PST Presentation Script

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto:

 Became chief martial law administrator and president on 20th December 1971
 EP under martial law
 PPP got majority of seats in 1970 which could be used to make changes. (establish
himself in power first.)
Controlling the army:

 Bhutto reduced power of the army, so PPP can make decisions on their own.
 He removed important army leaders, appointed his own leaders like Tikka Khan
(replaced Gul Hassan), and set up the FSF (a type of PRODA).
Simla Agreement

 It was vital to restore diplomatic relations with India to free the political prisoners
captured by Indians in EP.
 The agreement was signed by Indira Gandhi-agreed to return prisoners in exchange
for Kashmir issue directly only being discussed with India (no UN.)
 He never gave up on Kashmir-rightly part of Pakistan.
 He reduced dependence on army (war), showed his govt was fighting for peace, and
increased popularity by freeing prisoners in EP.
New constitution:

 Replaced martial law with democracy again

 Made 1973 constitution similar to 1956 constitution (committee)
 Made president a figurehead, Islamic republic, bi-cameral system (senate &
assembly), federal Pak (provincial autonomy)(NA only change political leadership on
75% vote), fundamental rights given.
 As leader of PPP, Bhutto became PM, Chaudri Fazal Elahi president.

Party politics:

 The 1973 constitution gave the PPP many seats and authority in politics (Sindh &
Punjab)
 NAP & JUI authority in Balo and KPK (stronger & working together)
 This could’ve been problematic for the PPP so they signed a coalition agreement with
both parties. Terms were:
 National assembly wont appoint provincial governers without permission of
provincial assembly, NAP and JUI free hand in provinces in return for services (ended
yr later-caused uprising that took 5 yrs to suppress-destroyed ideas for provincial
autonomy and democracy (army bought into government)
 Gov could limit press and ban political parties that seem like threat to integrity of
country.
  Suspects could be detained indefinitely-no right of bail (FSF)-intimidate political
opponents.
Bhutto’s reforms:
Promised food, shelter, clothing to supporters for 1970 elections-needs not being met for
many ppl in Pakistan-reforms to raise food production, more jobs, better welfare.
Industrial:

 Inflation 25%-wanted to lower it.

 Major industries (eg. Sugar and cotton) bought out by govt (70 industrial units under
Federal ministry of production-help govt.
 Controlled industrial output-more investment into industrialisation, raise living
standards for works, worker unions-spread wealth away from few hands(20 industrial
houses owned 80% of Pakistans large scale industries)-revenue to fill more reforms-
popularity for PPP.
 Problems: not enough educated workers (civil service)-FM relied on too much-
changes at a time of recession (declining demands for goods).
 Inflation fell 6%

Agricultural:

 ceiling on ownership of land and security of tenancy.

 Problems with land ownership:
 Bhutto halved ceiling of land ownership (1000-500)(500-250). Believed use of
technology & farming techniques raise production. (landowners maintain production
in smaller land)
 Extra land sold to peasant farmers
 All undermined by landowners-entrusted landholding to family members-transferred
to trusted tenants-leased back on long term leases.
 Personal influence & bribery remained-overlook acts against law.
 Problems w/ security of tenure:
 Law stated landowners cant sell land to third parties that could evict tenants.
 Undermined impact-mass eviction of tenants followed (preventing the law)-tenants
couldn’t afford to file lawsuit if landowner didn’t want to-lied about land being owner
cultivated.
Education:

 Half of all children attending school-25% literacy rate-govt had to provide free
education.
 Goals to achieve: end ignorance-education for all-education meet all Pakistan needs-
uniformity of education in each school and college-increase self confidence-raise
aspirations for higher education-develop personality and potential-develop Pakistani
culture and pride.
  Problems with implementation: lack of budget (13%)-education considered
unnecessary by populace-lack of coordination and efficiency in administration-low
educational standards (not enough trained staff)-takes time (5 years literacy raise not
even risen by 1%)
Health and Social reforms:

 Pakistan-poor healthcare-high infant mortality rate-low life expectancy.

