Civil - Military relations/ Democratic Evolution :

Modern democracy is called: liberal democracy.

Democracy is the fundamental right of the people to make free choices, about themselves
individually.

- Modern democracy is identified by liberty, economy,social and culture can be

democratic. (Sufficient freedom in every of these aspects is democracy)
- Level of democracy is directly propotional to the level of democracy.
- Is Pakistan democratic : partially democratic.
- A democracy in which elections take place and elected governments are present but
they don’t give, freedom liberty, such democracy is called illiberal democracy.

-Democracy
-Political
-Economic
-Social

1947 :1958 (Mr . Jinnah (civil government)

Khawaja nizam ud din (Jinnah, Nazim ud din, Ghulam Muhammad and Sikander Mirza)
1958:1962 First martial law (constitution 1956 was abrogated(abolished).
1958: Sikander Mirza (

General Ayyub khan ruled till 1958- 1969 :

1969 : the constitution 1962 was made and Ayyub Khan was still in power.

1969-1971 (yayha khan) (martial law + military rule)

1971- 77 ( Mr. Bhutto) (civil rule)
1977 : next martial law by (general zia) (constitution of 1973 was suspended till 1985).
1988 : civil govts. came back (benzair Bhutto)
Nawaz sharif :
Benazir Bhutto :
Nawaz sharif :

1999: 2007 ( martial law by Gen. Pervaiz Musharraf) (Const. 1973 suspended) (he resigned from
army chief post, but Musharraf rule was intact as a civilian in 2007)

2008: PM (Gillani)
2013: Nawaz sharif
2017: Nawaz sharif stripped off.

2019: Imran khan

2022: N league:

Every martial law initiated by Military rule, (Ayyub persuaded the martial law in Bhutto’s rule)

Q: LONGEST MARTIAL LAW

Q: Longest military rule
Q: Longest civilian governments
Q: totally period of military rule and martial law.

WHY Military intervenes:

1) Colonial legacy: to maintain and use this military for governance purpose, military rule
was present for policing and maintaining internal law and order, their ideological
training was that you are superior and local Indians are inferior. (we inherited the same
military with the same legacy, election to be held by army, military are trained to control
civilians as they have a inherent mindset that civilians are incompetent to control the
state.

- Security Dilemma : The congress in 1947, and in 2022

- Second threat afghanis
- Third soviet union, they tried to invade Pakistan and create a pure soviet state.
- Second soviet were threatening Pakistan by helping India especially in the 1971 war,
- Third soviet were supporting separatists in Baluchistan, and Pashtunistan.
- All these three threats are existential threats.
- We spent most of the resources to strengthen military.
- Two impacts of policy(empowering military) : institutional imbalance
- Second impact : some of the miltary generals misused this power to interfere in politics.
- In 1965, scientist was telling Pakistan that india was making nunclear bombs to bhutto,
he said talk to ayyub, bhutto asked for cost, military (ayyub) said this a luxury we cant
afford. Bhutto said he resents what ayyub says, (bhutto said go back to IEA, and wait for
my turn to ayyub). When bhutto comes to power, he called scientists from all over
paksitan and started working on making the nuclear bombs and he gave the statement :
BHUTTO : ( We will eat grass, biut we will make the bomb)

2) Bad governance: unable to govern effectively, court system, provision of jobs, food
supplies. (Public does not feel loyal to the political leaders, weak governance creates a
gap between leaders:
- When civilians are unable to govern, they call military to improve their weak rule,
- Military fame was elevated and institutions were defamed
3) Lack of visionary leadership : In Pakistan, political leaders fail to strengthen democratic
institutions, specially political parties, the parliament, the local government, if
institution is made strong, then military influence on civilians will curtailed. When
parties showcase weak governance , military rule and respect prevails.
-parliament has power to run investigations against the state heads for e.g. PM (Modi in
India Rafael case)

4) Role of judiciary: 4 martial laws applied to Pakistan, 3 out of 4 martial laws were
legalised by military 1) Ayyub khan (dosso case) 2) General Zia’s martial law (begum
Nusrat Bhutto case) 3)Syed Zafar Ali shah case legalised (Musharraf’s martial law).

5) Cultural problems : public not democratic, so the democracy does not create that
impact on the people, for the democracy to have an impact on the population sufficient
enough

- A Biden play for popularity, but it may have unintended consequences.

- Taliban’s connection with Al Qaeda and the fear that the Taliban’s could turn against
Pakistani loyalty.
- Fundamental argument was that, three countries did not sign Pakistan, Israel and India.
- Russia threatened to bomb Ukraine, violating the peace nuclear agreement between the
two countries and also demeaning the globalised liberal order, of the world that pursue,
harmony and unity with collective efforts to benefit the world.
- Through making different organisations for e.g. : IMF,WB,WTO, these organisations
deals with the development of underdeveloped countries and developing countries.
- Adding to that, is the fact that these organisations also benefit and improve
international trade, of all the participating countries.
- Also the military rule hinders and negates the world order because, the motive of the
global order was that the country’s that cannot handle the trade with the head of the
state, they then just to make peace and trade agreements with the west, these
countries take a lot of hit when the west is more capitalised in the way, of

- Global energy politics

- Ukraine war
- South china sea
- Global warming (international efforts)

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