INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

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Brick standard building material
north In the _________, flat roofs were common,
steep pitched roof
West coast
were used in the ____________ due to heavy rains
- The world's oldest religion,

-Hinduism is unique in that it is not a single religion but a

compilation of many traditions and philosophies.
Hinduism
-Embraces many religious ideas. For this reason, it is
sometimes referred to as a "way of life" or a "family of
religions," as opposed to a single, organized religion.
Encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and
Buddhism spiritual practices largely based on the Buddha's
teachings and resulting interpreted philosophies.
- founder of the world religion of Buddhism.
Siddhartha Gautama Buddha
- Considered an extraordinary man, but not a
god.
enlightened The word Buddha means _______
An ancient Indian religion that traces its spiritual ideas
Jainism and history through a succession of twenty-four leaders
or Tirthankaras
a savior and spiritual teacher of
Tirthankaras
the dharma (righteous path)).
- most geographically extensive of the three earliest civilization

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (2600 - 1900 BCE) - Architectural decoration is extremely minimal.

- Most houses have two storeys, and very uniform sizes and plans.
Early example of town planning where
people lived in cities with baked brick
houses, streets in a grid layout, elaborate
HARAPPA (6000 - 2600 BCE)
drainage systems, water supply systems,
granaries, citadels, and some non-
residential buildings.
- One of the largest settlements of the
ancient Indus Valley Civilization, and one of
MOHENJO-DARO (2500 - 1700 BCE) the world's earliest major cities,
contemporaneous with the civilizations
of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.
a mud-brick mound around 12 meters high is known to have
supported public baths, a large residential structure designed to
Citadel
house
about 5,000 citizens, and two large assembly halls.

- had a central marketplace, with a large central well.

- Individual households or groups of households obtained their

water from
smaller wells.
Lower City
- Wastewater was channeled to covered drains that lined the
major streets.

- Some houses, presumably those of more prestigious

inhabitants, include rooms that appear to have been set aside for

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bathing, and one building had an underground furnace (known as
a hypocaust),
- From this period, most of the remains are of Indian rock-cut
architecture, mostly
Buddhist.

- Walled and moated cities with large gates and multi-storied

MAURYAN EMPIRE (322 - 185 BCE)
buildings which
consistently used chaitya arches built in wood, for roofs and upper
structures above
more solid storeys are important features of the architecture dur-
ing this period.
was an Indian emperor of the Maurya
Dynasty, who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from c.
ASHOKA ( Ashoka the Great)
268 to 232 BCE. Ashoka
promoted the spread of Buddhism across ancient Asia.
Mauryan capital
PALIPUTRA
Accounts mention 564 towers and 64 gates in the city walls.
the entrance has a sculpted doorway that clearly copies a wooden
Lomas Rishi Cave
style in stone, which is a recurrent feature of rock-cut caves.
STEPWELLS appeared in India from 200 to 400 CE.
- The beginning of Hindu temple architecture

- The golden age of India

GUPTA EMPIRE (Mid-to-late 3rd century CE - 543 CE)
- Generally regarded as a classic peak of North Indian art for all
the major religious
groups.
- most famous remaining
monuments in a broadly Gupta style
CAVES AT AJANTA, ELEPHANTA, AND ELLORA
- Primarily reflect the monumentality and balance of Guptan style
Toranas Entrances to scared areas were provided with ____________.
Blind doors , Windows __________ and __________ to achieve symmertry.
Wall or railing A sacred structure is usually enclosed by a ___________.
horseshoe arches Gable or dormer windows later became ________________.
A temple style that refers to north Indian styles, most
Nagara easily recognized by a high and
curving shikhara over the sanctuary
A temple style and the broad South Indian style,
where the superstructure over the
DRAVIDIAN sanctuary is not usually extremely high, and
has a straight profile, rising in series of
terraces
A temple style with
VESARA characteristics of both the northern and
southern traditions.
- The inner sanctum and the most essential
feature of a Hindu temple.
GARBHAGRIHA (WOMB-CHAMBER)
- Houses the primary Murti or cult image of
a deity.
Refers to the rising tower in the Hindu
SHIKHARA "mountain peak" temple architecture of North India. Also,
often used in Jain temples.
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- has a curving shape

- The equivalent of shikhara in South India

- refers to the whole

Vimana
building, including the sanctum beneath.

- has a pyramidal-like structure.

A monumental entrance tower, usually
GOPURAM ornate, at the entrance of a Hindu
temple.
- A pillared hall or pavilion for public rituals.
MANDAPA
- Either "open" or "closed" depending on
whether they have walls.
free-standing ornamental or arched
gateway for ceremonial purposes seen in
TORANA the Hindu, Buddhist and Jain architecture
of the Indian subcontinent, Southeast
Asia, and parts of East Asia.
BUDDHIST TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE Originally developed in the Indian subcontinent.
THREE TYPES OF STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY
Vihara, Stupa, Chaitya
BUDDHISM ARCHITECTURE
- Generally refers to a monastery for Buddhist
renunciates.
Vihara
- refers to living
quarters for monks with an open shared
space or courtyard, particularly in Buddhism.
- places to venerate relics

- veneration and safeguarding of the relics

Stupa
of Gautama Buddha.

- pagoda is an evolution of the Indian stupas.

- shrines or prayer halls, later came to be called temples in some
places.

Chaitya -refers to a space with a stupa and a

rounded apse at the end opposite the
entrance, and a high roof with a rounded
profile.
A characteristic new development at Buddhist religious sites was
Stupa
the _________.
Generally close to Hindu temple architecture, and in ancient times
JAIN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE Buddhist religious
architecture.
- Also called derasar
JAIN TEMPLE
- The place of worship for Jains, the followers of Jainism.
- Began under the influence of Islam in Indian subcontinent around
7th century AD.
INDO-ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
- Turks and Persians, who inherited wealth of various design from
Sassanian and
Byzantine empire, shaped and influenced the architecture.
MUGHAL EMPIRE Generally agreed to represent the peak of the style
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- The most famous Indo-Islamic style

MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE - Its most prominent examples are the

series of imperial mausolea. Best known
example is the Taj Mahal.
- One of the oldest stone structures in India, and
an important monument of Indian Architecture.

- Built during the Mauryan period and made of

SANCHI (Madhya, Pradesh, India. 3rd Century BCE) bricks.

- Its nucleus was a simple hemispherical brick structure built over

the relics of
the Buddha.
- One of the largest rock-cut Hindu temple cave
complexes in the world,
ELLORA CAVES (Aurangabad district, Maharashtra, India)
- They were built close to one another and illustrate the religious
harmony that existed
in ancient India.
- The caves include paintings and rock-cut
sculptures described as among the finest
surviving examples of ancient Indian art,
particularly expressive paintings that present
emotions through gesture, pose and form. They
AJANTA CAVES (Aurangabad district, Maharashtra, India) are universally regarded as masterpieces
of Buddhist religious art.

- The caves also present paintings depicting the past lives and
rebirths of the Buddha
and rock-cut sculptures of Buddhist deities.

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