U-Pb detrital zircon geochronology

results of 439 grains dated at CSUN’s LA-ICPMS; also 24 plutonic grains and 19

metamorphic rims of detrital grains analyzed on Stanford’s SHRIMP-RG, along with a

detailed map, cross section and stratigraphic column for these Ontario Ridge

metasediments. Probability plots of 206Pb/207Pb ages for five quartzite samples show

three distinct peaks at ~1200, 1380-1470 and 1740-1780 Ma. Maximum depositional

age is constrained by 3 grains between 906 to 934 Ma, which are 11-28% discordant.

The ~1200 Ma peak distinguishes the Ontario Ridge quartzites, and is rarely seen in the

western U.S. There are a few minor possible western sources, or, due in part to

similarities with the Big Bear Group (Barth and Wooden, 2009), the rocks may represent

sediment shed from Rodinia’s conjugate rift pair with western Laurentia. (Barth and

Wooden, 2009). The detrital age signature also appears to match preliminary data from

the Potato Mountain block (Premo et al., 2007), displaced ~8 km from the main

metasediment body by the left-lateral San Antonio Canyon fault. The metasediments

are intruded by pre-metamorphic granodiorite of Icehouse Canyon (85.9±0.6 Ma) and

post-metamorphic quartz diorite of Ontario Peak (75.8±0.9 Ma). Two quartzites,

metamorphosed to upper-amphibolite facies, contain zircons with

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metamorphic rims (75.7±1.2 Ma: 12 grains and 76.7±2.4 Ma: 7 grains), consistent with

the last documented plutonic and metamorphic event in the San Gabriel Mountains.

These new data provide important keys for future research into the Proterozoic and

Mesozoic history of southwestern North America, including the breakup of Rodinia.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SIGNATURE PAGE......................................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... viii
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1
Location and Access: .................................................................................................. 1
Previous Work ............................................................................................................ 3
Purpose and Objectives .............................................................................................. 4
Research Questions and Hypotheses ..................................................................... 5
METHODS ..................................................................................................................... 8
Geologic Mapping ....................................................................................................... 8
Sample Collection ....................................................................................................... 9
Zircon Separation........................................................................................................ 9
U/Pb Analyses at California State University: Northridge ...........................................13
U/Pb Analyses at Stanford .........................................................................................15
RESULTS ......................................................................................................................17
Rock Units of the Eastern San Gabriel Mountains......................................................17
Young Quaternary ..................................................................................................17
Older Quaternary....................................................................................................19
Tertiary Volcanics ...................................................................................................20
Tertiary/Cretaceous Mylonites ................................................................................20
Cretaceous Granitoids ............................................................................................27
Triassic Plutonics ...................................................................................................34
Ontario Ridge Metasediments ................................................................................34
Cucamonga Granulite.............................................................................................57
Precambrian Basement ..........................................................................................58
Stratigraphy of the Ontario Ridge Metasediments ......................................................59
Member 10 .............................................................................................................60
Member 9 ...............................................................................................................61
Member 8 ...............................................................................................................61

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 Member 7 ...............................................................................................................62
Member 6 ...............................................................................................................63
Member 5 ...............................................................................................................64
Member 4 ...............................................................................................................65
Member 3 ...............................................................................................................66
Member 2 ...............................................................................................................66
Member 1 ...............................................................................................................67
Geochronology of the Ontario Ridge Study Area........................................................68
DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................78
Precambrian Basement..............................................................................................78
Ontario Ridge Metasediments ....................................................................................79
General Distribution and Thickness ........................................................................79
Structure.................................................................................................................82
Original Stratigraphy ...............................................................................................87
Age.........................................................................................................................91
Cretaceous Plutonics and Metamorphism ................................................................112
CONCLUSIONS ..........................................................................................................114
Recommendations ...................................................................................................116
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................118
APPENDIX ..................................................................................................................... 1

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Overview .............................................................................................................. 2

Figure 2: Snow and pines .................................................................................................... 3
Figure 3: Glass mount ....................................................................................................... 13
Figure 4: Metamorphic zircon ........................................................................................... 14
Figure 5: Igneous zircons .................................................................................................. 15
Figure 6: CL images ........................................................................................................... 15
Figure 7: Quaternary looking down .................................................................................. 19
Figure 8: Quaternary looking up ....................................................................................... 19
Figure 9: Spring Hill landslide toe ..................................................................................... 21
Figure 10: Cascade Canyon landslide ................................................................................ 22
Figure 11: Mylonite with large feldspars .......................................................................... 24
Figure 12: Arkose thin section .......................................................................................... 25
Figure 13: Subarkose thin section with very large feldspar ............................................. 26
Figure 14: Lithic arenite .................................................................................................... 27
Figure 15: San Antonio fault ............................................................................................. 29
Figure 16: Clean Cretaceous granite ................................................................................. 30
Figure 17: Micro-fault in tonalite ...................................................................................... 31
Figure 18: Tonalite and fog ............................................................................................... 32
Figure 19: Tonalite and pine ............................................................................................. 33
Figure 20: Hills of tonalite ................................................................................................. 34
Figure 21a: Hornblende quartz monzonite cataclasite .................................................... 35
Figure 21b: Porphyritic hornblende quartz monzonite with rounded feldspar inclusions
........................................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 22: S-folded biotite paragneiss .............................................................................. 38
Figure 23: Hornblende-biotite schistose paragneiss ........................................................ 39
Figure 24: Fine-grained schistose gneiss .......................................................................... 40
Figure 25: Garnet in biotite gneiss .................................................................................... 41
Figure 26: Plane-polarized opaque vein ........................................................................... 42
Figure 27: Cross-polarized opaque vein............................................................................ 43
Figure 28: Anomalous amphibolite ................................................................................... 44
Figure 29: Leucogranite and hornfels ............................................................................... 45
Figure 30: Schist rind......................................................................................................... 45
Figure 31: Brecciated quartzite ......................................................................................... 46
Figure 33: Cascade to Barrett Canyons ............................................................................. 46
Figure 34: Calc-silicate and fog ......................................................................................... 47
Figure 35: Massive calc-silicate ......................................................................................... 48

viii
Figure 36: Meta-siltstone .................................................................................................. 49
Figure 37: Convolutely folded marble .............................................................................. 50
Figure 38: Folded marble .................................................................................................. 51
Figure 39: Z-folded metachert .......................................................................................... 51
Figure 40: Coarse-grained marble .................................................................................... 52
Figure 41: Fine-grained marble......................................................................................... 53
Figure 42: Coarse- and fine-grained marble ..................................................................... 54
Figure 43a: Quartzite with mica ribbons .......................................................................... 55
Figure 43b: Quartzite with more mica .............................................................................. 56
Figure 44: Clean quartzite ................................................................................................. 57
Figure 45: Rusty quartzite ................................................................................................. 57
Figure 46: Quartzite in broken blocks ............................................................................... 58
Figure 47: Kerkhoff Canyon’s imposing cliffs .................................................................... 58
Figure 48: Kerkhoff Canyon looking up the talus ............................................................. 59
Figure 49: Crenulated corundum+graphite schist from above ........................................ 60
Figure 50: Crenulated corundum+graphite schist from the side ..................................... 60
Figure 51: Precambrian gneiss .......................................................................................... 62
Figure 52: Geologic map Bighorn Peak ............................................................................. 65
Figure 53: Geologic map Kerkhoff Canyon ....................................................................... 67
Figure 54: Geologic map Member 5 ................................................................................. 69
Figure 55: Probability Plots ORM ...................................................................................... 73
Figure 56: Quartzite 1610 ................................................................................................. 75
Figure 57: Quartzite 1619 ................................................................................................. 76
Figure 58: Quartz diorite 1603 .......................................................................................... 77
Figure 59: Concordia 1603 ................................................................................................ 78
Figure 60: Granodiorite 1616 ............................................................................................ 79
Figure 61: Concordia 1616 ................................................................................................ 80
Figure 62: Panorama with fog ........................................................................................... 83
Figure 63: Geologic map Icehouse Canyon ....................................................................... 83
Figure 64: Geologic map Cucamonga Peak....................................................................... 84
Figure 65: Cucamonga Peak eastward .............................................................................. 84
Figure 66: Marble anticline ............................................................................................... 85
Figure 67: Isoclinal amphibolite ........................................................................................ 86
Figure 68: Subtle amphibolite fold ................................................................................... 87
Figure 69: Migmatite fold ................................................................................................. 87
Figure 70: Ontario Ridge east flank .................................................................................. 89
Figure 71: Genly dipping quartzite.................................................................................... 90
Figure 72: Panorama dead tree ........................................................................................ 94

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Figure 73: Ehlig’s geologic map......................................................................................... 96
Figure 73a: Potato Mountain correlation ....................................................................... 100
Figure 73b: Pinto Mountain correlation ......................................................................... 101
Figure 73c: Big Bear Group correlation .......................................................................... 103
Figure 73d: Big Bera Group/miogeoclinal correlation .................................................... 104
Figure 73e: Mojave/Yavapai correlation ........................................................................ 106
Figure 73f: Grand Canyon correlation 1 ......................................................................... 107
Figure 73g: Grand Canyon correlation 2 ......................................................................... 108
Figure 74: Southern California bedrock current distribution ......................................... 109
Figure 75: Southern California bedrock pre-Cenozoic distribution ................................ 110
Figure 76: North American provinces ............................................................................. 112
Figure 77: Rodinia ........................................................................................................... 114
Figure 78: Barrett Canyons ............................................................................................. 117
Figure 79: Ontario Ridge ................................................................................................. 118
Figure 80: Cascade Ridge ................................................................................................ 119

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 INTRODUCTION

Location and Access:

The San Gabriel Mountains in Los Angeles County, California, are mostly

composed of Proterozoic and Mesozoic intrusive and metamorphic rocks. In the eastern

half of the San Gabriels, specifically on and around Ontario, Bighorn and Cucamonga

Peaks, just to the east of Mt. Baldy Road, is an extensive package of metasedimentary

rocks. For simplicity, these will herein be referred to as the Ontario Ridge

metasediments, because around Ontario Ridge the rock units are the best exposed and

most accessible. The word accessible is used somewhat facetiously, as nowhere are

these rocks very accessible at all without great effort. That is why these rocks are very

poorly understood and rarely described, despite their proximity to the enormous Los

Angeles populace and inclusion in an otherwise geologically well-defined mountain

range.

The San Gabriel Mountains in general consist of rumpled mountains around

5,000 feet high, but to the east rise suddenly and dramatically to over 10,000 feet at

their highest point at Mt. San Antonio (10,064’). The Ontario Ridge metasediments,

which wrap around the tallest peaks (all over 8,500’) on extremely steep slopes, are

among the least accessible rocks in California. Not only is the relief problematic, but

bedrock exposure itself is very limited for the southwestern U.S., and where it is

exposed, it is often on steep impassable cliffs. Where there are no cliffs, the terrain is

generally either covered in dense forest with thorny or slippery underbrush or thick

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chaparral, which was condemned as “too low to give shade, too high to see over, and

too thick to go through” (Robinson & Christiansen, 2013). The result is a very intriguing

group of rocks in an area which is almost impossible to reach (see Figures 1 and 2 and

Plate III).

Figure 1 View of Ontario Ridge and the Ontario Ridge metasediments from the northwest. Hogback
landslide crosses San Antonio Creek in lower middle, with Barrett Canyon to its upper right. Just south
(above) that is the Spring Hill landslide.

Figure 2 View east up Barrett Canyon south fork, showing the difficult terrain of the area, including the
cliffy outcrops and snow.

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 Previous Work
Mapping has already been done in the area, but several problems with previous

maps exist. The most comprehensive published map and report, Ehlig’s dissertation of

1958, is very thorough and accurate in many areas, as he personally mapped by foot

much of the Ontario Ridge metasediments. However, his work was done before the

plate tectonics theory was fully developed, and so, though exceptional research for the

time, it contains several inaccuracies, especially in the rock description and

interpretation sections. Any report, no matter how well-executed, done before such a

revolutionary theory must be re-evaluated. Ehlig’s map also does not reach to the full

extent of the metasediments.

May and Walker (1989) categorized several “terranes” in the San Gabriel

Mountains, naming the block including the Ontario Ridge metasediments the San

Antonio terrane. May characterized this as screens and pendants of metasedimentary

rocks entrained in Cretaceous tonalite to granodiorite, bounded by mylonitic belts on

the south and north. The metasediments are uniformly metamorphosed to upper

amphibolite facies, with no evidence of multiple episodes of deformation (though these

may have been obliterated by the latest foliation). Mylonitic deformation and

plutonism were estimated to be roughly concurrent, with the northern and southern

margins of the terrane undergoing earlier and more pervasive deformation. The

“Ontario Ridge metasediments” (ORM) named in this study are differentiated from the

San Antonio terrane in that the terrane encompasses the metasediments, intrusions and

mylonite belts, while the ORM refer exclusively to the metasediments.

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 Jonathan Nourse has spent almost three decades doing field work and mapping

in the eastern San Gabriel Mountains. His field notes and maps have proven invaluable

resources for this study, including his 7.5’ Mt. Baldy Quadrangle map (Nourse et al,

1998) and unpublished mapping done in Icehouse Canyon between 1991-2000. Dibblee

and Minch (2002) essentially borrowed from Nourse’s field maps and Ehlig’s map (1958)

to create the geologic map of the Mt. Baldy Quadrangle. This is the most recent

integrated map of the Ontario Ridge metasediments, but contains many inaccuracies.

The map also does not encompass all of the metasediments, which extend further east

into the Cucamonga quadrangle. Morton and Matti (2002) have mapped the

Cucamonga quadrangle, but detail is sparse: the metasediments for the most part

remain undivided. A detailed, accurate, integrated map encompassing the majority of

the Ontario Ridge metasediments is needed.

Purpose and Objectives

The main purpose of this project is to better understand the Ontario Ridge

metasediments. As there was, before this time, little known in general about the rocks,

the research questions discussed below are very generalized and basic, and future

projects can further investigate more interesting conclusions garnered in this work.

The objectives of this project are to map the ORM thoroughly in at least 1:24,000

scale to assess their lithology, stratigraphy and structure, to create a detailed

stratigraphic column and cross section, to sample quartzites and plutonics in varied

stratigraphic units, and to perform zircon geochronology to better understand the

4
plutonic and metamorphic history of the units. The sum of the data should inform local

and regional correlations of the ORM to other pendants or groups.

Research Questions and Hypotheses

As previously stated, the Ontario Metasediments are often inaccessible and

poorly exposed. As such, there is not a great deal of literature about the rock units,

although a few publications, such as Ehlig (1958), May (1989) and Barth et al. (1991)

have given fairly detailed descriptions of some units. The research questions on the

subject are, of necessity, very simple, and may be broken down into five basic questions

that are briefly discussed below and later addressed in much greater detail:

1. What are the lithologies present in the metasediments and what depositional

and tectonic history do they record?

2. What is the stratigraphy of the metasediments, what is the nature and extent of

foliation and folding, and are any units overturned?

3. What are the ages of provenance of the metasediments, and what is their

maximum depositional age?

4. Can the metasediments be correlated to any other rock units, locally, regionally

or globally?

5. What are the implications and constraints for Late Cenozoic strike-slip fault

displacements?

These questions will be discussed in the Results and Discussion sections of this

paper.

5
 The stratigraphy of the rock units (research question 2) can be tentatively

interpreted based upon map patterns and crosscutting relations: for example, if the

metasediments unconformably overly a gneiss of Precambrian age, the metasediments

must be younger than this basement. However, the rock ages can be much better

constrained by the use of detrital zircon geochronology. Detrital zircons can be

extracted with some difficulty from quartzites, and if at least 4 samples from different

stratigraphic horizons are collected, there is a possibility for at least ascertaining an

average age for the metasedimentary package; and, under fortuitous circumstances, the

age of different units within the stratigraphic sequence can be determined (research

question 3).

The metasediments contain, in part, a relatively pure tan to white quartzite,

arkosic in areas, with very little to no bedding and a fine-grained light blue to grey

bedded marble in the area. Diblee and Minch (2002) have the cleanest and easiest to

read geologic map of the area, but it was largely mapped at a distance and borrowed

from Nourse (1998). They also only mention one other metasedimentary unit (which

further underscores the need for more detailed mapping): a dark grey, foliated mica

schist to gneiss (to phyllite). This is a significant unit, but although Diblee uses it

wherever there is not quartzite or marble, there are additional mappable units, such as

a calc-silicate gneiss marked by sillimanite, diopside and grossular garnet and a very

heavily altered siliceous unit that may represent some sort of impure metasediment

such as a metagreywacke or meta-arkose. These metasediments are frequently

intruded by Cretaceous granitic rocks, noted by the author to be approximately

6
monzogranite to syenogranite in composition, but ranging according to Diblee and

Minch (2002) from granitic to quartz monzonite to possibly granodiorite in composition.

Both the mapping and detrital zircon geochronology, coupled with literature

research, can lead to correlation of the metasedimentary package to other

metasedimentary units in Southern California and around the world (research question

4). Part of this research is on a small-scale, such as the correlation of the nearby Potato

Mountain block with the ORM, which can help constrain Late Cenozoic fault slip

(research question 5); however, correlations can also take on immense implications,

some of a much larger scope than a master’s thesis can address, such as in the breakup

of Rodinia. As noted in the background information section, even the timing of the

breakup of Rodinia is poorly constrained, and detrital zircon data from the San Gabriel

Mountains, which may be related to Rodinia rifting, can help to constrain this.

Another of the main questions about the area is structural in nature: do the

metasediments represent a large interbedded package of limestone, shale, sandstone

and wackestone, or are they folded and overturned, perhaps repeatedly? In the cross

section from Diblee and Minch (2002), the rocks are seen as an interbedded, unfolded

very thick sequence of uniformly northeast-dipping units, although the reality may be

much more complex. In order to tell if any of these units are overturned or even folded,

detailed structural mapping must take place. On the large scale, attitudes must be

taken all over the mapping area to determine the general trend of the units, to

determine if they nearly always do trend northeast, or if there are conflicting patterns

present.

7
 METHODS

Geologic Mapping

The most comprehensive and straightforward approach that can neatly and

thoroughly answer all of these questions is by way of a detailed and accurate geologic

map. As noted, mapping has already been done in the area, but several problems with

previous maps exist - see discussion in Previous Work. A new high-resolution geologic

map of the study area was produced, largely based on first-person observations to

ensure maximum precision and accuracy, with minimal interpolation of rock units based

on laser range finder surveys and/or orientation of rock units in other map areas. It

definitively identifies all lithologies present (research question 1), and when a significant

rock unit is not of mappable scale, it is described and noted in the legend.

The map was done at a small enough scale so that individual metasedimentary

units can be distinguished, but large enough so that the entirety of the Ontario Ridge

metasediments can be visualized. A small scale aids in finding fine stratigraphic

patterns, while a large scale maintains the geologic “big picture” of the entire

metasedimentary package, so a careful balance should be maintained. All adjacent rock

units are related in some way and affect or are affected by their neighbors, so the

lithologies adjacent to the metasediments should be carefully mapped as well.

