THE LEGACY SCHOOL

Winter Break Task Dec’ 2023

Subject: Paklistan Studies CIE(2059)

Class: Cambridge-II Teacher : SADAF SHABBIR

Study Resources / Recommended Books

PS1(2059) PS2(2059)

History And Culture Of Pakistan The Environment Of Pakistan

By Nigel Kelly by Huma Naz Sethi

Peak publications Peak publications

The legacy school/winter break task 2023-24/Cambridge-II/PS-2059

Sadaf Shabbir|
 PS1/2059: The Cultural and Historical Background of
The Pakistan Movement

Chapter 14: ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO

Domestic Policies:
>Changes in the Military >1973 Constitution >Agricultural Reforms
>Industrial Reforms >Educational Reforms >Health Reforms
>Administrative Reforms
Foreign Policy:
>1972 Simla Agreement >Visit to Soviet Union
Changes in the Military:
+Removed Important Military Officers from power, Brought in supporters and improved Rule. (Tikka Khan
replaced with Gul Hassan as Chief of Army Staff)
-Established Federal Security force (FSF), Misused by Him to ret rid of opponents, accused of murdering
an opponent and hanged.
Constitution:
+Approved, was democratic, strengthened his govt, no more criticism
+Islam Republic of Pakistan, approved by Ulemas. President and PM as Muslims. Jimmat E Islami
approved of it.
+Lower House (National Assembly) had seats equal to population, but Upper House (senate) had seats
equal in provinces. Thus helped minorities and stopped Punjabi Domination.
Agriculture:
-Land Reforms, halved Ayub’s Limits. Landlords understated it by transferring lands, thus it was not
brought in properly
-Tenant first right of purchase was given, but useless since tenants too poor.
Industries:
+Nationalized Industries leading to Economic Growth increasing, Inflation going down by 25%
-Lack of experts, qualified managers to run these since there was no education system to produce
qualified teachers
Education:

The legacy school/winter break task 2023-24/Cambridge-II/PS-2059

Sadaf Shabbir|
 +Free Education was provided
-Administration was not in place to provide this. Child Labour tendencies meant that this was unlikely to
succeed. Literacy rate increased by a measly 1%.
Health Reforms:
+IFM was really high, Life Expectancy was really low, He reduced these through Rurl Health Cetners in
villages as well as Basic Health Units, which provided free health care
+All medicines had to be sold under medical names, cheaper and more affordable
-but also meant less investment by foreign companies and substandard medicines
Administration:
+Unified pay scales, removing unnecessary
-Reorganized CSF into numerous levels and let anyone join at any level without working their way up, but
opponents accused him of doing this to let him appoint his own people at positions he wanted.
Foreign Policy:
+Simla Agreement of 1971, Pakistani POW’s were returned
+Kashmir agreement, improved Indo-Pak relations and Pakistani Image
+Soviet Union visit in 1972, they agreed to build a steel mill in Pakistan.
Why Bhutto came to power:
>Army had been defeated by India and was at a low ebb, Yayha (Martial Law
Administrator and and president had been disgraced. The army was at a low ebb.
Bhutto took the opportunity to seek power.
>E.P had been lost, and became Bangladesh. Yayha and army were blamed. Bhutto
decided to take advantage of this and force Zia down and attempt to shape Pakistan.
>His program of reforms: Food, Clothing and Shelter was attractive and appealed to the
electorate. Thus he won a majority in W.P in the national assembly in 1970 elections.
Thus it was his democratic right.
Why Bhutto fell from power:
>Bhutto rigged the elections of 1977, which was apparent with PPP’s “shocking”
landslide victory. In some areas, the results were announced even before the votes
were counted. This effected his credibility and sowed the seeds for his decline.
>Greatly angered the opposition alliance, the PNA which began large scale strikes and
demonstrations in all parts of Pakistan. This instability gave Zia, the Chief of army staff

The legacy school/winter break task 2023-24/Cambridge-II/PS-2059

Sadaf Shabbir|
 a reason to take over by imposing Martial Law which ended Bhutto’s government.
>The economic policies angered the populace. (nationalization, land reforms) and
began to work against his rule.
Why Bhutto was executed:
>When Zia released Bhutto, he tried to reassert his political power by gaining the
support of the people. This was a threat to the rule of Zia.
>Moreover Bhutto, along with 3 others was accused of murdering a political opponent
by sending the FSF. The trial took place, lasted for 2 years, found Bhutto guilty.
>Bhutto had threatened Zia that he would charge him for tampering with the
constitution, Zia feared punishment under article 6 of the constitution. Thus got Bhutto
executed.