 Bhutto took some steps to fix this:
 Banned sale of medicine under brand names (cheaper prices), introduced Rural health
centres and basic health units-1 RHC For every 60k-1 BSU for every 20k
 Govt could choose where newly qualified doctors and nurses work.
 These improved medical services in Pakistan-shortage in doctors & nurses.-
international companies closed down due to lack of profitability.
Administrative reforms:
Bhutto wanted to remove unnecessary rules and regulations from CS-Increase efficiency.
Reduced number of levels and evened out pay scales-lessened entry requirements (join
without working their way up)-people claimed this was a way to reword his followers.
1977 Elections:

 Bhutto called an election, confident in his victory (lack of opposition)

 9 parties combined to form PNA, wanted to take down Bhutto and the PPP.
 Many ppl joined PNA-Govt made law limiting public gatherings to 5 ppl. (stop
support of PNA)
 PPP won against PNA, claim for rigging was issued-most likely false

Downfall:

 Bhutto refused fresh elections-PNA protested-rioting in many towns and cities-FSF

couldn’t control unrest.
 Bhutto tried negotiating-Fresh elections in few places-ban gambling-restrict sale of
alcohol.
 Went to army-re-declared martial law-arrested 10,000 supports of PPP.
 Army leaders saw concessions as sign of weakness-staged operation fairplay-arrested
Bhutto and other political leaders
 2 days later Zia announced suspending of constitution and dissolution of all national
and provincial assemblies.
Zia Ul Haq:

 Took control on 5th July 1977

 Announced martial law till peace was restored (said so)
 Said elections in 90 days depending on unrest.
  Said Bhutto’s govt was corrupt (misusing money, preventing justice, exploiting the
ppl of Pakistan, etc.)-claimed to restore peace
Early measures: (death of Bhutto_

 Wasn’t sure on Bhutto’s case-appointed (chief of army staff) by Bhutto instead of

several other generals-didn’t want to come across as disloyal.
 Zia considered incapable-wanted to prove himself as determined leader in dealings
with Bhutto.
 Bhutto was released and planned to reinstate political authority-rearrested with 3
others-accused of murdering 1 using FSF-trial led to Bhutto being sentenced to death-
Zia had power to change sentence-Bhutto to dignified-Bhutto hanged on 4th April
1979-Zia used this to show he was not a weak leader.
Balochistan:

 Rerebellion in balo-Zia grant amnesty if weapons dropped-develop relations with

Balochi leaders and govt-began development projects. (rule support & living)
Accountability:

 Ended FSF to show political oppression is over

 Investigation launched to find corruption in Bhutto’s govt-show his Islamic govt was
better-found CS and legal system had fully Bhutto suporters.
Islamisation:

 Wanted to restore democracy-realized most stable force was army-didn’t give up as

chief of army staff-wanted PPP to lose power-waited till opponents gained more
support.
 Elections postponed-need for Strong & Islamic govt in Pakistan-benefit Zia too.
 How: counter to Bhutto’s socialist ideology, support of religious parties, portrayed as
pro Islamic fighting against pagan communalists when Russians came (ISL law
introduced), made FSC-decide on which laws were Islamic and which weren’t-re
appeal unislamic laws-eg. Introduced stoning to death-adultry.
 Hudood ordinance-different punishments for various crimes-introduced Islamic
punishments for gambling, drinking , etc. (cutting of hand, stripes, etc.).
 Fine or punishment if prophet disrespected introduced, Islamic council to bring
Pakistan’s ideology more Islamic, tried enforcing Islamic principles on economic.
 Zakat ordinance impose 2.5% tax-given to poor-Shias protested for free will.
 Ushr imposed

 ISL and PST compulsory (👊)

 Extra marks on CS examinations of Qur’an learnt by heart.)

 Promoted Arabic language. (Arabic bulletin on Pakistan television)
Women ☕:

 Zia made reforms undermining (lowering) woman rights-ISL promote woman rights-
new policy favour males-woman encouraged to stay at home-5.6% Woman employed-
Hudood ordinance gave their testimony half the weight of mans.
 Did however add 20 woman in Majlis-e-shoora-higher representation, doubling quota.
To 20%
 Female academics protest-Woman action forum-limited impact.