Geologic mapping was conducted over the course of many day trips and an

overnight trip into the high country of the San Gabriel Mountains and the Cucamonga

Wilderness. Strikes and dips were taken by the author or assistants at the locations

shown, or in rare cases taken at distance by sight. Most of the map area has been

8
directly traversed and observed firsthand, and in areas that could not be accessed due

to topography, brush, and/or time constraints, gaps were filled in by sight from distance

or by laser range finder, or in the most remote, rare cases, units mapped were taken

from Nourse (1998 and unpublished 1991-2000), Morton and Matti (2001) or Dibblee

(2002).

Sample Collection
6 quartzite samples, shown in Plates 1 and 2, were strategically taken from

varying stratigraphic horizons, and 25 hand samples of all present lithologies were

collected. Hand samples were cut and processed into thin sections and were visually

analyzed for mineral assemblage and deformation fabrics, which should yield

information of metamorphic facies and protolith composition.

Zircon Separation
The quartzite samples were then crushed using a 10-pound sledgehammer

against the rock, which was set on a hardened steel plate with a two-fold wooden board

behind. Each sample was crushed into 1-cm maximum diameter pieces, then run

through a rock pulverizer which crushed the quartzites to very fine sand (30 microns

maximum diameter). The pulverizer, sledgehammer, steel plate, workspace and all

associated equipment had to be painstakingly and thoroughly cleaned before and after

each sample was run so as not to cross-contaminate samples.

As quartzite is primarily composed of quartz with some feldspar and/or lithics,

an extensive separation process was necessary to find and extract as much zircon as

9
possible from each sample (100-150 zircons in each sample is considered robust enough

for detrital geochronologic data). This began with sifting an industrial (10-centimeter

diameter) neodymium magnet through the sand to remove the obviously magnetic

minerals. Next was the use of a Gemeni water table used to separate the heavy

minerals, such as zircon (density 4.65 g/cm3), from the light minerals, such as quartz and

feldspars. The water table and all equipment used also had to be flawlessly cleaned

before and after each sample was run. At this point, the cleaning process, which may be

the most time-consuming of all the zircon preparation steps, becomes crucial, as the

fraction of zircon is increasing at such a rate that the chances of a stray grain being

recorded is higher.

This yielded a collection of heavy minerals of about 50 grams, which were then

allowed to soak first in acetic acid and then hydrogen peroxide for at least 24 hours

each. This was to remove carbonates and sulfide minerals such as pyrite. The samples

were then run through two separate heavy liquids, first lithium metatungstate and then

methylene iodide, which ideally removed residual quartz and feldspar from the zircon.

Zircon has a quite low magnetic susceptibility, even relative to other traditionally

“nonmagnetic” minerals like sphene and rutile. Thus, the next step in zircon separation

was to run the sand of each through a Frantz magnetic separator to further remove

sphene and other heavy minerals with higher magnetic susceptibilities than zircon. Each

sample, now less around 25 grams, was run through the Frantz at a high angle at least

twice, and a few samples that still appeared to have a large proportion of other minerals

were run through the Frantz twice more at a much lower angle and orientation.

10
 The samples, which now were reduced to 400-500 grains, could then be added

to tape mounts on thin glass slides which would eventually be polished into grain

mounts. Ideally, these grains will already be almost all zircons, and in the case of

igneous zircons often are, but for 3 out of 4 of these metasedimentary samples the

zircons had to be picked by hand from the reduced sample and placed individually on

the grain mount (see Figure 3).

11
Figure 3 Reflected light image of grain mount with quartzites dated at Cal State Northridge: sample
1610 on top and 1601 below, with standards in the center, R33 on left and 91500 on right.

12
 U/Pb Analyses at California State University: Northridge
Once the grain mounts were prepared they were taken to California State

University-Northridge (CSUN) and cathodiluminescence (CL) images were taken using a

scanning electron microscope (see Figures 4 and 5). The images were then stitched

together and maps created of each sample mount using PowerPoint (as seen in Figure

6). The samples were then dated using Northridge’s Laser-ablation Inductively-coupled

Plasma Mass Spectrometer (LA-ICP-MS).

Figure 4 Cathodiluminescence image of detrital zircon from sample 1616. Note the wavy metamict rim.

13
Figure 5 Cathodiluminescence images from detrital zircons of sample 1603 dated at Cal State Northridge.
Note the many euhedral igneous layers around the rims.

Figure 6 Cathodiluminescence image of detrital zircons from sample 1610 showing my system of
numbering grains to be spotted. All grains that were large enough and did not have suspicious dark spots
were spotted.

Laser ablation works by focusing a laser beam on a sample to generate fine

particles. After this, the ablated particles are transported to a secondary excitation

14
source of the ICP-MS instrument, where the sampled mass is ionized. The excited ions

in the plasma torch then undergo elemental and isotopic analysis in a mass spectometer

detector. (Russo et al., 1999).

A great effort was made so that zircons were extracted, picked and ablated at

random, with no preference for grain size or shape, excluding only grains that were too

small to be ablated by the laser. In this way grain ages should represent a random

sampling and not be biased in any way.

During the dating process, standards of known age, specifically MADDER (~513

Ma) and Temora (~417 Ma) were used for the Stanford samples, and Temora-2 (~404

Ma), R-33 (~419 Ma), Plesovice (~336 Ma), and 91500 (~1047 Ma) were used for the

Northridge samples. These standards were run by themselves for quality control at the

beginning of each analysis day (3 days), and then were interspersed among the grains of

unknown grains to prevent machine drift. As each grain was analyzed, it was numbered

(Figure 6) on the CL map.

U/Pb Analyses at Stanford

Both detrital and plutonic zircons were analyzed on the Stanford/USGS SHRIMP-

RG (Sensitive High-Resolution Ion Microprobe, Reverse Geometry). Plutonic sample

mounts were prepared according to the steps detailed above, as were the detrital

mounts, except in the latter case zircons were placed with their widest, flattest sides

face down on an indium mount. When used in depth-profiling mode, the SHRIMP has

high enough spatial precision (see Ireland, 2014) to analyze metamorphic rims even

15
when they are only a few microns thick around older detrital cores, revealing an age of

latest metamorphism of the metasediments.

16
 RESULTS
This section includes the lithology of all the rocks in the eastern San Gabriel

Mountains, the stratigraphy of the Ontario Ridge metasediments, and the result of

geochronology work done on plutonic and detrital zircons around the ORM.

Rock Units of the Eastern San Gabriel Mountains

Below follows a complete list of the rocks of the San Antonio terrane, including

the Ontario Ridge metasediments, Precambrian gneisses west of the San Antonio

Canyon fault, Triassic and Cretaceous intrusives (and occasionally volcanics), and

overlying Quaternary landslide blocks, talus and alluvium. Wording used is a

combination of the author’s, mapping from Nourse (Nourse et al, 1998) including

unpublished mapping in Icehouse Canyon from 1991-2000, Dibblee & Minch’s geologic

map of the Mt. Baldy Quadrangle (2002), and Morton & Matti’s geologic map of the

Cucamonga quadrangle (2001). Also included are the author’s comments based on thin

section analysis and multiple photos of representative outcrops.

Young Quaternary
Qt: Late Quaternary talus breccia and other angular colluvium, poorly

consolidated and generally unvegetated (see Figures 7 and 8).

17
Figure 7 View looking west-southwest from halfway up Kerkhoff Canyon, showing a good example of
Quaternary talus, steep along the sides of the canyon (right) and gently sloping along the bottom of the
canyon.

Figure 8 View looking east up Kerkhoff Canyon, showing large quartzite cliffs in the top right and
Quaternary talus in the valley below.

Qa: Late Quaternary alluvium, generally restricted to modern drainages.

Unconsolidated, moderately sorted braided stream deposits composed of rounded

boulders to medium sand.

18
Older Quaternary
Qoa: Older Quaternary alluvial terraces, subhorizontally bedded, with basal

unconformities intermittently preserved as much as 50 m above modern-day San

Antonio Creek. Bottom layers composed of rounded cobbles and boulders are typically

overlain by new alluvium. May interfinger with Qls deposits. Outcrops near the southern

front of the range.

Ql: Sizeable Quaternary landslide with anomalous vegetation and characteristic

geomorphology. Poorly sorted angular debris or colluvial wedges, moderately

consolidated, may be heavily vegetated (See Figures 9 and 10).

Figure 9 Toe of the Spring Hill landslide block, looking east from the north side of Cascade Canyon. The
block is several dozen meters thick.

19
Figure 10 Part of the zone of depletion of the Spring Hill landslide, looking north from Cascade Canyon
east of the Barrett-Stoddard road.

Tertiary Volcanics
Tr: Tertiary rhyolite porphyry dikes and sills. Dacite and quartz latite varieties are

less common. Distinguished by prominent subspherical quartz phenocrysts, with sparse

biotite. . 40Ar/39Ar analyses indicate a latest Oligocene age (P. Weigand, unpublished

data). Geochemically identical (Nourse and others, 1998) to porphyritic biotite granite of

Telegraph Peak, which yields latest Oligocene to Early Miocene ages (May and Walker,

1989 {U/Pb}; Miller and Morton, 1977 {K/Ar}; P. Weigand, unpublished data {40Ar/39Ar}).

Most occurrences not visible at map scale, except two small blocks in southeast and

northwest.

Tertiary/Cretaceous Mylonites
bbm: Late Cretaceous prograde “black belt” mylonite mostly composed of quartz

and mica that is largely retrograded to amphibolite and greenschist-grade mylonite and

cataclasite. Exposed east of lower San Antonio Canyon (Hsui, 1961; May, 1986; May and

20
Walker, 1989). May also contain hornblende granulitic gneiss, locally containing

sillimanite, garnet and diopside; severely metamorphosed from Ontario Ridge

metasediments, but predominantly Kt. Locally contains lenses of white marble and

(sample 1607) intact foliated xenoliths composed of large fractured and broken

feldspars with mylonitized intergrowths of mica. This north-dipping shear zone

separates footwall cg from hanging wall Kt and ms. See figures 11-14 for thin section

examples.

Figure 11 Cross-polarized thin section view of heavily sheared mylonite with very large lightly altered and
"scratched" porphyroclasts of feldspar.

21
Figure 12 Cross-polarized thin section with highly mylonitized quartz and mica ribbons enveloping
relatively pristine feldspar porphyroclasts.

22
Figure 13 Another example of a cross-polarized thin section with highly mylonitized quartz ribbons
enveloping relatively pristine feldspar porphyroclasts, some very large.

23
Figure 14 Cross-polarized thin section view of biotite-quartz mylonite.

KTmy: Mylonitized orthogneisses, retrograded and sheared during movement on

the Vincent thrust. This unit, restricted to the lowermost 10-1000m of the upper plate,

structurally overlies lower plate Pelona Schist along a concordant, low-angle fault

contact. Penetrative Late Cretaceous-Paleocene mylonitic fabric associated with

chlorite-epidote alteration (Ehlig, 1981; Jacobson et al., 1989) is superimposed on older

mylonitic and/or amphibolite facies crystalloblastic fabric. Intruded by unfoliated

Triassic dikes and sills. Protoliths include Precambrian gneisses, Triassic Mt. Lowe

24
plutonic suite, Triassic quartz diorite, Jurassic biotite granodiorite, Cretaceous quartz

diorite, and pegmatite/leucogranite of Late Jurassic or Late Cretaceous age. See Figure

15.

25
Figure 15 Strain of the San Antonio Canyon fault seen in highly mylonitized
quartzite (KTmy) near the north end of Barrett-Stoddard Road.

26
Cretaceous Granitoids
Kg: Late Cretaceous fine- to medium-grained, subporphyritic, weakly foliated

leucocratic biotite monzogranite to granodiorite. Composed of essentially sodic

plagioclase feldspar, K-feldspar and quartz in nearly equal proportions, and minor

amounts of biotite mica akes. Hard but brittle; weathers o-white. Intrudes as small

stocks, dikes and sills into Kt, bbmy, and ms units on and around Ontario Ridge (May and

Walker, 1989) and west of Lower San Antonio Canyon. See figure 16.

Figure 16 Cretaceous granite (Kg). This rock frequently has this clean, fresh appearance, with little to no
metamorphic foliation. It has a weak magmatic foliation, which can be seen by the biotite elongation
roughly parallel to the hammer handle.

Kt: Fairly uniformly mylonitized tonalitic rocks. Homogeneous, gray,

porphyroblastic mylonite; zone is 200 to 400 m in width. Mylonite is tonalite

composition, but ranges to diorite and monzogranite locally. Very fine-grained to

aphanitic, having porphyroclasts of plagioclase, quartz, and most notably porphyroclasts

or porphyroblasts of hornblende as much as 3 cm in length. Most elongate

27
porphyroclasts or porphyroblasts show strong preferential orientation down dip.

Includes dark-gray to black, aphanitic mylonite and ultramylonite layers approximately 3

cm thick. Quartz diorite near Ontario Peak which shows no metamorphic foliation was

dated at 75.8±0.9 Ma. See Figures 17-21.

Figure 17 Micro-fault in pegmatite dike in Cretaceous tonalite (Kt). This tonalite appears to have a
metamorphic foliation, especially in the region of the fault.

28
Figure 18 View looking west from Ontario Ridge. Some Kt in left foreground.

29
Figure 19 Prominent outcrop of Cretaceous tonalite with characteristic rounded weathering. This is the
locality of dated sample SZ 1603.

30
Figure 20 View looking south from Stoddard Peak. Tan outcrops are tonalite (Kt). May and Walker’s
dated Kt sample (1989) was taken from these outcrops.

31
Figure 21a Cross-polarized thin section view of hornblende quartz monzonite cataclasite.

32
Figure 21b Cross-polarized thin section view of porphytic hornblende quartz monzonite with small
rounded quartz and feldspar inclusions.

Kc: Massive to foliated charnockite. Forms irregular to tabular masses as much

as 2 km long. Near-white, medium to coarse grained. Consists mainly of plagioclase and

hypersthene, biotite, garnet, and quartz. Much of charnockite has been affected by

retrograde metamorphism, which affects not only charnockite, but surrounding

granulitic gneiss.

33
 Kq: Quartz diorite exposed north of the San Gabriel fault on the south face of

Mount San Antonio and Bear Canyon; contains abundant xenoliths of TRd. Intruded by

Kg and pegmatite.

Ki: Late Cretaceous medium grained, porphyritic hornblende-biotite granodiorite

to hornblende quartz monzonite to monzonite (sample 1612), with some sericitized

feldspars, quartz often in small rounded inclusions, and large hornblende often resorbed

by feldspars. Moderately to weakly foliated. Occurs on Mt. San Antonio, Ontario Ridge,

and Glendora Ridge. Sample with weak metamorphic foliation from Falling Rock Canyon

dated at 85.9±0.6 Ma in this study. Porphyritic granodiorite on south wall of Icehouse

Canyon contains K-feldspar phenocrysts up to 4 cm long.

Triassic Plutonics
TRd: Triassic or Jurassic(?) biotite+/- hornblende quartz diorite or diorite, ne to

medium grained, poorly to moderately foliated, commonly recrystallized. Spatially

associated with the Triassic Mt. Lowe intrusive suite. Some phases are intruded by a

Triassic biotite quartz monzonite. Contains abundant pCg and pCa to Precambrian

biotite augen gneiss to biotite granodiorite xenoliths. Rarely contains irregular bodies of

poorly foliated gabbro or pyroxenite, medium to coarse grained. This gabbroic unit may

be strongly recrystallized, with mafic minerals replaced by biotite.

Ontario Ridge Metasediments

ms: Undifferentiated metasedimentary rocks at upper amphibolite facies,

strongly foliated and isoclinally folded at middle-upper amphibolite facies. Intruded by

34
Ki, Kt, and Kg units in that order. Maximum depositional age 906-934 Ma (see Discussion

section).

g: Biotite paragneiss (Figures 22-24), garnet-biotite-quartzofeldspathic gneiss

(Figure 25), hornblende-biotite-quartzofeldspathic schist with small circular interspersed

quartz (Figures 26 and 27), amphibolite (Figure 28) and migmatite with well-developed

mm-cm scale chevron isoclinal folds. Intruded by and deformed with leucocratic biotite

granite (Figure 29) or pegmatite dikes and veins. Ubiquitous among ms, sometimes only

as crusts on q (Figures 30 and 31). May weather into orange-brown slopes (see Figures

32 and 33).

Figure 22 Biotite schistose paragneiss with tight s-folds.

35
Figure 23 Cross-polarized thin section view of a bt-hbl schistose quartzofeldspathic gneiss. Note the
biotite and amphiboles are very large, while the quartz and feldspars are much smaller. This could
indicate a porphyroclastic origin for biotite and amphiboles.

36
Figure 24 Cross-polarized thin section view of hornblende-biotite fine-grained schistose gneiss.

37
Figure 25 The biotite schistose paragneiss can locally contain large (4 cm) subhedral garnets which are
riddled with inclusions.

38
Figure 26 Plane-polarized thin section view of an opaque vein in a heavily altered phyllitic schist.

39
Figure 27 Cross-polarized thin section view of an opaque vein that creates(?) fine-grained alteration of
surrounding biotite-quartzofeldspathic phenocrysts.

40
Figure 28 Cross-polarized thin section view of amphibolite and opaque minerals and veins which fracture
anomalously large amphibole phenocrysts.

41
Figure 29 Leucogranite with subhedral andradite. This is likely a leucosome. The country rock is a
metasandstone that has been contact metamorphosed to hornfels facies.

Figure 30 Hbl+bt schist forms a melanocratic rind on quartzite. This rind may prevent the quartzite from
eroding, or else the rind may be preserved because of its close contact with the quartzite.

42
Figure 31 Example of brecciated quartzite in biotite schist which forms a rind on the quartzite. This
schistose rind is common on quartzites, but in this case the brecciated quartz pebbles indicate that
according to protoliths, the quartz arenite is older than the shale.

Figure 33 View looking north from Peak 6857' (where sample SZ 1701 was collected) up Ontario Ridge,
showing metasediments and plutonics of unknown composition between Cascade Canyon and Barrett
Canyons.

43
 cs: Tightly folded or massive (Figures 34 and 35) calc-silicate gneiss composed of

calcite and quartz banding, diopside, wollastonite, forsterite and occasionally grossular.

Figure 34 Calc-silicate outcrop near Bighorn Peak along Ontario Ridge.

44
Figure 35 Massive calc-silicate boulder on the ridge south of Cascade Canyon.

mss: Rusty-looking fine-crystalline meta-sandstone (see Figure 36) with traces of

hematite, pyrite and lazurite and protoliths of lithic arenite, arkose with large feldspars

and some high birefringence minerals (sample 1620C), feldspathic litharenite and

sublitharenite, the last composed of very fine-grained quartz with some small and very

large lithics (mica and amphibole with larger medium-sized, moderately rounded

plagioclase grains, and some larger high birefringence lithics, with some large

porphyroblasts or veins of quartz (sample 1620A-B). Sample 1620A also contains veins

of an opaque mineral, usually surrounding a fine-grained or very fine-grained matrix of

micas.