ZIA UL HAQ
Islamization:
>Hudood Ordinances:
...Different Islamic Punishments for different things, cutting of hair, lashing for adultery
+Reduced Crime Rate rapidly, pleased the Ulema.
-Partially Implemented (Amputation) or implanted wrong (4 witnesses)
>Federal Shariat Court:
...To give decisions in light of Quranic Laws and Hadis.
+Satisfied Muslim circles who believed Zia tried to make Islamic Judiciary.
>Zakat Ordinances:
...Deducted from the savings of bank accounts of every Pakistani on 1st Ramzan.
-Shiaa side claimed it was Unislamic because Involuntary, they disliked it and
sectarian divisions began.
+Implemented a pillar of Islam, helped poor Muslims
>Islamiat & Pakistan Studies compulsory:
+Shows his commitment to Islamization for future generations
-Course was unbalanced and crappy. overburdened, they learnt it only to pass.
....20 extra marks for Hafiz in FSC, MBPS, Matric.
+Good incentive
–Bad for Non Muslims
The legacy school/winter break task 2023-24/Cambridge-II/PS-2059
Sadaf Shabbir|
 >Arabic Course in the media and universities.
+Also taught Quran in Arabic
>”Sanctity of Ramadan” preserved
+Helped ensure fasting, Special Transmissions increased Islamyness.

Economic:
>Denationalized Industries.
+Reduced burden on government, since they became sick Industries
+Offered them to private sector, increasing Industry growth
>Promised no further nationalization + Fair compensation if it did
+More foreign investors
>Remittances sent from Pakistanis Abroad who went due to his policies.
+Around 3 – 4 billion earned, helped F.E
+Economic Growth was above 6% highest in the world.
Changes in Judiciary:
>Introduced Military Courts, even though he had promised to make judiciary impartial, but tightened grip
on it as well as the provincial constitutional order (PCO). Which made judges take an oath and weren’t
allowed to take a decision against Zia’s govt.
>Established Islamic Parliament “Majlis e Shoora”. Only advisory, no real power. Parliament supported it
and increased his support.
Political Reforms:
>8th amendment in the constitution of 1973
+Gave president extensive powers, he could dismiss the PM + Cabinet, could dismiss assembly.
Government of Junejo was a mere puppet, many PM’s were dismissed for “lame reasons” thus
strengthened his rule.
-Presidents misused this power too often in future and dismissed the elected governments: Benazir in
1990, Nawazu in 1993. Thus, political instability increased by this amendments.
Foreign Policy:
>In 1979, Russians invaded Afghanistan
+Agreed to help the U.S. Lots of imports of economy, military, it was the summit of PAK US relations
+Improved relations with Pakistan as they gave shelter to 3 million refugees who fled to Pakistan to

The legacy school/winter break task 2023-24/Cambridge-II/PS-2059

Sadaf Shabbir|
 escape the war.
Why Zia was unpopular:
>Afghan Mircale led to drugginess and guns and crime rate.
>NWFP had to bear Afghan Refugees, Balochistan was annoyed. Thus disunity in
support.
>End of Afghan Mircale meant no financial aid meant unable to care for refugees.

Why was Junejo dismissed by Zia in 1988:

>Junejo called an all party conferences as this meant Civil Government was acting
independently
>Junejo did an inquiry into the “Ojhri camp” incident, with intention to blame those
involved. Meant Zia could be punished as Army Staff chief.
>Said Junejo’s govt was not promoting Islamic practices, and was corrupt.