Impact on minorities:
Policies designed to unite nation w/ Islam-higher concentration on conservative principles to
lower support for PPP.
Afghan Miracle:

 Soviet tanks came to Afghanistan-west didn’t take Zia seriously ATM, some were
unhappy with democratic shift.
 Invasion bettered relations-Pakistan became frontline against communalist forces-
USA ready to provide economic & military support to Pakistan-anti soviet activities-
Pakistan west’s only Ally in the region.
 Invasion established Pak as leading in world politics-lot of money paid to Pakistan for
refugees-Zia increased military budget (better army)-sold assistance to other muslim
countries- Pak second largest supplier of manpower.
 50k Pakistanis serve abroad internationally-economic reform through donations-
workers overseas gave large amounts-made 4B$ A annually.
 Zia denationalized many companies Bhutto’s govt nationalised.
 New laws stated industries coult bit be nationalized except in exceptional
circumstances with compensation to owners.
 Remaining nationalised industries reformed,
 Pakistan’s annual growth rate became 6.2%. highest in the world.

Law and govt:

 New laws lessened power of courts (military courts, lost power to challenge political
decisions, 19 judges who protested lost jobs and replaced.)
 CS was bought under military law
 Many posts filled w/ military officers-reduce opposition-career for supporters.
 40% of pakistan’s ambassadors abroad were military men.
 Zia tried showing that he was more then an army general who seized power-formed
Majlis-e-Shoora (advice on govt).
 Members appointed by Zia-no power-just showed Zia in good light.

Elections:

 Announced elections with intention of remaining president

  Political parties merged to form MRD-free elections with political parties.
 Zia resisted pressure and made amendments to constitution giving extra ordinary
enhancement to his power making sure no matter what, he’d remain in power.
Referendum:

 Asked if ppl wanted Islamisation to continue-yes meaning he’d remain in power-

MRD tried boycotting it saying it was unfair-majority still voted for Zia.
1985 elections:

 Zia continued elections, the MRD tried to get ppl to boycott it as it would support
Zia’s undemocratic govt.
 The MRD underestimated Zia’s power, as majority of the people voted, and that in the
favour of Zia.
 No political parties allowed in elections-candidates proposed by 50 ppl not in political
parties.
 It was a triumph for Zia as a tame, obedient assembly had been elected (not PPP
dominated), new cabinet ministers were loyal to Zia, and the MRD were defeated
 After elections, Zia chose Junejo (former PPP member) as PM-He was an
uncontroversial figure who many people accepted, Zia thought it’d be safe to form a
political party with Junejo leading it.
 New party called Muslim league
 Zia thought he could control Junejo-he worked hard to develop the league assisted by
Chief minister of Punjab-Nawaz Sharif (reason for growth of league)
 Groups in PPP started arguing amongst themselves-good for league.
 Martial law lifted on 30/12/1985-1973 constitution restored but Zia still had full
power due to amendments-martial law lifted after 8th constitution which stated all prev
acts of martial law remain in place, president could appoint PM, officials, etc. and
president could dismiss PM and NA-Zia remained in control.
Problems for Zia:

 Govt harder halfway through 1980

 Afghan miracle granted Pak economic support in arms-arms on streets (smuggling)-
increase in drug use and trafficking-pak top in drug trade-killing and violence-high
corruption rates.
 Gap in aims of provinces-punjab support-sindh violence so exorts needed, succession
from Pak-KPK critical of Zia rule due to refugee problem in Afghan war-balo anti
govt common in locals.
 World superpowers try to resolve differences-alr signed agreements on arms control-
wanted to end Afghan crisis-Russia agree to withdraw troops from Afghans-American
commitment to not support Muhahideen-pakistan had to stop proving arms for Afghan
miscreants.
  Junejo and league-opportunity for greater role in politics-all party conference to
discuss Afghan situation-wanted to show civilian wing of govt has influence to act on
army independently-army took note, no action taken.
 10 April 1988-army weapon at Ohjri camp blew up-hundreds killed (between Islamad
and Rawalpindi)(dense population)-Junejo started inquiry and promised justice (even
dismissal of army commanders)-too much for Zia and army-Junejo had too much
influence-dismissed Junejo & dissolved NA.
What’s next:

 Constitution of 1973-elections within 90 days (dissolve NA)-nobody expected Zia to

abide by it-couldn’t tolerate PM with influence.
 Zia accuse Bhutto govt of corruption so said no elections till corruption is weeded
out-Junejo’s also called corrupt-not sure how long learing corruption wud take-Zia set
date in October but nobody sure if he would honor it.
 17th August 1988-Zia flying from army base in southern Punjab-plane exploded-senior
army officers, American ambassador killed-sabotage but case unsolved-Chairman of
senate (Ghulam Ishak) became president.
 PPP led by Benazir Bhutto won majority in elections-first female PM in Pakistan.