45
Figure 36 Foliated meta-siltstone on Ontario Ridge with some original bedding preserved.

m: Complexly folded (Figures 37 and 38) calcite to dolomite marble (Figure 39),

pristine in certain locales (1622C), fine to medium-crystalline, bedded, white (calcite) to

medium to light blue-gray (dolomite), often contains small rounded forsterite (sample

1608 and 1622C – see Figures 40-42).

46
Figure 37 Example of convoluted folding in marble.

47
Figure 38 Typical fold in marble. Grey and white bands generally composed of calcite and tan bands
dolomite. Found in large marble swath in Member 3.

Figure 39 Marble with interbedded chert in complex z-folds.

48
Figure 40 Cross-polarized thin section view of marble with large and small-scale calcite phenocrysts and
fractured forsterite.

49
Figure 41 Cross-polarized thin section view of a typical medium-grained marble with some forsterite.

50
Figure 42 Cross-polarized thin section view of very large-grained marble with some forsterite in close
contact with olivine-plagioclase schist.

q: Quartzite, variably sheared (sample 1620 – see Figure 43), occasionally white

(as in Figure 44) but more often with orange-colored weathered surfaces (Figures 45

and 46). May have very large grains, occasional forsterite and small rounded feldspar

inclusions (sample 1601B), or may present highly sheared quartzite ribbons with some

mica ribbons and oddly pristine euhedral feldspar (sample 1605B). May contain a

significant component of feldspar and biotite, or small lithics and small rounded

quartz(?) inclusions. May form large cliffs on the flanks of Ontario Ridge (Figures 47 and

51
48). Some mica fish and large heavily altered feldspar porphyroblasts present (Sample

1604).

Figure 43a Typical quartzite viewed in cross-polarized light. Both large- and small-scale quartz ribbons
and some mica ribbons.

52
Figure 43b Typical quartzite viewed in cross-polarized light. Both large- and small-scale quartz ribbons
and some mica ribbons.

53
Figure 44 Clean white quartzite from the ridge bridging North and South Barrett Canyons.

Figure 45 Red-weathering subarkosic quartzite with banded layers of plagioclase visible underneath
pencil.

54
Figure 46 Typical messy, broken blocks of quartzite outcrops, in Barrett Canyon. Cliffs of presumed
quartzite seen on south ridge of Barrett Canyon South Fork on right.

Figure 47 View looking south-southwest at immense quartzite cliffs south of Kerkhoff Canyon. The lower
cliffs in the foreground have a brown appearance which is due to mostly surficial weathering.

55
Figure 48 View looking east up the upper reaches of Kerkhoff Canyon. On the right (south) are the large
quartzite cliffs where sample SZ1619 was collected, and on the left (north) is a leucogranite, although they
look identical from this distance.

c: Corundum granofels to schist, exposed in landslide blocks on Barrett-Stoddard

Road, and in place on Ontario Ridge (see Figures 49 and 50). Marker bed that contains

euhedral pink corundum.

56
Figure 49 Crenulated very finely crystalline corundum+graphite schist.

Figure 50 Crenulated very finely crystalline corundum+graphite schist.

Cucamonga Granulite
cg: Mylonitized orthogneisses, retrograded and sheared during movement on

the Vincent thrust. This unit, restricted to the lowermost 10-1000m of the upper plate,

57
structurally overlies lower plate Pelona Schist along a concordant, low-angle fault

contact. Penetrative late Cretaceous-Paleocene mylonitic fabric associated with chlorite-

epidote alteration (Ehlig, 1981; Jacobson et al., 1989) is superimposed on older

mylonitic and/or amphibolite facies crystalloblastic fabric. Intruded by unfoliated Tr

dikes and sills. Protoliths include pC gneisses, Triassic Mt. Lowe plutonic suite, TRd,

Jurassic plutonics, Kq, and pegmatite/leucogranite of Late Jurassic or Late Cretaceous

age.

Precambrian Basement
pCa: Augen gneiss, light gray, gneissoid quartz monzonite to granodiorite,

composed of feldspar, quartz and biotite and large porphyroblasts (augen) of K-feldspar

(microcline); in Mint Canyon quadrangle radiometric age ca. 1.65-1.7 Ga (Silver, 1971;

Barth et al. 1995); includes mixtures of unit pCg. One mappable outcrop in northwest

corner of map.

pCg: Undifferentiated Paleoproterozoic fine-grained Mendenhall gneiss

recrystallized under upper amphibolite facies (see Figure 51). Composes wall rocks to

pCa. Finely banded, millimeter-scale foliation may appear mylonitic. Commonly displays

recumbent isoclinal folds and preserves multiple generations of deformational fabric.

Oldest basement lithology recognized in the western San Gabriel Mountains (Silver,

1971; Barth et al., 1995). Derived from texturally diverse igneous and/or immature

sedimentary protoliths with felsic to mafic compositional ranges.

58
Figure 51 Outcrop of Precambrian gneiss just west of Mt. Baldy Road, also west of San Antonio Canyon.
Dip is southwest like the regional trend.

Stratigraphy of the Ontario Ridge Metasediments

Much of the main field data from the project are contained in Plate 1, the

geologic map of the Ontario Ridge metasediments. The map both provides a detailed

view of the structure and stratigraphy of the metasediments as well as their local

context, including all rocks with which they are in contact on every side. More detailed

results on the stratigraphy and structure of the ORM are presented in Plate 2, a pseudo-

stratigraphic column of the entire section inspired by and including data from Ehlig

(1958), with the metasediments divided into 10 general members and described in

detail. This column is to scale and gives a visual representation of all lithologies in the

section, as well as their thickness and resistance to erosion. Each member is also

described below:

59
Member 10
Upper portion leucocratic migmatite with minor melanocratic gneiss and locally

containing small pods of hornblende rock derived from marble; melanocratic gneiss in

lower portion; large swath of marble in lower portion with basal calc-silicate and calc-

silicate east of Bighorn Peak, sparse quartzite outcrops. Also includes quartzite layer

near Shortcut Ridge with ~1 m of biotite-hornblende-quartz gneiss near center.

Migmatite: light gray, medium to fine-grained; vague irregular compositional

layering, layers locally intrude one another; ptygmatically folded; thin irregular aplite

bodies common; average composition about 55% feldspar, 35% quartz and 10%

hornblende; biotite locally present; scattered euhedra of sphene usually visible in hand

specimen.

Melanocratic gneiss: conspicuously banded with dark gray layers 1-10 cm thick

alternating with whitish gray layers mostly less than 5 cm thick; layers irregularly to

semiregularly folded with wavelengths of a few inches; fold axes subparallel; dark layers

fine-grained, foliated, compositionally variable but typically about 60% hornblende

and/or biotite, 30% plagioclase and 10% quartz; light layers fine- to medium-grained,

occassionally of an aplitic texture, lenticular with irregular shapes, composed of quartz

and feldspar.

Quartzite: light gray, granoblastic, fine- to medium-grained; very thin poorly-

defined bedding; tightly folded in most outcrops with fold amplitudes of tens to

hundreds of cm, sheared folds locally simulate crossbedding; average quartz content

about 80%, biotite most common accessory.

60
 210 meter thickness

Member 9
Gneisses and migmatites dominant; migmatite extensively developed along

south side of Icehouse Canyon; roughly 15 meters of dolomite marble and minor calc-

silicate rocks 80 meters below top of member; minor marble and calc-silicate rocks

interbedded near base; graphite-rich schists locally present.

Gneisses: dominantly melanocratic, fine-grained, highly deformed; contains

irregular quartzofeldspathic layers; essential constituents biotite, hornblende, feldspar

and quartz.

Migmatite: melanocratic, fine- to medium-grained; irregularly banded to non-

banded, non-banded portions aplite-like in appearance; about 20 to 40% quartz, 50 to

60% feldspar, and 10 to 20% hornblende and/or biotite.

Dolomite marble: white, medium- to coarse-grained; essential constituents

dolomite, calcite and forsterite; locally contains small pods of spinel-phlogopite rock;

squeezed into large lenticular bodies between Kerkhoff and Icehouse canyons.

274 meter thickness

Member 8
White to medium gray quartzite, commonly stained red-brown by iron oxides,

fine- to medium-grained; bedding very thin and generally indistinct; tight, small-scale

folds abundant in some places; dominantly granoblastic quartz; sillimanite, biotite and

orthoclase important constituents in some strata; mylonitized at northern and southern

61
edges; zircon as a minor accessory. Sparse outcrops of marble. On Ontario Ridge

outcrops are mainly tonalite with blebs of quartzite (see Figure 52).

290 meter thickness

Figure 52 Excerpt from geologic map (see Plate I) of Ontario Peak, Bighorn Peak and Icehouse Saddle.
Note the swath of Black belt mylonite near the northern margin of the San Antonio terrane. Tonalite (Kt)
generally in the south and Icehouse granodiorite (Ki) in the north around Icehouse Saddle. Also note large
calc-silicate outcrop in lower right corner.

Member 7
Quartzofeldspathic biotite gneisses, graphite-sillimanite-biotite schist and minor

interbeds and pockets of quartzite and marble; mostly gneiss east of Ontario Ridge;

schist dominant west of Ontario Ridge; some significant outcrops of marble on Ontario

Ridge and some quartzite and marble on the west flank (see Figure 53).

1701 meter thickness

62
Member 6
Thin-bedded sequence of quartzite layers with cyclically interbedded hornfels

and schist (see Figure 53); some hydrothermally altered metasandstone including meta-

arkose, meta-lithic arkose and meta-litharenite around Barrett-Stoddard Road with

abundant hematite and some lazurite; outcrops typically stained with hematite; pyrite

and graphite present in most rocks; sparse well-bedded marble outcrops. Thick, white,

medium-grained, granoblastic quartzite about 50 meters thick may be part of this

member, but its relationship is unclear as it cannot be traced to Ontario Ridge; thin

bedded in lower portion with interbeds of schist and gneiss near base; bedding

indistinct in upper portion; very resistant to weathering.

Figure 53 Excerpt of geologic map (see Plate I) showing the lower reaches of Ontario Ridge, Barrett
Canyon in lower left corner and Kerkhoff Canyon in the upper left corner. Note large swath of quartzite

63
near Kerkhoff Canyon/Barrett Canyon North Fork which becomes covered by a landslide in its upper
reaches.

Hornfels: fine- to very fine-grained gray grains on fresh surface; very hard;

irregular fracture; in laminated beds mostly 35 to 100 cm thick; composition variable,

includes includes diopside-quartz rock, tremolite-plagioclase-quartz rock; tremolite-

quartz-albite rock and slightly schistose muscovite-bearing rocks; mostly associated with

quartzites.

Quartzite: mostly gray, fine grained; interbedded with hornfels and schist; about

16 meters of indistinctly bedded, white to light gray quartzite near middle of member.

Schists: fine-to very fine-grained; varieties include scapolite-quartz-muscovite-

plagioclase schist, sillimanite-biotite schist, cordierite-anthophyllite schist; as much as

25% graphite in some strata.

Marble: medium to dark gray, fine- to medium-grained, in laminated beds 1 to 4

feet thick; external deformation of beds slight, internally lamina commonly boudinaged

or contorted or less commonly brecciated; forsterite dominant calc-silicate mineral.

1658 meter thickness

Member 5
Dominantly corundum granofels to schist (Ehlig’s “plagioclase rock”) with minor

sillimanite-biotite schist locally present near base, scattered beds of quartzite and some

marble interbedded near top; grades upward and westward into marble in Cascade

Canyon; pyrite and graphite present in most rocks; good exposures limited to the upper

half of Cascade Canyon but present in landslide blocks along Barrett-Stoddard road

north of Cascade Canyon (see Figure 54).

64
Figure 54 Excerpt from the geologic map (see Plate I) showing peak 6857' and the enigmatic member 5
(labeled c). The marble units in members 3 and 4 may form a syncline with metasandstone/biotite gneiss
in the core, east-southeast of Spring Hill.

Plagioclase rock: thin-bedded to laminated; gray on fresh surface, red-brown on

weathered surface; very fine-grained in lower Cascade Canyon grading to fine-to

medium-grained in upper part of canyon; as much as 80% albite or oligoclase;

plagioclase granoblastic, unzoned and untwinned or only slightly twinned; several

percent graphite and pyrite generally present; accessories present in some strata

include corundum, sillimanite, tremolite and rutile.

114 meter thickness

Member 4
Quartzite: very resistant; forms steep crested ridge south of Cascade Canyon;

outcrops typically craggy and jointed; massive to vague parallel stratification; sugary

65
white; composed of more than 90% quartz in medium-grained highly sutured granules;

oligoclase and potassium feldspar in small anhedral grains principal minor accessories;

bedding locally marked by concentrations of zircon and rutile; metasomatic feldspar

locally present along healed fractures particularly near quartz monzonite; muscovite

widely distributed as small inconspicuous plates scattered over joint surfaces.

119 meter thickness

Member 3
Dolomite marble with calc-silicate rock interbedded in lower half; contains

scattered interbeds of biotite-quartz-plagioclase gneiss and quartzite in upper and

middle portions, with hydrothermally altered, hematite-stained meta-arkose, meta lithic

arkose and meta-lithic arenite exposed near Barrett-Stoddard Road in the upper section.

Dolomite marble: white to light gray, medium to coarse-grained; ranges from

nearly pure dolomite to as much as 40% forsterite and chondrodite in a calcite matrix;

small thin pods of red-brown phlogopite and dark green spinel abundant along some

horizons; massive appearing on fresh surfaces, differential solution of calcite brings out

laminated bedding on weathered surfaces.

357 meter thickness

Member 2
Upper portion dominantly melanocratic biotite gneiss with some laminated calc-

silicate rock interbedded near top; exposures poor. Middle portion mostly dolomite

marble; lower portion interbedded dolomite marble and calc-silicate rock; might

66
represent synclinally infolded part of member 3; contact with member 3 poorly

exposed.

Dolomite marble: white, fine- to medium-grained; 80 to 90% calcite plus

dolomite, 10 to 20% pale green diopside, pale yellow forsterite and light red-brown

phlogopite in variable proportions; contains abundant rolls, pods and angular plates of

calc-silicate rock three inches or less in maximum dimension which weather from the

marble.

Melanocratic gneiss: fine to medium-grained; biotite, quartz and plagioclase

essential minerals; garnets abundant in some strata; cordierite and sillimanite

accompany garnet in a few strata.

Calc-silicate rocks: laminated and color bands reflect variations in mineralogy;

green diopsidic augite rock, red-brown biotite-andesine schist and white marble most

common layers, less common layers composed of red garnet or red garnet in white

wollastonite; pronounced differential weathering of layers; small-scale folding common,

folds generally disharmonic and not uncommonly ruptured.

98 meter thickness

Member 1
Quartzite, meta-arkose and biotite gneiss with minor calc-silicates and marble;

overlies intrusive quartz diorite in vicinity of Stoddard Flat; only uppermost 100 feet and

lowermost 200 feet of stratigraphic significance: the former biotite gneiss with minor

calc-silicates, marble and quartzite and the latter quartzites to meta-arkoses with some

67
biotite gneiss to schist on fringes. Some of these quartzites may be vein quartz, with

<30 micron zircon and minute sulfide minerals.

Gneiss: biotite-quartz-oligoclase gneiss most common type; biotite 15 to 25%,

quartz about 30% and oligoclase about 40%; orthoclase generally present in small

amounts; biotite concentrated in schistose lamellae separating layers and lenses of

medium-grained granoblastic quartz and feldspar; small scale folding common; grades

into biotite-hornblende-quartz-plagioclase migmatite near quartz diorite contact; light

and dark constituents only vaguely segregated and foliation very irregular in migmatites.

Laminated calc-silicate rocks and a variety of plagioclase, quartz, amphibole, biotite

garnet and sillimanite-bearing gneisses form uppermost 100 feet of member; individual

units laterally continuous for at least 1 mile east of Stoddard Canyon Truck Trail; garnet

and sillimanite associated with biotite-rich strata; garnets vary greatly in size from one

strata to the next; garnets as much as 5 cm. in diameter; small pods of bedded calc-

silicate rock locally isolated in quartzofeldspathic gneiss.

131 meter thickness

Total thickness of the Ontario Ridge metasediments

4952+/-200 meters = 16245+/-800 feet = 3.08+/-0.15 miles

Geochronology of the Ontario Ridge Study Area

Six quartzites were collected from different stratigraphic positions in the San

Antonio terrane and dated at Stanford’s SHRIMP-RG or Cal State Northridge’s LA-ICPMS.

These are all marked in their respective locations in the geologic map (Plate 1) as well as

in the pseudo-stratigraphic column (Plate 2). All the probability plots of 206Pb/207Pb ages

68
are shown in Figure 55, and data is shown in Table 1. They are, from stratigraphic top to

bottom:

Figure 55 Age probability plots from five quartzite samples from the Ontario Ridge metasediments. The
top graph is a probability plot for all five samples combined. The ~1200 Ma peak is the most uniformly
distributed peak along with the ~1440 Ma peak. See Table 1 for a complete list of all data.

69
 JN1713 ± SZ1701 ± SZ1619A ± SZ1610 ± SZ1605A ±
1000 65.0 710 75.0 950.0 55.0 906.0 33.5 910.0 55.0
1670 60.0 1064 42.5 990.0 49.5 995.0 28.5 934.0 38.5
1782 31.5 1074 33.5 1007.0 41.5 1055.0 30.5 1015.0 34.5
1797 39.5 1087 42.5 1019.0 42.0 1059.0 34.0 1053.0 32.5
1820 48.5 1130 50.0 1025.0 32.5 1059.0 38.0 1060.0 34.5
1821 44.5 1137 47.0 1037.0 35.0 1061.0 36.0 1122.0 35.5
1831 30.5 1143 42.0 1053.0 29.0 1078.0 42.0 1148.0 32.5
1842 20.0 1152 46.5 1096.0 42.5 1085.0 32.5 1152.0 27.5
1848 48.0 1160 60.0 1100.0 35.0 1089.0 36.5 1154.0 28.5
1850 55.0 1166 40.0 1140.0 50.0 1089.0 34.5 1163.0 43.0
1853 25.0 1176 43.5 1142.0 33.5 1097.0 34.5 1167.0 39.5
1856 35.0 1180 60.0 1149.0 40.5 1101.0 39.5 1182.0 31.0
1863 20.5 1190 38.5 1171.0 39.0 1127.0 35.5 1190.0 23.0
1875 39.0 1198 43.5 1177.0 29.5 1129.0 39.0 1195.0 30.0
1882 21.5 1218 46.5 1188.0 40.5 1133.0 23.5 1197.0 34.0
1885 25.0 1220 45.5 1190.0 50.0 1137.0 38.0 1205.0 43.5
1888 26.5 1233 32.5 1192.0 35.5 1145.0 32.5 1207.0 30.0
1892 25.0 1252 28.5 1195.0 48.0 1163.0 32.5 1209.0 34.5
1895 14.5 1259 35.5 1197.0 39.5 1172.0 34.5 1217.0 35.0
1905 21.5 1260 50.0 1209.0 33.0 1179.0 30.5 1223.0 40.5
1909 40.0 1282 49.0 1209.0 44.0 1180.0 29.0 1234.0 34.0
1910 50.0 1285 36.0 1216.0 28.5 1183.0 36.0 1236.0 42.0
1919 49.5 1291 45.0 1220.0 40.0 1185.0 28.5 1242.0 33.0
1927 23.5 1298 45.0 1244.0 42.5 1189.0 33.0 1248.0 30.5
1939 22.0 1302 49.5 1244.0 36.0 1190.0 47.5 1263.0 41.5
1943 31.0 1310 65.0 1245.0 35.0 1207.0 39.5 1272.0 41.5
1949 26.0 1315 49.0 1247.0 41.5 1211.0 36.0 1279.0 32.5
1949 24.5 1336 35.0 1269.0 35.5 1224.0 40.0 1310.0 50.0
1955 22.0 1360 39.0 1270.0 47.0 1237.0 25.5 1312.0 44.5
1957 28.0 1364 49.0 1273.0 29.5 1238.0 39.5 1316.0 41.5
1974 21.0 1370 31.0 1274.0 47.5 1241.0 30.0 1339.0 32.5
1979 41.0 1371 41.0 1320.0 33.0 1258.0 32.5 1348.0 33.0
1980 24.0 1390 55.0 1321.0 31.5 1258.0 35.0 1353.0 30.0
1999 38.0 1409 45.5 1332.0 34.0 1263.0 35.5 1357.0 43.5
2103 19.5 1428 42.0 1333.0 48.0 1264.0 23.5 1370.0 26.0
2125 28.5 1428 32.5 1339.0 33.0 1275.0 35.0 1390.0 25.0
2156 46.5 1437 30.0 1364.0 38.0 1277.0 40.0 1416.0 30.5
2549 22.5 1446 27.5 1366.0 39.5 1288.0 46.5 1423.0 40.0
2550 39.5 1451 41.0 1370.0 36.0 1296.0 37.5 1426.0 41.0
2558 19.5 1476 31.5 1374.0 42.0 1301.0 32.5 1427.0 44.0
2682 23.0 1496 43.5 1380.0 55.0 1321.0 40.0 1428.0 33.0
2689 14.0 1502 30.5 1386.0 35.0 1333.0 34.0 1432.0 40.5
2767 32.5 1530 50.0 1405.0 39.5 1341.0 30.5 1435.0 39.5
1530 50.0 1406.0 49.0 1359.0 35.5 1435.0 30.0
1533 41.5 1416.0 35.0 1364.0 26.0 1436.0 26.0
1551 29.5 1416.0 41.5 1365.0 32.0 1437.0 42.0
1562 41.0 1437.0 30.0 1365.0 33.0 1437.0 27.0
1641 31.0 1438.0 34.0 1368.0 34.5 1439.0 34.5
1652 34.5 1439.0 37.5 1370.0 37.5 1445.0 30.5
1670 55.0 1439.0 36.0 1372.0 36.5 1448.0 27.0
1677 38.0 1452.0 47.5 1374.0 27.5 1454.0 31.0
1677 32.5 1456.0 38.5 1386.0 33.5 1456.0 29.0
1680 44.0 1457.0 46.0 1394.0 40.5 1458.0 39.0
1682 34.0 1458.0 30.0 1399.0 24.0 1460.0 31.5
1697 39.5 1462.0 31.5 1405.0 30.5 1463.0 32.0
1700 55.0 1464.0 37.0 1411.0 30.0 1480.0 32.5
1700 39.5 1470.0 60.0 1424.0 33.0 1487.0 26.0
1700 35.0 1481.0 33.0 1424.0 25.0 1506.0 37.5
1715 28.0 1489.0 26.0 1428.0 34.0 1524.0 26.5
1725 38.5 1507.0 43.5 1434.0 31.0 1538.0 25.5
1732 49.0 1510.0 33.0 1435.0 34.0 1545.0 36.0
1739 42.5 1516.0 37.5 1440.0 29.0 1571.0 22.0
1740 42.0 1564.0 32.5 1449.0 24.0 1624.0 39.5
1744 22.5 1570.0 34.5 1460.0 24.0 1650.0 27.0
1745 36.0 1572.0 31.0 1463.0 30.0 1654.0 24.0
1748 26.0 1579.0 35.5 1464.0 28.0 1669.0 27.0
1754 28.5 1581.0 33.5 1472.0 32.5 1671.0 29.0
1755 37.5 1584.0 37.0 1477.0 33.0 1705.0 44.5
1776 29.0 1584.0 44.5 1478.0 35.0 1715.0 22.5
1779 27.5 1585.0 29.5 1481.0 30.5 1726.0 30.0
1780 50.0 1592.0 34.5 1511.0 39.5 1734.0 34.5
1781 23.5 1603.0 35.0 1516.0 40.0 1742.0 35.5
1785 22.5 1620.0 25.0 1536.0 44.5 1743.0 27.5
1789 25.0 1620.0 35.5 1618.0 25.0 1750.0 37.5
1794 32.5 1622.0 29.0 1624.0 48.5 1757.0 26.5
1797 35.5 1626.0 32.0 1636.0 29.0 1758.0 39.5
1800 40.0 1635.0 39.0 1640.0 30.0 1762.0 39.0
1802 26.0 1638.0 27.5 1642.0 30.5 1762.0 27.0
1807 34.5 1642.0 42.0 1680.0 31.0 1767.0 30.0
1812 36.0 1644.0 38.0 1692.0 26.5 1774.0 46.0
1812 34.5 1656.0 32.0 1708.0 36.5 1774.0 43.5
1814 44.5 1659.0 40.5 1716.0 26.5 1775.0 32.0
1814 46.5 1685.0 41.5 1728.0 26.5 1786.0 36.0
1814 45.0 1720.0 28.0 1730.0 28.5 1796.0 23.5
1848 38.0 1731.0 46.5 1744.0 34.0 1798.0 35.0
1853 45.0 1767.0 40.0 1758.0 26.0 1799.0 28.5
1868 31.5 1775.0 39.0 1767.0 23.5 1800.0 27.5
1876 41.5 1783.0 40.5 1772.0 27.0 1807.0 35.0
1877 30.0 1840.0 32.5 1816.0 29.5 1808.0 32.0
1888 29.5 1842.0 38.5 1822.0 28.0 1812.0 46.5
1905 38.5 1853.0 29.0 1844.0 29.0 1832.0 22.5
1915 30.5 1861.0 31.5 1848.0 24.5 1834.0 23.0
1932 30.5 1867.0 35.5 1934.0 22.5 1846.0 29.0
1955 48.0 1872.0 29.5 2084.0 28.0 1984.0 26.0
2158 47.0 1894.0 40.5 2277.0 27.5 1988.0 31.0
2388 35.0 1894.0 34.5 2461.0 29.0 2000.0 60.0
2603 41.5 2480.0 31.5 2518.0 28.0 2527.0 26.0
2715 32.0 2576.0 33.5 2623.0 26.0 2799.0 36.5
3033 33.0 2632.0 36.0 2692.0 24.0
3270 70.0

Table 1 Ages and 2-sigma errors from all 5 quartzite samples from the Ontario Ridge metasediments.

70
 Sample SZ 1605A, from North Ontario Ridge, was dated at Northridge. The

probability plot (see Figure 55) shows peaks at ~1200, ~1440-1450, ~1770-1780 Ma, and

some miniscule older peaks at ~1980-1990, ~2530-2540, and ~2800 Ma.

SZ 1610, a thin quartzite layer from middle Ontario Ridge, was dated at

Northridge. The probability plot of Figure 44 shows a broad peak extending from 1070-

1260 Ma and centered around ~1200 but with spires at 1170 and 1250 Ma, another

broad peak between 1380-1460 but with its highest point at 1460 Ma. It has another

broad peak with its top spire at ~1730-1740 but with minor peaks at ~1630-1640 and

~1820-1830 Ma. It also has older miniscule peaks at ~1930-1940, ~2080-2090, ~2270-

2280, ~2460-2520, ~2620-2630 and ~2690 Ma.

SZ 1619, from Kerkhoff Canyon, was dated at Northridge. The stratigraphic

position of this unit remains somewhat anomalous, as it is fairly steeply dipping (~65

degrees) compared to the sample 1610 topographically above on Ontario Ridge (~34

degrees), and their connection is unknown. The Kerkhoff Canyon unit (1619) may

correspond to the thin quartzite layer on Ontario Ridge (1610), it may dip underneath it

or above it, or it may be cut off by unconformity or faulting. It has a minor peak at

~1030-1040 Ma, peaks at ~1200, ~1440, ~1610, and ~1870 Ma, and miniscule older

peaks at ~2470-2480 and ~2590-2600 Ma.

Sample SZ 1701, from around Peak 6857 southeast of Cascade Canyon, was

dated at Northridge.

71
 Samples SZ 1601 and JN 1713 are both from near Stoddard Peak. 1601 did not

garner enough zircons of sufficient size on the mount to date, and JN1713 had ~40

zircons that were dated at Northridge.

Two of the quartzites, 1610 and 1619, were found to contain zircons with

metamict rims, and so were also analyzed by depth profiling with an ion beam at

Stanford’s SHRIMP-RG in the method described above. 12 grains were found to have

ages of 75.7±1.2 Ma (Sample 1610) and 7 grains at 76.7±2.4 Ma (Sample 1619),

consistent with the last documented metamorphic event in the San Gabriels. Unlike the

LA-ICP-MS ages presented later, all SHRIMP ages are 207 Pb-corrected 206 Pb/238 U

ages. See Figures 56 and 57.

72
 Two plutonic rocks that intrude the Ontario Ridge metasediments were dated at

the SHRIMP-RG. These are also marked on Plate 1 and Plate 2, and are 1616: a pre-

metamorphic granodiorite of Icehouse Canyon, dated at 85.9±0.6 Ma, and 1603: a post-

metamorphic quartz diorite of Ontario Peak, dated at 75.8±0.9 Ma. See Figures 58-61.

73
74
75
76
 Three additional samples were collected and run through the complete zircon

separation process. Sample 1601, from Stoddard Flat, was completely processed for

zircon. It contained <200 zircon grains, but almost all of these were 10 microns or

smaller in width, proving impossible to date with Northridge’s laser. Sample 1702, from

Stoddard Flat, yielded predominantly rutile but contained enough zircon to analyze at a

later time. Sample JN 1712, collected from Stoddard Peak, was a biotite gneiss with

quartzitic layers. A 10 kg block of this metasiltstone to metamudstone yielded no zircon

but abundant rutile.

77
 DISCUSSION
This section reviews interpretations for the rocks of the eastern San Gabriel

Mountains, from Precambrian basement to the Ontario Ridge metasediments to

Cretaceous plutonic rocks.

Precambrian Basement
The oldest basement lithology recognized in close proximity to the Ontario Ridge

metasediments (ORM), the Mendenhall gneiss, lies on the west side of the San Antonio

Canyon fault. It is described in the Rock Units section, and has been recrystallized under

upper-amphibolite facies, and commonly displays recumbent isoclinal folds similar to

those present in most units of the ORM. The Mendenhall gneiss preserves more

generations of deformational fabric than the Ontario Ridge metasediments. It also

contains a late-stage augen gneiss in the northwest corner of the map dated at 1670-

1690 Ma (Premo et al., 2007).

Two other samples worth noting (see Premo et al., 2007) are two biotite granite

augen gneiss samples, one from Cobal Canyon near Potato Mountain (just southwest of

Plate I’s map) dated at ~1770 Ma, and another from a float block in the Cow Canyon

landslide (west-central of Plate I’s map) dated at ~1746 Ma. The latter is probably

derived from bedrock sources in upper Kerkhoff Canyon. Both of these samples

probably represent the “missing” Precambrian basement not yet identified on Ontario

Ridge.

78
 Ontario Ridge Metasediments

General Distribution and Thickness

The San Antonio terrane (see Figure 62), east of San Antonio Canyon in the San

Gabriel Mountains of southern California (part of the Transverse Ranges), has been

interpreted to be a large sheared and mylonitized block of late Cretaceous granitoids

and plutonic rocks, containing a large pendant or screen block of generally northeast-

dipping metasediments of previously unknown age (May and Walker, 1989). They

extend from about Stoddard Flat in the south to the southern slopes of Icehouse Canyon

in the north, where they become highly sheared and jumbled with more northern

terranes (Icehouse Canyon is the southern limit of May and Walker’s Middle Fork

Complex [1989 – see Figure 63]). They range from the San Antonio Canyon fault (more

or less equivalent with San Antonio Canyon) in the west to Cucamonga Peak (Figure 64),

where the outcrops cease being relatively continuous units and become smaller

pendant outcrops within Cretaceous plutons (see Figure 65). These smaller blocks, like

the main block of the ORM and the San Antonio terrane itself, trend east-northeast until

they abut the San Jacinto fault at the northeast end of the San Gabriel Mountains.

Traveling eastward, the plutonics become more prevalent until they overwhelm the

metasediments, which at their furthest extent east are limited to a few outcrops. A

total structural thickness for each member of the metasediments, measuring from

Stoddard Flat to Icehouse Canyon perpendicular to strike and using average dips for

each member, has been calculated at 4952+/-200 meters, and each member’s thickness

is included in the stratigraphic section (Plate III). This represents the total strained

79
thickness, resulting from pervasive amphibolite facies deformation of the ORM.

Figure 62 Panoramic view clockwise from Ontario Ridge. The ridge in the middle points due south.
Some biotite gneiss to migmatite in foreground. Fog covers San Bernardino/Los Angeles Counties, and
Mt. San Antonio is in the background on the right.

Figure 63 Excerpt from geologic map (see Plate I) showing the Icehouse Canyon area, part of the Middle
Fork Complex of May and Walker (1989). The fragmented nature of outcrops, augmented by Quaternary
cover, is evident near the Icehouse Canyon Fault, which parallels the canyon. Note large marble swath by
Delker Canyon (lower right).

80
Figure 64 Excerpt of geologic map (see Plate I) showing Ontario Peak (left), Bighorn Peak (center) and
Cucamonga Peak (right). Note the apparent left-lateral fault that runs through the canyon separating
Ontario and Cucamonga Peaks.

Figure 65 View from Cucamonga Peak looking east at the various metasediments (often eroding darkly)
and intrusives along the ridge.

81
Structure
Most units of the ORM contain numerous small-scale (dozens of centimeter to

meter-scale) recumbent isoclinal folds. These are especially abundant in marble and

calc-silicate units (see Figure 66), in which the folding is often chaotic, with hinge axes in

almost every orientation. This chaotic blend, combined with the observation that many

of the marble and calc-silicate outcrops are merely blocks entrained in plutonics or

mylonitized units calls into question the validity of measurements taken in those units,

great care was taken to record on the final map the strikes, dips and fold axes that most

closely approximated the average regional trend.

Figure 66 Outcrop-scale anticline in marble plunging towards the author.

82
 Biotite gneisses to amphibolites to migmatites also have recumbent isoclinal

folds, which may be at very fine (cm-scale) scale to larger (outcrop) scale (see Figures

67-69). There are even folds in quartzitic units, though, like the limestones on occasion,

these tend to be more massive and cliff- or ridge-forming, and not forming obvious folds

even from a distance.

Figure 67 Small-scale isoclinal fold in migmatitic amphibolite.

83
Figure 68 Broad fold in migmatitic amphibolite and leucogranite.

Figure 69 Outcrop-scale fold in ambhibolitic migmatite just west of Cucamonga Peak.

Away from the fold hinges, all members fairly consistently strike west-northwest

(see Figure 70), but dips seem to systematically and problematically vary. They range

from ~30 degrees (as in Figure 71) to ~70 degrees, although they do consistently dip to

84
the north. In general, the units become steeper from south to north and from

topographically higher to lower. This could indicate that the whole sequence represents

one large fold with an axial plane that strikes parallel to foliation (west-northwest), with

the Ontario Ridge metasediments essentially representing the forelimb of the large fold,

with the backlimb above eroded away (see Plate III). This is hard to verify, though, as

the units which may or may not vary in dip steepness are difficult, if not impossible to

follow from Barrett-Stoddard Road to Ontario Ridge due to intensely steep terrain and

vegetation/talus/landslide cover. A good example of this is the thick quartzite unit

halfway up Kerkhoff Canyon, which is steeply dipping (~65 degrees) compared to the

quartzite unit directly topographically above it (~35 degrees), and the connection

between the two is unknown. The Kerkhoff unit may dip below or above the Ontario

Ridge unit, or it may be cut off by faulting or depositional variation.

Figure 70 View looking south-southwest from canyon west of Cucamonga Peak towards Ontario Ridge.
Note the convoluted nature of metasediments and plutonic rocks, where it is not possible to distinguish
the units from a distance.

85
Figure 71 Relatively shallow dipping (~34 degrees) quartzite outcrop along Ontario Ridge at the location
of sample SZ 1610.

A quick glance at Plate II reveals that the ORM is likely not one large nappe: the

members and their constituents in the upper members do not mirror those below.

There is likely some repetition of individual units: for example, the cyclic interbeds of

hornfels and quartzite in Member 6, but there is no strong evidence that the members

themselves are repeated, suggesting each member represents a stratigraphic unit itself,

progressing from oldest in the south (Member 1) to youngest above in the north

(Member 10). This is partially supported by the geochronology results – for example,

see Figure 55, in which sample JN 1713, the southernmost sample, lacked several of the

younger peaks of the other samples.

86
 Because of the ambiguous nature of the lithologies and without any significant

marker beds aside from Member 5, another structural possibility is that the variation of

northward dips between 30 and 70 degrees is more systematic than originally viewed,

and that the Ontario Ridge sequence represents several folds of the type described

above, with northward-dipping axial planes. Whether the ORM represents one large

fold or several is still unresolved, but may be resolved by detailed systematic structural

mapping of s- and z-folds throughout.

Original Stratigraphy
Plate III gives a succinct view of what the stratigraphy of the Ontario Ridge

metasediments may have been when they were first deposited, and was inspired by and

created with the help of Ehlig’s pseudo-stratigraphic column (1958). The sequence

begins at its lowest point with a relatively thick sequence of meta-sandstone, which in

the field appears as “dirty quartzite” (in the vicinity of sample JN 1713). This grades into

a relatively large amount of biotite gneiss (members 1 through 3-in the vicinity of

Sample JN 1712). Members 1 through 3 could represent the end stage of a

transgressive sequence, with frequent small variations in space and/or time leading to

the deposition of calc-silicates and the interbedded nature of the units, but the overall

pattern being from sandstone to shale to limestone. The meta-sandstone, not quite

quartz arenite, which mostly appears towards the bottom of the unit is also consistent

with a rift environment, with mostly continental sediments mixed with a few lithics and

feldspars. The calc-silicates may also indicate estuarine deposits, with a marly mix of

calcic and clastic sediment deposition.

87
 Member 5
Member 5 is by far the most enigmatic member of the ORM. Ehlig (1958) has

labelled the protolith of the anomalous “plagioclase rock,” nearly completely composed

of granoblastic plagioclase with a few percent graphite and pyrite and euhedral

corundum as a frequent accessory mineral, as a metasomatized argillite (metapelite).

This seems to be reasonable, as pelites usually contain much aluminum and commonly

graphite and pyrite when the protolith is an organic-rich black shale. But metapelites

usually also have a fair amount of magnesium and iron, so at high metamorphic grade

micas react with plagioclase and typically form garnet and/or hypersthene, such as in

the Cucamonga Granulite. Metasomatism therefore would be necessary to add sodium

and calcium, while removing iron and magnesium.

However, that Member 5 is unique is problematic. The other biotite gneisses in

the area are most likely metapelites, so why were they not metasomatized as Member

5? An alternate theory is that Member 5 was a paleosol, as these are often quite rich in

aluminum and perhaps iron. Metasomatism would still be necessary to add enough

sodium and calcium to make plagioclase, but it would require less extreme

metasomatism than the pelite hypothesis. Under the paleosol hypothesis, much of the

ORM sequence could be weakly metasomatized, with a little noticed effect in most of

the units except the paleosol, or Member 5 could be more metasomatized than the

other units due to fractures or some other factor.

Paleosols accumulate in areas of relative tectonic quiescence, where the rate of

aggradation is less than the rate of pedogenesis. They can occur in a wide variety of

88
environments, including alluvial and palustrine, or even shallow marine environments if

sea level has recently dropped, exposing marine sediments (Kraus, 1999). If the ORM is

related to the rifting of Rodinia (and Members 1-4 are consistent with this hypothesis),

Member 5 could represent a small organic-rich backarc basin. Alternately, the paleosol

could record an unconformity with Precambrian basement. If the latter is the case,

Member 5 would need to be the lowest unit in the ORM – but this contradicts the

geochronologic data, which suggests that sample JN 1713, in member 1, is the oldest

unit.

Member 6 is anomalous in terms of the hornfels. This “hornfels,” however, is

really almost a biotite gneiss, but finer-grained and with more metasomatism. This may

be the same metasomatism that affected Member 5. Otherwise, the protolith sequence

of interbedded shale and quartz arenite, with some limestone and dirtier sandstone

suggests cyclic transgressions and regressions until Member 7, in which sea level

appears to be relatively stable shallow marine, with some minor transgressions and

regressions illustrated by the marbles and quartzites, respectively, followed by a stable

beach environment (Member 8), with a minor transgression shown by the limestone.

Members 9 and 10 dominantly stay in the low-energy, potentially shallow-

marine domain, but also contain transgressive and regressive fluctuations shown by

marble and quartzite, respectively, with the quartzite near the top of the sequence,

suggesting a minor general regression. The calc-silicates in these two units indicate

either a depositional environment fluctuating between subaerial and subaqueous or an

estuarine environment.

89
 Assuming the ORM (Figure 72) represents a relatively intact upright depositional

sequence (not duplicated by folds), one can deduce the following interpretation: The

overall pattern in the stratigraphy of the ORM begins with deposition of potential rift

sediments (member 1), then transgression (members 1-3) followed by a quick and

relatively long-lasting regressive phase (member 4) capped by a potential backarc

paleosol (member 5). Then follows a period of cyclic transgression and regression,

followed by a long shallow marine period with a shorter period of subaerial deposition

(beach environment) in the middle. All of the members, especially 1, 9 and 10 have

pockets or layers of other lithologies present, representing minor

transgressions/regressions or spatial variations in depositional environments.

Figure 72 Panoramic view clockwise from Ontario Peak, with dead tree facing south-southeast. From left
to right: Mt. San Antonio, Ontario Ridge, fog covering Los Angeles County, and Sunset Peak. Tonalite in
foreground on peak top.

No broad overall transgression or regression can be seen in the ORM. Thin and

thick quartzite layers appear throughout, and though marble is mostly seen in member

3, it also appears throughout. Biotite gneiss (or its close relative hornfels) increases in

abundance in younger strata, indicating that the latter end of deposition could have

been in a low energy, potentially shallow marine environment.

90
Age
The Ontario Ridge metasediments were of previously unknown age - one of the

principal purposes of the project was to determine this. As these are metasedimentary

rocks, there are at least two potentially useful ages - detrital ages and ages of

metamorphism. The latter will be discussed in a later section, and the results for the

former are shown in Figure 55. Our five samples show two major peaks which are

essentially shared among all three samples, at ~1200 and ~1440 Ma, several prominent

peaks that are either large in one sample or small but shared among at least two

samples, and many smaller peaks, often in the middle Neoproterozoic or middle

Paleoproterozoic or older. The maximum depositional age for the sequence is

constrained by 3 grains between 906 to 934 Ma, which are 11-28% discordant (see

Figure 55).

Local Correlations
The main group of metasediments observed in this study are east of the San

Antonio Canyon Fault (which almost directly runs along San Antonio Canyon);

specifically, they wrap around Ontario and Cucamonga peaks, and then peter off to the

east-northeast until they reach the San Jacinto fault near Lytle Creek. Metasediments

which appear related to those on Ontario Ridge do outcrop elsewhere in the San Gabriel

Mountains, such as the Placerita Formation and the Potato Mountain block, as well as

several smaller outcrops along the southern front of the range (see Figure 73).

91
Figure 73 Simplified geologic map of the San Gabriel Mountains, showing the several locations of
probably related Neoproterozoic metasediments: on the East, the ORM; southwest of that the Potato
Mountain block and further west the Placerita Canyon/Limerock Canyon assemblages. The age data from
the Potato Mountain block mentioned at the bottom of the Figure has been recently renumbered to
Figure 73a.

The Placerita Formation is also known as the Limerock Canyon assemblage

(Powell, 1993 and Oakshott, 1998), since in Limerock Canyon the 2,000 to greater than

5,000 feet thick section of marble, quartzite and sillimanite-cordierite schist is the most

continuous (Oakshott, p. 51). The formation is predominantly marble, and so no

radiometric dating has been done on it, the author only stating it “is probably Triassic or

older...although an earlier Paleozoic or Precambrian age...cannot be excluded”

(Oakshott, pp. 51-52). The formation outcrops south of the dextral South Branch San

Gabriel fault, so the Placerita Formation could have been removed westward from the

Ontario Ridge group by faulting. Detrital zircon geochronology is necessary in this area.

92
 Potato Mountain, in northeast Claremont, is also largely composed of similar

metasedimentary rocks (Heaton, 2010), and seems directly related to the Ontario Ridge

group, appearing to be faulted away from the latter by the left-lateral San Antonio

Canyon fault with a displacement of 8-10 km (Nourse, 1994), with the lower part of the

section buried in the footwall of the Sierra Madre thrust. The northeast corner of this

block appears in the southwest corner of Plate I. Neither the Potato Mountain block nor

the Placerita Canyon assemblage (both shown in Figure 73) seem to preserve as

complete a stratigraphy as that present in the Ontario Ridge metasediments - thus the

need to study the latter as opposed to sundry other outcrops.

Except for a detrital zircon study done as part of Precambrian rock study (Premo

et al., 2007) using 25 zircons from the Potato Mountain block (analyzed on the

Stanford/USGS SHRIMP-RG), the metasediments in the San Gabriel Mountains have not

yet been dated. This gives valuable information to correlate with the ORM dated in this

study, but the data from Potato Mountain cannot be considered sufficient to form

unrefutable conclusions. Detrital zircon ages become more statistically valid with the

analysis of more grains, and a robust dataset is generally considered to be at least 100

grains. Before Premo’s work, no radiometric dating had been done for the Ontario

Ridge metasediments in any potentially correlated locations in the San Gabriel

Mountains. Their SHRIMP analyses provided important high-precision age constraints

• Premo’s data is shown in figure 73a compared with our detrital zircon

probability plots from the ORM. Both major peaks from our detrital

zircon data, at 1200-1270 Ma and ~1440 Ma, match two major peaks

93
from Potato Mountain. A prominent ~1800 Ma peak and two minor

Paleoproterozoic peaks also match our data, making a strong case for

these two large pendants to be chronologically equivalent. Hence,

sinistral displacement along the Late Cenozoic San Antonio Canyon fault

is supported.

94
95
 Regional Correlations and Comparisons
There are other similar metasedimentary packages in southern California of

Cambrian to Neoproterozoic age, notably in the San Bernardino Mountains (the Big Bear

Group) and the Pinto Mountains of the Mojave Desert (Barth et al., 2009). The Pinto

Mountain Group (see Figure 73b) has been interpreted to be deposited 1.63 to 1.45 Ga,

as it has none of the common peaks from ~1.4 Ga basement. It is possible that zircons

from the ORM and the Pinto Mountain Group contain zircons derived from the same

1.7-1.85 Ga source, but the ORM in general is demonstratively younger than the Pinto

Mountain group. JN 1713, the apparent oldest member of the ORM, however, may be

correlated more closely with the Pinto Mountain Group, as its maximum depositional

age is significantly older than the rest of the ORM.

Barth also conducted geochronology in three locations of the Big Bear Group,

which are compared to the ORM in Figure 73c. Our 1200 and 1440 Ma major peaks

match surprisingly well with much of the Big Bear samples’ prominent 1060, 1640-1650

and 1870 Ma peaks, and minor 910, 1840-1860, 1980 and 2630 Ma peaks. One of the

peaks that best matches ours from Big Bear group is 1257-1148 Ma, which, as shown

later, is almost absent in the western United States. It is likely that the Big Bear Group

and Ontario Ridge group were derived from similar sources, or possibly that they are a

continuation of essentially the same units, though lithologically variant due to lateral

facies changes. Specifically, the Big Bear Group is predominantly quartzite, but the

Ontario Ridge metasediments are largely biotite gneiss. Perhaps the two sequences

represent the edge of a basin, with the ORM representing deeper water in the south,

96
and the Big Bear Group representing a more shallow water/beach environment to the

north.

Part of the Big Bear group was not deposited until 0.62-0.55 Ga, likely after the

ORM, but the youngest peaks of the Big Bear Group only come from one location

(Lightning Gulch, in the middle of the section). However, Wildhorse Meadows’s

youngest peak is ~900 Ma and Moonridge is ~1050 Ma. Given this data, it appears

deposition had largely ceased in the Big Bear Group by ~900 Ma, similar to the ORM, but

at least in Lightning Gulch deposition continued until 0.62-0.55 Ma. It should be noted

that this youngest age is after the accepted date for the rifting of Rodinia, so minor

deposition from Laurentian sources may have continued in some parts of the Big Bear

Group.

97
 Figure 73d adds to 73c the miogeoclinal sequence of western Laurentia (which

terminated in the late Proterozoic) for comparison with the Big Bear group and the

ORM. The miogeocline shares our 1400 Ma major peak and the prominent 1650 Ma

98
peak, but not the 1200 Ma major peak like the Big Bear Group. Our samples are also

largely missing the largest peak in the miogeocline, at around 1730 Ma, that may be

derived from widespread plutons in the Mojave Desert, Arizona, New Mexico, and

Colorado.

99
100
 Figure 73e compares specific miogeocinal units with the ORM (see Wooden et

al., 2012). The Wood Canyon and Zabriskie quartzites share our major 1440 peak and

1650-1770 prominent peak. Our samples do not match well with the immense broad

101
peak centered around 1100 Ma of the Uinta Mountains Group, so are likely not related

to that group. From the Yavapai units also compared in Figure 44e, the Tapeats

Sandstone matches the major 1440 Ma peak, prominent 1740-1780, and minor 1940

and 2090 Ma peaks, and the Unkar group matches our major 1270, 1440, and 1660-

1770 peaks and minor 1830 and 2090 Ma peaks. Overall, our samples provide good

matches to late Paleoproterozoic to early Mesoproterozoic sources from the

miogeoclinal sequence and its 1650-1770 peak and to the Yavapai province and its

1740-1770 peak, but all are missing the major 1200 Ma peak present in our samples

suggests that at that time the Ontario Ridge group (and presumably Big Bear group)

were being derived from a different source.

102
103
104
 The overall similarities between the Big Bear Group and ORM and their contrast

with the miogeocline lead us to the same conclusion as Barth et al. (2009), that for both

the Big Bear Group and ORM, at least some of the sediment sources from different

105
provenances than the miogeoclinal sequence. Though meta-sandstones of the ORM

were metamorphosed at too high a grade to show paleocurrent directions, if the ORM

represents an extension of the Big Bear group, then both may represent sediments shed

from Rodinia’s conjugate rift pair with Laurentia (see Global Correlations section).

Figure 74 shows distribution of Proterozoic basement and Proterozoic and

Paleozoic sedimentary cover, including the Ontario Ridge metasediments of the eastern

San Gabriel Mountains and the Big Bear Group of the San Bernardino Mountains. Figure

75 shows the distribution of these rocks pre-translation of the San Andreas and other

faults.

Figure 74 Regional map from Premo et al., 2007, showing various types of bedrock. The light blue are
includes Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks that may correlate with our samples, like the Big Bear
group and Pinto Mountain group, though others cannot be well correlated.

106
Figure 75 Map from Premo et al. (2007) like that in Figure 74, except this shows the rocks as they were
likely originally distributed geographically, before being displaced by the San Andreas and other faults.
Note that some metasedimentary rocks, such as the Big Bear group, are in closer proximity to the ORM.

Part of Figure 73f shows the Appalachian orogeny (see Gehrels et al., 2011) for

comparison with peaks of the ORM. Peaks of this match our minor peaks at 910, 1040,

1070, 2590-2630 and 2680 Ma, prominent peaks at 1260, 1610-1660, 1740-1770 Ma

and 1870 major peak at 1440 Ma. The Grenville orogen could potentially be the source

for our minor 1070 peak, and the Mazatzal province could be the source for our 1.61-

1.66 Ga peaks.

Although some of our peaks match peaks from miogeoclinal sediments, overall

the ORM likely does not originate from the Mojave miogeocline, as that has late-phase

plutonism from 1.69 to 1.64 Ga, which forms a gap in our detrital record, nor from the

Ivanpah Orogeny, which occurred between 1.71 to 1.69 Ga. Wooden et al. (2012), who

also summarized Proterozoic zircon geochronology from the western U.S., found pre-

107
orogenic orthogneisses (1.79-1.73 Ga) that may match our samples and post-Ivanpah

intrusives (1.69-1.64 Ga) which do not match our samples.

Figure 76 shows geographically the location of many potential sources for the

ORM metasediments. As previously stated, there are peaks in these samples that could

correlate to many of the North American provinces, including the Yavapai 1.70-1.80 Ga,

Mazatzal 1.62-1.70 Ga, Antler, Grenville, Appalachian and Ouachita orogenies. The

Yavapai and Mazatzal provinces likely contributed to the majority of the late

Paleoproterozoic peaks, especially the Mazatzal, while the orogens largely further east

contributed to minor earlier peaks.

108
Figure 76 Map from Gehrel’s et al., 2011, showing many geologic provinces of North America. Many of
these are potential sources for zircons from the ORM. The miogeocline is not a good exact match to the
detrital peaks of the ORM, and none of the provinces here can thoroughly explain the 1.2 Ga peak present
in the ORM and Big Bear group. Both the Mazatzal and Yavapai provinces fit well with some of our major
peaks, especially the Mazatzal, and there are matches to minor peaks from the Antler, Ouachita, Grenville
and Appalachian orogenies.

Potential Resolutions for Ontario Ridge Metasediment Provenance

The most enigmatic peak by far of our detrital zircon geochronology is the major

~1200 Ma peak present in all our samples, which is unmatched in essentially all

compared rocks except for the Big Bear group. The San Gabriel anorthosite, dated at

1180-1190 Ma by Barth (1995) overlaps with our age peak. This anorthosite also

produces a wide spread of detrital zircon ages centered ~1200 Ma in the Miocene

Soledad Basin (C. Jacobson, personal communication, 2017). Zircons related to the

anorthosite can concord with Stewart et al.’s (2001) description of silicic volcanic fields

109
now largely buried and/or destroyed by erosion (Barth, p. 237). These volcanic fields

may have been the equivalent to the San Gabriel anorthosite, and created our detrital

age peak at ~1200 Ma.

Timmons et al. (2001a-b) found ~1.23 Ga tephra deposits in the Bass limestone,

the basal member of the Unkar Group. These may be slightly younger than the

Allamoore/Castner/Mescal units, which are typically ~1.25-1.26 Ga (Marsaglia, 2002).

Both could act as a source for our 1.2 Ga peak. A granite from El Pozito in Sonora,

Mexico was dated at 1206 Ma (Bright et al., 2014). All of these are potential sources for

our ~1200 Ma peak, but require a large transport system (likely fluvial) that has not yet

been accounted for.

Any of these Southwest North American sources could be matches to the ORM’s

detrital zircon peak at 1200. Alternatively, as in Barth et al.’s (2009) theory (see Regional

correlations section), both the Big Bear group and ORM could have been shed off from

Rodinia’s conjugate rift pair with Laurentia (perhaps one of the continents shown in

Figure 77). This last hypothesis is supported by paleocurrent direction from the

southwest in the Big Bear group, but the current direction may have been very localized.

110
Figure 77 Schematic map showing two possible Rodinia configurations: SWEAT, where Australia is west of
Canada and Antarctica west of the U.S., and AUSWUS where Australia is further south, west of the U.S.
with Antarctica to the south. The location of the San Gabriel Mountains is in North America just east of
the lower white star in Australia., and there are matches to minor peaks from the Antler, Ouachita,
Grenville and Appalachian orogenies.

More evidence and research is needed to accurately verify any of these

hypotheses, but at this point the San Gabriel anorthosite and related volcanics seem the

most likely source, since it is the simplest and most local. These volcanic and plutonic

rocks could have occurred in a restricted basin, leaving the ~1200 Ma peak to be present

only in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains (Big Bear Group).

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 Cretaceous Plutonics and Metamorphism
The San Antonio terrane (SAT) of May and Walker (1989) consists of the large

pendants of Ontario Ridge metasediments incorporated into a framework of Cretaceous

plutonics (tonalite-granodiorite-granite). All these units are together mylonitized,

especially in their southern and northern margins. The SAT is bordered on its north by

strings of the Middle Fork Complex (May and Walker, 1989), a highly sheared zone

surrounding the Icehouse Canyon fault (north section of map), on the northwest (NW

section of map) by the San Gabriel terrane including Precambrian gneisses (Premo et al.,

2007) and Cretaceous quartz diorite (Nourse and Premo, 2016), and on the south by the

Cucamonga terrane, which contains a high-grade granulite complex (southern portion of

map).

May & Walker (1989) found pervasive mylonitization in the San Antonio terrane,

especially on its northern and southern margins, which juxtaposed it with the

Cucamonga terrane in the south in a sinistral fashion between 88 and 78 Ma. Based off

zircon depth profiling done in indium mounts from two quartzites at Stanford’s SHRIMP-

RG, metamorphic rims were dated at 75.7±1.2 Ma (12 grains) and 76.7±2.4 Ma (7

grains). This is roughly consistent with the youngest age from May and Walker (see

Discussion section).

May and Walker found in large measure that magmatism occurred at roughly the

same time as metamorphism, and recent work from Schwartz et al., (2016) supports

that conclusion. Schwartz found the mid-crustal tonalites in the San Antonio terrane

(SAT) to be cut by syn- to post-kinematic granodiorite or granite dikes. Using single

112
zircon grains on ICPMS, they dated igneous zircon cores from a metatonalite at 85.8±0.6

Ma and two of the syn- to post-kinematic granitic dikes at 76.2±0.5 and 74.0±0.7 Ma.

Using multi-grain analyses via ID-TIMS (isotope dilution thermal ion mass spectrometry),

May and Walker (1989) found the tonalite of the Cucamonga terrane to be emplaced at

88±3 Ma, but their SAT sample had an ambiguous pattern of discordance. The authors

gave their best estimate at 85 Ma for emplacement of the SAT tonalite collected from a

locality directly southeast of Stoddard Flat. They also dated an undeformed biotite

granite at 78+/-8 Ma, which they gave as the minimum age for mylonitization during

juxtaposition of the SAT with the CT.

In our data from the Stanford/USGS SHRIMP, an Icehouse Canyon granodiorite

that shows a weak mylonitic foliation was dated at 85.9±0.6 Ma. A quartz diorite near

Ontario Peak that shows no metamorphic foliation was dated at 75.8±0.9 Ma.

Interestingly, though the dates from our study are almost identical to Schwartz and May

and Walker’s data, the lithologies are different.

Data from this study roughly agrees and expounds upon the posits of May and

Walker (1989), that the Cretaceous plutons were emplaced at roughly the same time as

metamorphism and mylonitization, and therefore such plutonic rocks can be found at

various stages of kinematic history. ~76-77 Ma ages from metamorphic quartzite rims

dated in this study are coincident with the time of latest plutonism (quartz diorite of

Ontario Ridge, this study, and granitic dikes from Schwartz et al., 2016). The 86 Ma

Icehouse Canyon granodiorite shows mylonitization not observed in the Ontario Ridge

quartz diorite. According to data from this study, plutonism around the ORM occurred

113
between 87-76 Ma, with mylonitization occurring by ~86 Ma, and the last metamorphic

event occurring ~76 Ma.

CONCLUSIONS
The Ontario Ridge metasediments (ORM) preserve a thick (nearly 5 km), near-

continuous northeast-dipping section (see Figures 78 and 79) of Proterozoic rocks with a

maximum depositional age between 906-934 Ma (except JN 1713, which is older). They

preserve a mostly cyclic stratigraphy between beach and shallow marine environments,

with possible early rift and then regressive phases. In Late Cretaceous time the section

became a pendant caught in a deforming batholith, including a pre-metamorphic

Icehouse Canyon granodiorite dated at 85.9±0.6 Ma and a post-metamorphic quartz

diorite dated at 75.8±0.9 Ma. Mylonitization around the margins of the SAT and

pervasive metamorphism to upper amphibolite facies was roughly time-equivalent with

the later magmatism, with metamict rims from two quartzites dated at 75.7±1.2 Ma (12

grains) and 76.7±2.4 Ma (7 grains).

114
Figure 78 Barrett Canyon viewed from the east, with the North Fork on the left and south fork on the
right. The geology of the lower reaches of these canyons is well-constrained, but the upper reaches
contain deep bramble-covered canyons and immense cliffs.

Figure 79 View from Ontario Ridge north of Ontario Peak looking north towards fog in Apple Valley
below. Note the sporadic and highly physically weathered nature of the outcrops.

Probability plots for detrital zircons from five quartzites of the ORM match very

well with those from the Potato Mountain block, supporting the theory that the sinistral

San Antonio Canyon fault separated these two blocks. The best regional match to our

115
probability plots in the western United States is the Big Bear group (Barth et al., 2005).

If both the ORM and Big Bear group are essentially the same units, they could record

sediments shed from Laurentia’s conjugate rift pair with Rodinia, with the ORM

representing a basinward extension of the Big Bear Group, or their detritus could

originate in part from the San Gabriel anorthosite and associated volcanics.

Regardless of sediment transport direction, the location of the ORM at the

abruptly truncated Late Proterozoic rift margin of Southwest Laurentia makes them a

candidate for studies of Rodinia. Perhaps similar sedimentary basins exist in Australia,

Antarctica or other proposed conjugate rift pairs with western Laurentia.

Recommendations
Much work remains for the Ontario Ridge metasediments (Figure 80). A more

detailed structural analysis can be done on the ORM, such as systematically mapping s-

and z-folds. This might resolve whether the section is upright and intact or repeated by

larger-scale folding, with multiple overturned zones.

Additional samples, including those already collected and processed, can be

dated to obtain a more complete spectrum of detrital ages. Although this project

encompassed the majority of the ORM, similar studies may be carried out on the smaller

pendants further east, from Cucamonga Peak to the San Jacinto fault. The Placerita

Canyon and Limerock Canyon assemblages should also be mapped, sampled and dated.

116
Figure 80 View of ridge south of Cascade Canyon from south, showing (from top to bottom) interbedded
quartzite and leucogranite, and marble on bottom left.

One of the least understood problems in tectonic history is the arrangement of

Rodinia: specifically, which continent lay to the west of North America. Previous models

have suggested Western North America’s conjugate rift pair could be Australia or

Siberia, among others. Also, similar sediments in the San Bernardino Mountains just

east of the San Gabriels have proposed western sources (Barth et al., 2005). Analysis of

the ORM and Big Bear Group and comparisons with other sources have yielded sparse

potential matches for the 1200 Ma peak in the western U.S., and so have led more

credence to the idea that these sediments could have been, in part, shed from

Laurentia’s conjugate rift pair during Rodinia. To thoroughly test this theory may

involve travel to other countries and years of analysis to investigate other international

sources, and is far beyond the scope of this project. A thorough understanding of the

117
provenance of the Ontario Ridge metasediments and Big Bear group should help

constrain the configuration of Rodinia and the timing and nature of its breakup.

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zircons, Lithosphere, doi: 10.1130/L218.1.

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 APPENDIX
1. Sample SZ1610 detrital zircon rims dated at Stanford:
Errors are 1s unless otherwise specified SQUID grouped-sample sheet
S
total total 206Pb Age 204corr 207corr q 208corr 204corr 204corr %
Primary Bkrd 204 206 Raw /238U 7-corr 7-corr 7-corr 7-corr 7-corr 7-corr Total Total S-K C-Pb C-Pb C-Pb 206Pb 206Pb i 206Pb 207Pb 208Pb Dis- 4corr 8corr Total
d
stage stage stage beam cts cts cts 204 % 207 % 208 % 254 % 206 % 254 % 248 % 208 % 248 % 208 % 248 % 89 % 139 % 140 % 146 % 147 % 153 % 155 % 179 % 182 % 188 % 195.9 % 232 % 238 % calib calibr. % 204Pb %com %com 208Pb* % ppm ppm ppm ppm 232Th % 206Pb % 208Pb % com 206 207 208 /238U 1s S

d
/238U 1s E /238U 1s /206Pb 1s /232Th 1s cor- % % 208* % 206* % 238 %
Hours X Y Z Qt1y Qt1z (na) /sec /sec /sec /206 err /206 err /206 err /195.8 err /238 err /238 err /254 err /248 err /232 err /232 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /238 err /195.8 err const const err /206Pb 206 208 /206Pb* err U Th 206* 208* /238U err /238U err /232Th err Pb /204 /206 /206 Age err Age err r Age err Age err Age err dant err err /232 err /238 err /206 err
N

Spot Name Date/Time

u

SZ1610-1.1 07 Sep, 2016 16:26 5.99 11390 44804 17640 504 734 2.20 0.03 0.92 131 6.8E-3 19 0.082 14.0 0.066 46.5 2.5 6.3 0.0257 1.2 5.318 0.50 0.02 19.8 0.0139 14.8 0.01 6.9 1.5E-4 15.1 0.1 4.2 24.1 1.0 1.8E-4 24 0.02 3.9 0.0006 23 0.0025 12.5 0.0043 6.5 0.0112 5.7 0.201 1.4 0.63 0.9 0.79 0.8 14.2 4.7 11.2 13.5 0.46 7.6 0.000902 0.000879 0.8 0.00236 4.39 138.20 -0.026 172 393 9 3.8 -0.10 0.02 15 0.0119 1.1 0.0337 48.8 73 18.59 0.840 2.070 66.5 2 72.8 1 74.0 1 #NUM! #NUM! -2146 -1250.49 #NUM! 0.011 0.59 -0.1007 55 .0104 3.0 84.2 1.1
SZ1610-7.1 07 Sep, 2016 18:48 8.35 11340 45690 13791 459 784 2.10 0.00 0.59 108 5.5E-3 18 0.058 4.5 0.036 17.0 2.1 5.5 0.0260 1.1 5.393 0.96 0.02 7.5 0.0069 18.1 0.01 3.5 6.1E-5 17.6 0.0 1.5 23.5 3.0 9.6E-5 26 0.02 3.2 0.0006 19 0.0019 11.0 0.0041 10.2 0.0099 4.6 0.190 4.7 0.63 3.5 0.82 4.5 14.4 2.9 14.3 5.0 0.39 6.2 0.000874 0.000860 2.0 0.00073 1.36 79.33 0.007 129 320 8 3.2 0.02 0.02 5.76 0.0116 2.2 0.0169 18.1 73 18.59 0.840 2.070 66.9 2 73.4 2 73.4 2 -1100 633 -1762 -526.55 +107 0.011 0.70 -0.0835 29 .0104 3.0 86.1 2.2
SZ1610-8.1 07 Sep, 2016 19:07 8.68 11320 45866 12612 474 734 2.10 0.00 0.50 138 3.6E-3 22 0.081 11.4 0.100 10.6 2.6 2.5 0.0267 1.2 5.381 0.87 0.02 2.8 0.0312 11.5 0.01 2.0 2.2E-4 10.5 0.0 6.7 22.7 3.4 1.7E-4 21 0.02 4.5 0.0005 22 0.0019 11.2 0.0046 5.4 0.0106 4.8 0.185 1.5 0.61 4.0 0.83 4.3 14.4 2.6 11.1 7.2 0.48 3.5 0.000911 0.000897 0.6 0.00224 4.17 86.51 0.014 194 384 7 3.8 0.05 0.02 1.84 0.0121 1.0 0.0654 10.8 74 18.59 0.840 2.070 72.4 1 74.4 1 74.1 0.9 #NUM! #NUM! -533 -428.67 #NUM! 0.012 0.50 -0.0260 79 .0113 1.9 82.5 1.0
SZ1610-11.1 07 Sep, 2016 20:31 10.08 11278 46551 10173 534 834 2.00 0.02 0.50 126 3.8E-3 20 0.058 4.2 0.035 16.4 2.4 3.1 0.0283 3.2 5.644 2.04 0.02 1.4 0.0076 15.9 0.01 3.0 7.4E-5 16.0 0.1 4.6 24.4 2.5 1.6E-4 21 0.02 3.3 0.0005 21 0.0017 11.6 0.0047 4.8 0.0102 4.6 0.195 1.2 0.65 3.3 0.83 0.7 14.7 3.3 13.2 3.0 0.43 4.1 0.000884 0.000874 1.1 0.00069 1.28 76.56 0.008 106 344 8 3.4 0.03 0.02 1.24 0.0118 1.3 0.0169 16.5 75 18.59 0.840 2.070 70.3 1 74.6 1.0 74.6 1.0 #NUM! #NUM! -1132 -366.33 #NUM! 0.012 0.42 -0.0545 31 .0110 2.0 84.8 1.3
SZ1610-5.1 07 Sep, 2016 18:08 7.69 11346 45460 14848 609 859 2.10 0.00 0.48 125 3.8E-3 20 0.063 4.0 0.057 12.4 2.4 2.3 0.0259 1.5 5.364 0.39 0.02 10.0 0.0146 12.9 0.01 8.1 1.2E-4 12.3 0.0 5.4 23.1 1.8 1.5E-4 20 0.02 3.2 0.0003 24 0.0019 10.4 0.0046 7.7 0.0100 4.5 0.191 2.7 0.60 0.7 0.81 3.5 14.2 2.6 12.3 2.0 0.45 2.6 0.000902 0.000886 1.0 0.00106 1.97 72.03 0.016 61 370 7 3.7 0.06 0.02 8.56 0.0120 1.3 0.0341 15.1 75 18.59 0.840 2.071 71.2 1 75.1 1.0 74.8 1 #NUM! #NUM! -1131 -424.45 #NUM! 0.012 0.41 -0.0544 36 .0111 2.0 83.6 1.3
SZ1610-3.1 07 Sep, 2016 17:05 6.64 11386 44843 17178 429 784 2.00 0.00 1.13 141 7.4E-3 26 0.080 8.7 0.085 18.9 2.7 1.5 0.0271 1.0 5.480 1.11 0.01 1.8 0.0305 25.8 0.01 6.5 2.1E-4 20.1 0.0 2.0 23.1 3.3 1.9E-4 19 0.02 3.5 0.0004 22 0.0015 12.4 0.0051 4.7 0.0103 4.6 0.199 3.0 0.62 2.0 0.86 1.2 14.6 3.1 11.2 2.2 0.50 0.5 0.000929 0.000908 0.6 0.00222 4.13 100.94 -0.001 3051 411 6 4.1 0.00 0.01 1.71 0.0123 1.0 0.0703 19.0 75 18.59 0.840 2.071 67.9 3 75.4 1 75.6 1.0 -348 932 -3631 -1647.54 +120 0.012 0.43 -0.1644 41 .0106 4.2 81.5 1.0
SZ1610-2.1 07 Sep, 2016 16:45 6.31 11387 44804 17401 474 759 2.20 0.02 0.72 164 3.9E-3 21 0.070 9.3 0.062 35.0 2.9 8.5 0.0231 0.8 4.977 0.33 0.01 7.9 0.0234 26.8 0.01 1.8 1.7E-4 24.0 0.0 1.7 20.1 1.3 2.7E-4 27 0.02 6.3 0.0005 19 0.0018 9.9 0.0037 5.0 0.0095 4.4 0.166 1.2 0.51 2.6 0.68 0.6 12.3 2.9 8.3 10.2 0.58 8.3 0.000933 0.000911 0.5 0.00149 2.78 92.79 0.005 617 513 6 5.3 0.02 0.01 6.12 0.0123 0.9 0.0613 35.6 77 18.59 0.841 2.071 73.1 1 76.7 0.9 76.6 1 #NUM! #NUM! -1882 -997.64 #NUM! 0.012 0.40 -0.0889 51 .0114 1.9 81.3 0.9
SZ1610-10.1 07 Sep, 2016 20:05 9.64 11302 46090 11786 519 784 2.20 0.02 0.46 134 3.3E-3 21 0.072 8.8 0.054 23.5 2.4 3.1 0.0234 0.9 4.985 0.39 0.02 3.0 0.0125 23.8 0.01 5.0 1.1E-4 26.6 0.0 5.4 28.2 5.3 1.4E-4 20 0.02 5.9 0.0005 20 0.0028 20.0 0.0073 11.7 0.0134 7.9 0.233 6.9 0.71 5.7 0.90 5.8 12.2 2.6 10.6 3.6 0.48 3.2 0.000934 0.000922 1.3 0.00164 3.05 117.89 -0.010 219 415 8 4.3 -0.04 0.02 1.26 0.0124 1.5 0.0334 23.6 77 18.59 0.841 2.071 74.9 2 77.3 1 77.9 1 #NUM! #NUM! -944 -423.98 #NUM! 0.012 0.55 -0.0457 44 .0117 2.0 80.3 1.5
SZ1610-12.1 07 Sep, 2016 20:51 10.41 11268 46732 9468 519 709 2.10 0.03 0.70 118 5.7E-3 19 0.066 5.5 0.066 13.4 2.2 3.6 0.0265 1.2 5.295 0.44 0.02 6.5 0.0186 14.3 0.01 4.2 1.3E-4 13.6 0.0 2.5 22.1 5.3 2.4E-4 18 0.02 3.8 0.0005 22 0.0018 11.9 0.0047 13.4 0.0095 14.8 0.186 5.6 0.58 6.0 0.79 6.0 13.8 0.4 13.0 2.1 0.42 3.8 0.000936 0.000927 0.8 0.00124 2.30 71.96 0.019 70 339 6 3.6 0.07 0.02 5.93 0.0125 1.1 0.0472 14.7 78 18.58 0.841 2.071 71.7 2 78.3 0.9 77.8 1.0 #NUM! #NUM! -2366 -782.55 #NUM! 0.012 0.38 -0.1105 31 .0112 2.5 79.9 1.1
SZ1610-6.1 07 Sep, 2016 18:28 8.03 11346 45584 14224 489 759 2.10 0.00 0.87 152 5.7E-3 20 0.058 5.0 0.026 20.5 2.9 3.6 0.0289 1.1 5.527 3.01 0.02 8.3 0.0068 20.6 0.01 6.6 6.8E-5 20.5 0.1 2.0 23.5 10.2 7.9E-5 38 0.02 8.7 0.0004 30 0.0019 35.2 0.0045 22.0 0.0107 6.1 0.195 10.6 0.63 12.0 0.85 14.9 15.1 6.8 10.5 16.5 0.52 4.7 0.000936 0.000919 3.2 0.00071 1.31 104.39 -0.001 889 431 8 4.5 -0.01 0.02 6.42 0.0124 3.3 0.0160 21.8 79 18.58 0.841 2.071 71.1 3 78.5 3 78.8 3 -681 464 -2587 -857.27 +111 0.012 1.06 -0.1201 31 .0111 4.0 80.5 3.3
SZ1610-4.1 07 Sep, 2016 17:24 6.96 11387 44908 16958 414 709 2.00 0.04 0.84 302 2.6E-3 20 0.091 2.1 0.191 9.7 2.0 10.9 0.0810 20.2 5.358 0.50 0.08 27.4 0.0390 4.4 0.03 19.9 1.1E-3 17.9 0.1 17.0 27.6 4.4 1.7E-4 20 0.08 25.9 0.0031 34 0.0081 29.6 0.0062 14.0 0.0255 22.5 0.271 9.6 0.70 2.7 0.73 5.0 13.6 5.5 15.1 9.1 0.37 10.4 0.002837 0.002777 19.2 0.00277 5.09 55.58 0.089 35 305 25 9.3 0.84 0.09 23 0.0375 19.2 0.0832 31.4 225 18.36 0.850 2.082 226 43 225 43 219 46 368 337 802 296 +39 0.036 6.16 0.0405 38 .0357 19.2 26.7 19.2
SZ1610-9.1 07 Sep, 2016 19:45 9.31 11310 45980 12263 534 809 2.10 0.03 0.40 776 4.7E-4 30 0.072 2.1 0.029 9.4 2.8 8.5 0.1319 71.6 5.276 1.25 0.04 41.7 0.0212 19.7 0.02 34.1 4.1E-4 62.2 0.1 30.4 14.7 20.0 1.2E-4 31 0.03 36.8 0.0005 26 0.0013 17.1 0.0034 7.6 0.0068 17.8 0.119 27.9 0.38 23.5 0.48 23.9 13.6 7.5 10.6 12.1 0.54 10.5 0.005238 0.005166 51.4 0.00113 2.04 146.96 -0.014 528 439 20 25.8 -0.36 0.05 31 0.0698 51.4 0.0427 60.9 426 18.04 0.864 2.098 431 214 426 214 432 218 776 83 331 254 +46 0.068 17 0.0165 77 .0692 51.4 14.3 51.4
0.5
13
To sort the spot-data by any column's values,
Mean age of coherent group (N=10) 75.7
select any data cell in that column,
age error (95% conf., without error in Std) 1.2 To recalculate Concordia Age using different spots,
then click on either of the SORT buttons at right.
MSWD 2.37 select desired rows from the red columns
Probability 0.01 then press button at right.
age error (95% conf., with error in Std) 1.2
Calibr. Const. used .00495
Spot external 1s (mean) error 0.8%
Standard 1s (mean) error 0.00%
10000.000 data-point error ellipses are 68.3% conf.
100 2s error bars
95 900

90
700
1000.000
85
80 500

75
300
70 100.000
65 100
60
55
10.000
50
0 5 10
Std Grouped
5.7
1.000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
5.5

UO/U
0.100
5.3

5.1
0.010

4.9
0 10 20 30
Hours

1
 2. Sample SZ1619 detrital zircon rims dated at Stanford:
Errors are 1s unless otherwise specified SQUID grouped-sample sheet ----------------- 204 corrected -----------------
S
total total 206Pb Age 204corr 207corr q 208corr 204corr 204corr %
Primary Bkrd 204 206 Raw /238U 7-corr 7-corr 7-corr 7-corr 7-corr 7-corr Total Total S-K C-Pb C-Pb C-Pb 206Pb 206Pb i 206Pb 207Pb 208Pb Dis- 4corr 8corr Total Total 4corr
d
stage stage stage beam cts cts cts 204 % 207 % 208 % 254 % 206 % 254 % 248 % 208 % 248 % 208 % 248 % 89 % 139 % 140 % 146 % 147 % 153 % 155 % 179 % 182 % 188 % 195.9 % 232 % 238 % calib calibr. % 204Pb %com %com 208Pb* % ppm ppm ppm ppm 232Th % 206Pb % 208Pb % com 206 207 208 /238U 1s S

d
/238U 1sE /238U 1s /206Pb 1s /232Th 1s cor- % % 208* % 206* % 238 % 207 % 238 %
Hours X Y Z Qt1y Qt1z (na) /sec /sec /sec /206 err /206 err /206 err /195.8 err /238 err /238 err /254 err /248 err /232 err /232 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /238 err /195.8 err const const err /206Pb 206 208 /206Pb* err U Th 206* 208* /238U err /238U err /232Th err Pb /204 /206 /206 Age err Age err r Age err Age err Age err dant err err /232 err /238 err /206 err /206 err /206* err
N

Spot Name Date/Time

u

SZ1619-3.1 07 Sep, 2016 12:45 2.30 11301 47865 12356 579 784 4.00 0.00 0.25 177 1.4E-3 45 0.232 2.7 0.710 4.2 1.7 0.5 0.0268 1.2 5.462 0.53 0.06 1.1 0.0869 4.2 0.02 1.1 1.4E-3 4.1 0.1 1.4 24.1 0.4 9.0E-5 30 0.02 3.9 0.0004 24 0.0018 11.8 0.0049 5.2 0.0094 5.2 0.203 1.2 0.69 0.7 0.90 0.6 14.1 0.4 18.3 0.5 0.32 0.6 0.000909 0.000873 0.0 0.01251 23.29 67.89 0.297 15 251 16 1.9 0.59 0.07 0.00 0.0118 0.8 0.1252 4.3 58 18.62 0.839 2.069 73.6 1 58.1 0.7 50.3 1 2946 74 2211 119 +98 0.009 0.41 0.1156 6 .0115 1.4 84.8 0.8 0.232 2.7 87.1 1.4
SZ1619-2.1 07 Sep, 2016 12:04 1.62 11258 48450 9570 564 809 4.10 0.00 0.75 156 4.8E-3 26 0.063 5.5 0.034 21.8 1.4 0.5 0.0264 1.3 5.338 0.55 0.03 1.7 0.0059 21.8 0.01 1.7 4.4E-5 21.8 0.0 2.0 16.0 0.4 2.1E-4 19 0.01 5.2 0.0002 30 0.0007 18.2 0.0034 5.9 0.0065 5.9 0.139 1.3 0.46 0.8 0.67 0.7 13.5 0.4 20.5 0.5 0.26 0.7 0.000929 0.000889 0.0 0.00107 1.98 121.28 -0.007 163 211 6 2.1 -0.02 0.03 0.00 0.0120 0.8 0.0134 21.8 75 18.59 0.840 2.071 70.1 2 75.4 0.7 76.1 0.6 #NUM! #NUM! -1251 -495.67 #NUM! 0.012 0.28 -0.0600 38 .0109 2.6 83.3 0.8 0.063 5.5 91.4 2.6
SZ1619-1.1 07 Sep, 2016 10:52 0.43 11256 48500 8971 504 784 4.20 0.02 0.52 157 3.2E-3 20 0.053 7.6 0.031 15.5 1.4 3.9 0.0249 0.8 5.170 1.50 0.04 4.1 0.0034 15.3 0.01 3.5 4.2E-5 15.1 0.1 2.3 19.4 1.4 9.8E-5 18 0.01 5.5 0.0003 19 0.0019 7.0 0.0040 3.4 0.0087 3.2 0.163 1.6 0.56 1.4 0.73 1.0 12.6 2.6 18.1 4.0 0.27 3.8 0.000932 0.000888 2.0 0.00034 0.64 42.66 0.018 66 228 10 2.3 0.04 0.04 3.97 0.0120 2.2 0.0085 16.2 76 18.59 0.841 2.071 72.3 2 76.3 2 76.2 2 #NUM! #NUM! -507 -161.27 #NUM! 0.012 0.71 -0.0248 31 .0113 2.5 83.4 2.2 0.053 7.6 88.6 2.5
SZ1619-7.1 07 Sep, 2016 14:28 4.02 11300 49611 12588 549 784 4.00 0.02 0.62 102 5.9E-3 18 0.053 4.8 0.031 19.2 0.9 3.8 0.0259 1.0 5.294 0.44 0.03 1.4 0.0058 19.0 0.00 5.1 2.7E-5 19.0 0.0 5.9 15.8 4.0 9.1E-5 18 0.01 13.4 0.0003 18 0.0011 16.9 0.0045 3.3 0.0068 3.8 0.135 1.8 0.47 3.2 0.67 2.6 13.0 1.9 29.9 3.4 0.17 3.8 0.000927 0.000897 0.6 0.00037 0.69 45.50 0.017 53 141 4 1.5 0.03 0.03 2.10 0.0121 1.0 0.0136 19.4 77 18.59 0.841 2.071 69.2 2 77.1 0.8 76.8 0.8 -125 193 -1791 -537.83 +156 0.012 0.33 -0.0848 29 .0108 2.5 82.5 1.0 0.053 4.8 92.7 2.5
SZ1619-6.1 07 Sep, 2016 13:47 3.35 11237 49547 8140 519 859 4.10 0.10 0.30 194 1.0E-3 41 0.057 10.0 0.037 17.1 1.6 9.5 0.0275 1.0 5.389 0.44 0.06 4.9 0.0032 16.7 0.02 4.9 5.4E-5 16.8 0.1 2.3 18.4 15.8 1.5E-4 21 0.01 31.0 0.0002 25 0.0017 10.1 0.0038 17.2 0.0086 18.3 0.166 15.6 0.55 16.3 0.76 12.8 13.4 2.1 18.7 11.2 0.30 9.3 0.000955 0.000922 0.6 0.00061 1.14 64.10 0.013 121 239 14 2.5 0.03 0.06 3.85 0.0124 1.0 0.0074 17.6 79 18.58 0.841 2.071 78.2 1.0 78.8 1.0 79.1 0.8 -270 529 -12 -66.06 +130 0.012 0.39 -0.0006 550 .0122 1.3 80.4 1.0 0.057 10.0 81.9 1.3
SZ1619-5.1 07 Sep, 2016 13:26 2.98 11246 49494 8544 489 859 4.10 0.00 0.43 1310 3.3E-4 28 0.075 1.5 0.153 14.5 1.8 3.2 0.1657 60.9 5.236 0.84 0.22 76.4 0.0273 3.3 0.07 86.3 1.8E-3 94.2 0.2 94.0 19.8 36.1 1.3E-4 24 0.02 60.6 0.0004 19 0.0021 35.8 0.0055 4.1 0.0090 26.6 0.170 34.9 0.54 37.5 0.68 37.5 0.0 16133.6 15.0 0.9 0.34 3.5 0.006509 0.006271 45.7 0.00120 2.14 29.51 0.110 62 283 77 20.2 2.24 0.28 49 0.0847 45.7 0.0458 68.7 513 17.90 0.871 2.105 521 229 513 229 508 242 935 51 833 561 +46 0.083 15 0.0421 69 .0842 45.7 11.8 45.7 0.075 1.5 11.9 45.7
SZ1619-8.1 07 Sep, 2016 15:08 4.69 11295 49704 12090 459 809 2.20 0.00 2.75 2626 1.0E-3 14 0.111 1.0 0.021 6.9 2.8 0.7 0.4647 0.6 5.277 0.54 0.02 1.9 0.0704 7.1 0.01 1.9 8.7E-4 6.8 0.1 2.2 17.1 0.5 9.1E-4 13 0.03 4.3 0.0020 15 0.0031 12.4 0.0066 6.0 0.0103 6.8 0.159 1.8 0.47 1.1 0.60 1.0 13.3 0.5 10.5 0.5 0.52 0.8 0.016569 0.016077 0.0 0.00210 3.50 358.59 -0.057 7 436 10 78.5 -4.51 0.02 0.00 0.2171 0.8 0.1879 6.9 1226 16.66 0.928 2.180 1246 9 1226 9 1259 9 1553 46 -3263 -1129.13 +22 0.210 0.26 -0.1491 32 .2133 0.8 4.6 0.8 0.111 1.0 4.7 0.8
0.5
8
To sort the spot-data by any column's values,
Mean age of coherent group (N=4) 76.7
select any datacell in that column,
age error (95% conf., without error in Std) 2.4 To recalculate Concordia Age using different spots,
then click on either of the SORT buttons at right.
MSWD 2.94 select desired rows from the red columns
Probability 0.03 then press button at right.
age error (95% conf., with error in Std) 2.4
Calibr. Const. used .00495
Spot external 1s (mean) error 0.8%
Standard 1s (mean) error 0.00%

10000.000
100 2serror bars
data-point error ellipses are 68.3% conf.
95
1300
90
1000.000
85
80 900
75
70 100.000 500
65
60
100
55
10.000
50
0 2 4 6 8
Std Grouped
5.5
1.000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
5.4

UO/U
0.100 5.3

5.2
0.010

5.1
0 10 20 30
Hours

2
 3. Sample SZ1603: quartz diorite of Ontario Ridge
Errors are 1s unless otherwise specified SQUID grouped-sample sheet
S
total total 206Pb Age 204corr 207corr q 208corr 204corr
Primary Bkrd 204 206 /238U 7-corr 7-corr 7-corr 7-corr 7-corr 7-corr Total Total S-K C-Pb C-Pb C-Pb 206Pb 206Pb i 206Pb 207Pb
d
stage stage stage beam cts cts cts 204 % 207 % 208 % 254 % 206 % 254 % 248 % 208 % 248 % 208 % 248 % 89 % 139 % 140 % 146 % 147 % 153 % 155 % 179 % 182 % 188 % 195.9 % 232 % 238 % Ln % calibr. % 204Pb %com %com 208Pb* % ppm ppm ppm ppm 232Th % 206Pb % 208Pb % com 206 207 208 /238U 1s S

d
/238U 1sE /238U 1s /206Pb
Hours X Y Z Qt1y Qt1z (na) /sec /sec /sec /206 err /206 err /206 err /195.8 err /238 err /238 err /254 err /248 err /232 err /232 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /238 err /195.8 err UO2/U err Y/Zr2O La/Zr2O Ce/Zr2O Nd/Zr2O Sm/Zr2O Eu/Zr2O Gd/Zr2O Dy/Zr2O Er/Zr2O Yb/Zr2O Hf/Zr2O const err /206Pb 206 208 /206Pb* err U Th 206* 208* /238U err /238U err /232Th err Pb /204 /206 /206 Age err Age err r Age err Age
N

Spot Name Date/Time

u

SZ1603-1.1 06 Sep, 2016 18:09 7.20 11377 16365 8948 687 674 3.2 0.00 0.04 250 1.6E-4 71 0.0525 3.1 0.137 5.6 3.1 2.8 0.0256 2.41 5.387 1.17 0.450 0.25 0.00144 5.6 0.26 0.91 3.8E-4 5.6 1.40 3.1 10.2 3.9 2.6E-4 13 0.257 2.6 0.00166 9.3 0.0044 5.5 0.0067 3.4 0.0136 3.4 0.104 2.9 0.220 4.8 0.218 4.0 12.08 3.6 9.2 0.75 0.58 1.8 #NAME? 0.000880 0.40 3.4E-4 0.634 9.58 0.125 7.0 513 235 5.0 0.64 0.473 0.48 0.01152 0.6 0.00334 5.7 73 18.59 0.840 2.070 73.6 0.5 73.4 0.5 74.4 0.6 203
SZ1603-15.1 07 Sep, 2016 06:03 19.11 11390 10992 9126 657 649 3.3 0.00 0.12 216 5.5E-4 41 0.0485 3.4 0.131 6.2 2.6 1.7 0.0256 0.68 5.392 0.29 0.350 0.30 0.00174 6.3 0.17 0.28 2.9E-4 6.2 0.90 1.6 10.4 2.9 5.4E-5 27 0.201 3.0 0.00098 11.9 0.0038 11.1 0.0063 6.1 0.0122 3.2 0.093 1.3 0.232 3.7 0.249 2.7 11.91 2.4 11.4 0.59 0.48 1.7 #NAME? 0.000880 0.43 6.8E-5 0.126 1.98 0.129 7.1 425 152 4.2 0.55 0.368 0.26 0.01153 0.7 0.00410 6.3 74 18.59 0.840 2.070 73.1 0.6 73.8 0.5 73.4 0.6 -336
SZ1603-2.1 06 Sep, 2016 18:29 7.53 11378 16070 8924 612 699 3.3 0.00 0.06 433 1.4E-4 58 0.0473 2.4 0.227 3.3 5.0 1.8 0.0277 1.70 5.539 0.65 0.668 0.94 0.00170 3.3 0.64 1.63 1.1E-3 3.3 3.32 0.3 18.2 3.0 4.0E-3 40 0.485 2.8 0.00664 10.7 0.0125 5.9 0.0179 3.3 0.0316 2.0 0.208 3.3 0.388 3.4 0.330 4.1 11.17 3.5 5.8 1.39 0.90 0.4 #NAME? 0.000900 0.56 -1.3E-5 -0.025 -0.23 0.227 3.5 787 539 8.0 1.83 0.707 0.74 0.01179 0.8 0.00378 3.5 76 18.59 0.840 2.071 75.4 0.6 75.6 0.6 75.5 0.7 -41
SZ1603-7.1 06 Sep, 2016 21:42 10.75 11382 14406 9244 657 624 3.3 0.00 0.08 382 2.1E-4 50 0.0475 2.6 0.147 4.4 4.4 1.5 0.0267 0.51 5.477 1.22 0.431 0.21 0.00166 4.4 0.36 0.53 5.9E-4 4.3 1.91 1.4 15.1 2.2 7.2E-5 23 0.351 1.6 0.00194 8.0 0.0053 4.9 0.0094 2.6 0.0156 2.8 0.135 2.3 0.332 1.7 0.361 2.2 11.74 2.1 6.6 1.19 0.81 1.6 #NAME? 0.000903 0.37 -2.0E-6 -0.004 -0.05 0.147 4.8 715 316 7.3 1.08 0.456 0.18 0.01183 0.6 0.00382 4.4 76 18.59 0.841 2.071 75.5 0.5 75.8 0.5 75.7 0.6 -88
SZ1603-12.1 07 Sep, 2016 03:24 16.45 11386 11776 8982 657 649 3.3 0.00 0.04 375 1.1E-4 71 0.0478 2.6 0.157 4.8 4.1 1.8 0.0266 0.52 5.432 0.23 0.490 0.35 0.00152 4.8 0.39 0.63 6.0E-4 4.7 2.01 2.1 12.3 2.7 2.9E-5 35 0.305 2.6 0.00189 8.1 0.0059 7.8 0.0096 2.5 0.0170 2.6 0.124 2.5 0.259 3.4 0.242 3.4 11.42 2.5 6.8 0.24 0.76 1.8 #NAME? 0.000910 0.83 2.1E-5 0.038 0.51 0.156 5.2 675 338 6.9 1.09 0.517 0.35 0.01191 1.0 0.00361 4.9 76 18.59 0.841 2.071 76.2 0.7 76.3 0.7 76.7 0.9 11.4
SZ1603-3.1 06 Sep, 2016 19:09 8.19 11378 15974 9076 642 674 3.3 0.02 0.02 317 --- --- 0.0515 2.7 0.175 4.4 4.6 2.0 0.0256 0.56 5.295 0.24 0.503 0.21 0.00164 4.3 0.45 0.21 7.3E-4 4.3 2.32 1.8 11.7 2.8 2.5E-5 39 0.312 2.5 0.00251 7.1 0.0059 7.7 0.0097 5.0 0.0158 2.8 0.123 2.0 0.249 3.3 0.229 0.8 11.22 2.3 6.0 0.28 0.87 2.0 #NAME? 0.000914 0.36 2.7E-4 0.497 5.87 0.166 5.1 784 401 8.0 1.34 0.529 0.19 0.01197 0.6 0.00396 4.5 76 18.59 0.841 2.071 76.7 0.5 76.3 0.5 76.4 0.6 262
SZ1603-16.1 07 Sep, 2016 06:23 19.43 11392 10269 8706 612 699 3.4 0.06 0.08 349 5.7E-5 100 0.0473 2.7 0.132 4.8 3.8 1.6 0.0263 0.54 5.383 0.54 0.429 0.24 0.00151 4.8 0.31 2.35 4.7E-4 4.8 1.64 2.0 10.9 2.7 1.9E-5 44 0.314 2.1 0.00176 8.4 0.0059 4.5 0.0093 2.5 0.0153 2.8 0.114 3.0 0.232 2.7 0.218 4.6 11.24 2.0 7.3 1.06 0.72 1.6 #NAME? 0.000910 0.63 -1.7E-5 -0.032 -0.51 0.132 5.4 637 279 6.5 0.87 0.452 0.22 0.01192 0.8 0.00347 4.9 76 18.59 0.841 2.071 76.3 0.6 76.4 0.6 76.9 0.7 20.5
SZ1603-9.1 06 Sep, 2016 23:37 12.66 11400 13463 9507 552 649 3.3 0.06 0.10 233 1.7E-4 71 0.0491 5.6 0.103 6.8 2.7 1.2 0.0255 0.66 5.266 0.28 0.327 0.60 0.00151 6.8 0.17 0.55 2.6E-4 6.8 0.88 0.8 7.7 2.3 4.6E-5 29 0.185 2.5 0.00137 20.6 0.0035 5.9 0.0064 3.4 0.0093 3.6 0.076 1.3 0.165 2.8 0.163 1.0 11.55 2.1 10.2 0.26 0.51 1.1 #NAME? 0.000919 0.41 1.1E-4 0.199 4.00 0.099 10.0 460 153 4.8 0.48 0.344 0.52 0.01204 0.6 0.00361 6.9 77 18.59 0.841 2.071 76.9 0.5 77.0 0.6 77.4 0.6 28.3
SZ1603-8.1 06 Sep, 2016 22:22 11.42 11388 14078 8924 582 699 3.3 0.00 0.02 350 5.7E-5 100 0.0451 2.8 0.132 4.8 4.0 1.2 0.0266 0.54 5.390 0.57 0.378 0.23 0.00174 4.8 0.29 0.23 5.0E-4 4.8 1.51 1.0 18.6 2.2 4.6E-5 29 0.362 2.0 0.00213 8.0 0.0070 4.3 0.0117 7.5 0.0217 4.5 0.171 1.0 0.409 2.2 0.401 3.2 11.12 1.9 7.0 0.56 0.74 1.0 #NAME? 0.000917 1.01 -1.7E-4 -0.313 -4.90 0.138 5.2 662 255 6.9 0.96 0.398 0.20 0.01202 1.1 0.00399 5.0 77 18.59 0.841 2.071 76.9 0.9 77.2 0.9 76.8 1.0 -98
SZ1603-10.1 07 Sep, 2016 00:16 13.32 11390 12978 9268 627 674 3.3 0.06 0.04 173 -1.2E-4 100 0.0490 3.8 0.149 6.7 2.0 1.4 0.0257 1.71 5.268 0.33 0.433 0.81 0.00169 6.7 0.16 0.28 2.7E-4 6.7 0.85 1.5 6.4 2.3 1.5E-5 49 0.214 3.5 0.00124 10.0 0.0035 13.0 0.0055 3.4 0.0095 3.6 0.067 2.7 0.134 1.1 0.128 3.0 11.38 1.9 14.2 0.30 0.37 0.7 #NAME? 0.000924 0.48 9.6E-5 0.178 2.47 0.146 7.6 335 147 3.5 0.51 0.454 0.72 0.01210 0.7 0.00398 6.8 77 18.59 0.841 2.071 77.7 0.6 77.4 0.6 77.4 0.7 226
SZ1603-5.1 06 Sep, 2016 20:43 9.76 11377 15504 8778 642 774 3.3 0.02 0.04 247 8.1E-5 100 0.0461 3.3 0.117 6.2 2.6 1.7 0.0258 0.64 5.310 1.25 0.389 0.91 0.00145 6.1 0.21 0.28 3.0E-4 6.1 1.03 1.2 8.6 2.3 5.2E-5 26 0.199 3.3 0.00117 9.9 0.0036 5.7 0.0064 3.0 0.0110 6.6 0.083 1.3 0.186 2.3 0.188 2.0 10.96 2.1 10.1 0.26 0.50 1.6 #NAME? 0.000921 1.98 -1.0E-4 -0.189 -3.34 0.121 7.0 452 179 4.7 0.57 0.410 0.61 0.01207 2.0 0.00345 6.5 77 18.59 0.841 2.071 77.2 2 77.5 2 77.8 2 -63
SZ1603-11.1 07 Sep, 2016 02:44 15.79 11384 12766 8864 597 724 3.4 0.02 0.08 336 1.8E-4 58 0.0496 2.7 0.171 4.4 3.5 0.3 0.0261 0.55 5.310 0.73 0.472 0.22 0.00176 4.4 0.33 1.29 5.9E-4 4.3 1.66 0.4 10.8 2.6 3.4E-5 32 0.271 2.5 0.00159 8.5 0.0046 5.0 0.0081 2.7 0.0129 3.0 0.108 3.1 0.228 2.7 0.223 4.4 10.86 2.3 7.5 0.97 0.67 0.7 #NAME? 0.000930 1.21 1.4E-4 0.261 3.16 0.166 5.0 610 293 6.4 1.07 0.495 0.19 0.01218 1.3 0.00421 4.6 78 18.59 0.841 2.071 77.8 1 77.8 1 77.5 1 49.5
SZ1603-13.1 07 Sep, 2016 04:24 17.45 11386 11436 8699 642 649 3.3 0.06 0.12 347 1.7E-4 58 0.0486 2.7 0.186 4.1 3.8 1.3 0.0261 0.54 5.321 0.26 0.510 0.21 0.00179 4.1 0.38 0.22 6.7E-4 4.1 1.94 1.4 11.2 1.7 2.9E-5 35 0.284 2.3 0.00176 14.9 0.0052 10.8 0.0090 4.8 0.0148 2.8 0.111 2.5 0.236 2.1 0.203 4.8 11.24 1.5 7.2 0.23 0.72 1.1 #NAME? 0.000928 0.34 7.2E-5 0.134 1.49 0.183 4.5 644 334 6.7 1.24 0.536 0.18 0.01216 0.6 0.00422 4.1 78 18.58 0.841 2.071 77.7 0.5 77.8 0.5 77.3 0.6 1.6
SZ1603-14.1 07 Sep, 2016 05:04 18.11 11384 11454 9267 702 599 3.4 0.00 0.08 410 1.9E-4 50 0.0486 2.5 0.151 4.2 4.4 1.8 0.0273 0.55 5.374 0.60 0.433 0.21 0.00178 4.2 0.37 0.22 6.5E-4 4.2 1.93 1.6 8.3 1.9 3.7E-5 32 0.231 1.6 0.00091 21.6 0.0029 6.6 0.0061 3.1 0.0088 3.7 0.073 1.3 0.177 2.1 0.193 0.9 12.46 2.1 6.4 0.22 0.83 1.7 #NAME? 0.000933 0.34 7.1E-5 0.132 1.81 0.148 4.7 726 321 7.6 1.14 0.457 0.34 0.01223 0.6 0.00404 4.3 78 18.58 0.841 2.071 78.1 0.5 78.2 0.5 78.1 0.6 -16
SZ1603-6.1 06 Sep, 2016 21:03 10.09 11383 15226 9304 582 674 3.2 0.00 0.02 303 6.6E-5 100 0.0473 3.0 0.145 5.0 3.4 4.3 0.0270 3.27 5.353 0.26 0.468 1.49 0.00157 5.0 0.31 2.24 4.9E-4 5.0 1.62 4.3 9.1 2.8 3.9E-5 32 0.256 2.7 0.00191 8.4 0.0045 5.3 0.0082 2.8 0.0126 3.2 0.094 2.9 0.191 0.9 0.181 4.9 11.50 2.1 8.0 1.93 0.65 3.9 #NAME? 0.000960 3.56 -1.9E-5 -0.035 -0.50 0.146 6.2 584 279 6.3 0.93 0.493 1.23 0.01257 3.6 0.00371 6.3 81 18.58 0.841 2.071 80.4 3 80.6 3 81.0 3 16.9
0.5
16
To sort the spot-data by any column's values,
Mean age of coherent group (N=13) 75.8 with wt stdev:
select any datacell in that column,
age error (95% conf., without error in Std) 0.9 75.8 +- 2.8
then click on either of the SORT buttons at right.
MSWD 5.49
Probability 0.00
age error (95% conf., with error in Std) 0.9
Calibr. Const. used .005099
Spot external 1s (mean) error 0.5%
Standard 1s (mean) error 0.21%
88 2serror bars

86

84

82

80

78

76

74

72
0 5 10 15

Std Grouped

5.5

UO/U
5.3

5.1
0 5 10 15 20 25
Hours

3
 4. Sample SZ1616: granodiorite of Falling Rock Canyon
Errors are 1s unless otherwise specified SQUID grouped-sample sheet
S
total total 206Pb Age 204corr 207corr q 208corr 204corr
Primary Bkrd 204 206 /238U 7-corr 7-corr 7-corr 7-corr 7-corr 7-corr Total Total S-K C-Pb C-Pb C-Pb 206Pb 206Pb i 206Pb 207Pb
d
stage stage stage beam cts cts cts 204 % 207 % 208 % 254 % 206 % 254 % 248 % 208 % 248 % 208 % 248 % 89 % 139 % 140 % 146 % 147 % 153 % 155 % 179 % 182 % 188 % 195.9 % 232 % 238 % Ln % calibr. % 204Pb %com %com 208Pb* % ppm ppm ppm ppm 232Th % 206Pb % 208Pb % com 206 207 208 /238U 1s S

d
/238U 1sE /238U 1s /206Pb
Hours X Y Z Qt1y Qt1z (na) /sec /sec /sec /206 err /206 err /206 err /195.8 err /238 err /238 err /254 err /248 err /232 err /232 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /195.8 err /238 err /195.8 err UO2/U err Y/Zr2O La/Zr2O Ce/Zr2O Nd/Zr2O Sm/Zr2O Eu/Zr2O Gd/Zr2O Dy/Zr2O Er/Zr2O Yb/Zr2O Hf/Zr2O const err /206Pb 206 208 /206Pb* err U Th 206* 208* /238U err /238U err /232Th err Pb /204 /206 /206 Age err Age err r Age err Age
N

Spot Name Date/Time

u

SZ1616-8.1 06 Sep, 2016 23:17 12.33 11411 15411 11788 462 649 3.3 0.02 0.06 370 1.1E-4 71 0.0470 2.7 0.134 4.7 3.8 2.6 0.0282 1.31 5.307 0.39 0.420 0.59 0.00172 4.6 0.32 0.22 5.5E-4 4.6 1.58 2.2 11.4 2.9 9.5E-5 24 0.179 2.2 0.00131 18.9 0.0057 4.6 0.0041 3.8 0.0149 2.8 0.119 3.7 0.250 2.6 0.224 3.1 11.05 3.2 7.0 0.23 0.71 2.3 #NAME? 0.001002 0.70 -4.7E-5 -0.087 -1.35 0.136 5.2 636 271 7.2 0.98 0.441 0.50 0.01312 0.9 0.00399 4.8 84 18.58 0.841 2.071 83.9 0.7 84.1 0.7 84.3 0.8 -34
SZ1616-1.1 06 Sep, 2016 14:11 3.23 11409 18495 11864 972 874 3.2 0.02 0.04 176 1.1E-4 100 0.0501 3.8 0.173 6.0 1.7 0.7 0.0276 0.77 5.188 0.72 0.497 1.40 0.00182 6.1 0.17 2.10 3.2E-4 5.9 0.85 1.5 9.1 0.9 6.9E-5 23 0.124 1.1 0.00129 20.4 0.0044 5.2 0.0039 6.3 0.0135 2.9 0.101 1.1 0.204 0.8 0.152 0.9 9.78 1.5 14.9 1.55 0.33 1.1 #NAME? 0.001025 0.50 1.6E-4 0.296 3.54 0.167 6.8 303 152 3.5 0.59 0.520 1.11 0.01342 0.7 0.00447 6.2 86 18.57 0.841 2.071 85.8 0.6 85.7 0.6 85.6 0.8 119
SZ1616-5.1 06 Sep, 2016 18:48 7.86 11404 16879 11712 567 699 3.3 0.04 0.08 394 1.0E-4 71 0.0466 2.6 0.100 5.3 4.1 1.1 0.0301 0.51 5.434 0.26 0.320 1.28 0.00172 5.3 0.25 1.12 4.2E-4 5.2 1.29 0.3 7.1 0.3 1.5E-6 158 0.124 1.0 0.00104 11.1 0.0024 7.3 0.0027 8.2 0.0078 4.0 0.067 1.4 0.153 1.0 0.171 0.9 12.47 2.3 7.1 0.23 0.75 0.9 #NAME? 0.001021 0.34 -7.4E-5 -0.138 -2.86 0.103 5.9 663 217 7.6 0.79 0.338 0.91 0.01337 0.6 0.00396 5.4 86 18.57 0.841 2.071 85.5 0.5 85.8 0.5 86.0 0.6 -49
SZ1616-2.1 06 Sep, 2016 14:30 3.56 11410 18051 11812 762 774 3.2 0.04 0.16 349 3.4E-4 41 0.0489 5.1 0.130 5.0 3.5 1.4 0.0283 1.57 5.257 0.65 0.364 0.43 0.00193 5.0 0.25 0.78 4.9E-4 4.9 1.26 1.5 8.9 2.3 1.6E-5 48 0.120 1.0 0.00103 10.8 0.0034 10.3 0.0032 4.3 0.0098 3.5 0.083 1.2 0.202 2.2 0.214 2.6 11.18 2.3 7.6 0.23 0.66 0.9 #NAME? 0.001026 0.80 7.6E-5 0.141 2.25 0.127 7.1 601 222 6.9 0.89 0.381 0.42 0.01345 0.9 0.00458 5.1 86 18.57 0.841 2.071 85.6 0.8 86.0 0.9 85.7 0.9 -124
SZ1616-7.1 06 Sep, 2016 22:42 11.75 11410 15980 11914 492 724 3.3 0.02 0.12 328 3.0E-4 45 0.0444 2.9 0.177 7.5 3.3 7.4 0.0293 0.56 5.355 0.28 0.517 4.46 0.00187 4.3 0.34 10 6.4E-4 10.1 1.77 9.2 17.7 5.2 4.1E-5 31 0.194 4.7 0.00273 6.9 0.0088 3.8 0.0081 7.6 0.0255 8.7 0.187 4.2 0.377 4.5 0.329 6.4 11.22 3.3 8.1 7.44 0.62 7.6 #NAME? 0.001025 0.42 -2.2E-4 -0.417 -4.89 0.185 7.4 550 292 6.4 1.19 0.548 3.30 0.01343 0.7 0.00433 8.2 86 18.57 0.841 2.071 85.5 0.6 86.4 0.6 85.9 0.9 -358
SZ1616-9.1 07 Sep, 2016 08:04 21.12 11402 14984 11448 567 699 3.3 0.06 0.08 296 6.8E-5 100 0.0460 3.0 0.050 8.7 2.9 1.5 0.0285 1.04 5.259 0.86 0.163 1.59 0.00164 8.7 0.09 1.49 1.5E-4 8.6 0.48 0.4 2.4 0.3 1.1E-5 57 0.046 1.6 0.00031 18.7 0.0006 14.7 0.0011 8.0 0.0018 8.4 0.023 4.0 0.054 1.5 0.078 1.3 13.37 2.0 9.2 0.63 0.56 0.4 #NAME? 0.001028 0.42 -1.2E-4 -0.222 -9.23 0.054 10.4 506 84 5.9 0.32 0.171 1.30 0.01346 0.6 0.00392 8.8 86 18.57 0.841 2.071 86.1 0.6 86.4 0.6 86.4 0.6 -57
SZ1616-4.1 06 Sep, 2016 15:15 4.29 11404 17170 11362 597 799 3.3 0.06 0.12 357 1.7E-4 58 0.0477 2.7 0.225 6.3 3.4 0.3 0.0310 1.38 5.473 0.25 0.635 0.62 0.00194 3.8 0.43 1.58 8.4E-4 6.3 2.19 1.3 23.1 1.4 1.3E-4 19 0.135 1.0 0.00863 3.8 0.0179 2.7 0.0220 1.7 0.0451 1.7 0.278 0.8 0.470 1.5 0.353 2.0 10.03 2.6 8.1 1.00 0.62 0.4 #NAME? 0.001036 1.28 -3.7E-6 -0.007 -0.06 0.225 6.4 552 358 6.4 1.46 0.670 0.50 0.01357 1.4 0.00455 6.4 87 18.57 0.841 2.071 86.6 1 86.9 1 86.3 1 -45
SZ1616-6.2 06 Sep, 2016 21:22 10.42 11400 15980 11338 567 674 3.2 0.10 0.06 385 -1.0E-4 71 0.0486 2.6 0.138 4.6 3.8 1.2 0.0302 0.52 5.400 0.45 0.406 1.20 0.00191 4.6 0.30 3.40 5.8E-4 4.5 1.54 2.3 10.2 0.3 8.4E-5 21 0.145 1.0 0.00124 9.9 0.0041 9.2 0.0037 4.1 0.0115 3.2 0.099 1.1 0.225 0.8 0.225 0.8 11.36 2.0 7.2 2.06 0.70 1.1 #NAME? 0.001037 1.13 6.0E-5 0.112 1.67 0.136 5.3 630 261 7.3 1.01 0.429 1.20 0.01359 1.2 0.00438 4.9 87 18.57 0.841 2.071 87.2 1 86.9 1 86.9 1 203
SZ1616-3.1 06 Sep, 2016 14:55 3.96 11404 17830 11254 717 724 3.2 0.02 0.18 705 2.3E-4 35 0.0493 1.9 0.149 5.3 6.9 1.9 0.0288 0.42 5.224 0.82 0.403 0.86 0.00207 5.6 0.55 0.80 1.1E-3 5.9 2.80 2.2 22.5 2.9 8.8E-5 21 0.232 2.6 0.00341 6.3 0.0102 3.5 0.0080 7.2 0.0291 2.1 0.226 2.4 0.477 2.4 0.412 2.7 11.99 2.7 3.9 0.96 1.32 1.9 #NAME? 0.001065 2.74 1.0E-4 0.192 2.66 0.146 6.0 1204 492 14.4 2.12 0.423 0.46 0.01395 2.8 0.00493 6.0 89 18.57 0.841 2.072 88.9 2 89.1 2 88.6 3 -4
0.5
10
To sort the spot-data by any column's values, Mean age of coherent group (N=9) 85.9
select any datacell in that column, age error (95% conf., without error in Std) 0.5
then click on either of the SORT buttons at right.
MSWD 1.33
Probability 0.22
age error (95% conf., with error in Std) 0.6
Calibr. Const. used .005099
Spot external 1s (mean) error 0.5%
Standard 1s (mean) error 0.21%
96 2serror bars

94

92

90

88

86

84

82
0 2 4 6 8 10

Std Grouped

5.5

UO/U
5.3

5.1
0 5 10 15 20 25
Hours