Why Zia introduced Islamisation:

>Bhutto had introduced some socialist measures e.g: nationalization of Industries etc.
Since there is no room for religion in socialism, Zia introduced these reforms to prove
that He was a better leader than Bhutto as he worked according to Pakistan’s Islamic
Ideology.
>Zia was aware that many Islamic Political Parties e.g: Jamat e Islami were influential in
both Civil Service and the army. Therefore he introduced Islamic Measures to
strengthen his rule by gaining their support.
>When the Russians invaded Afghanistan in 1979, Zia decided to fight against the
“Pagan” communists. However, he needed support of Muslim countries for his “Jihad” in
Afghanistan. Therefore he introduced Islamic Reforms to prove that he was a pure
Islam leader of a Muslim Country.

The legacy school/winter break task 2023-24/Cambridge-II/PS-2059

Sadaf Shabbir|
 PS 2059/02: THE ENVITONMENT OF PAKISTAN
Tourism Industry
Tourism is a phenomenon where by people move temporarily to places away from home,
primarily for relaxation and tourism is a tertiary industry.

Why do people travel to Pakistan?

1. For physical reasons such as to improve their health or participate in a sporting event.
2. For cultural reasons such as being curious about foreign places, people or cultures.
3. For personal reasons such as to visit friends and relatives.
4. People also travel for prestige and status reasons.
5. For educational or professional goals.
6. For recreational purpose.

Factors (Affect the tourism industry in Pakistan)

1. Presence of tourist attractions.
2. Level of security for the tourist.
3. Availability of capital.
4. Provision of infrastructure facilities.
5. Management of tourist attractions.
6. Marketing and publicity at International level.
7. The feasibility of developing transport and communication.
8. Government priorities.

International Tourists / Visitors

There are three main groups of International tourists / visitors.
a. For business
b. Visiting families
c. For recreation

(a) The international business visitors mainly come to Pakistan from the European
countries for a number of reasons, which include:
i. To attend trade delegations.
ii. For educational activities e.g. some educational institutions have hired foreign staff
e.g. Principal and teachers.
iii. As staff of multinational companies such as oil companies, Foreign Banks e.g. Citibank,
Standard Charted Bank.

The legacy school/winter break task 2023-24/Cambridge-II/PS-2059

Sadaf Shabbir|
 iv. As UNO officials who are working in a number of projects in Pakistan e.g. WHO
(World Health Organization).
(b) Many Pakistani’s work abroad mainly in K.S.A, Kuwait, U.A.E, UK and U.S.A. They are
not tourist but when on holidays, they come to visit their families, friends in Pakistan
almost every year. They stay with family members and not in hotels.
(c) Foreign tourists who visit Pakistan only for:
Recreational purposes
Historic Interests (Places)
Museum
Religious Faith
Different culture to their own
Festivals (Basant)
Visiting Northern areas and beautiful lakes and gullies.

Main Sources of Visitors:

The UK has remained the main source of visitors. Other sources were India, Germany, Japan,
Russia, China, Canada, Netherland, France, Sri Lanka, Australia, Saudi Arab, UAE, Italy,
Norway, Denmark, Malaysia and Turkey.
Most of the visitors from overseas visited main cities like Karachi, Rawalpindi, Islamabad and
Lahore. This is mainly due to the nature of these visits, which are dominated by Pakistani’s
returning to visit friends and relatives.

Cultural Attractions in Pakistan:

Pakistan is famous for its cultural heritage, which may attract a number of domestic and foreign
tourists, the ones who are interested in History, culture and Archaeological research. Cultural
attractions which exist in Pakistan and which either have been or could be made available to
tourists include:

Archaeological Sites:
Moen-Jo-Daro Harappa
Taxila.

Historic and Religious Sites:

Forts (Baltit), Lahore
Mosques (Badshahi Lahore, Mahabat in Peshawar)
Tombs (Chaukandi near Karachi, Makli near Thatta, Allam Iqbal and Ranjit Sings in Lahore)
Sharines (Uch sharif)
Khyber Pass Shalimar
Garden Kalash Valley
Swat Valley.

Modern Buildings:

The legacy school/winter break task 2023-24/Cambridge-II/PS-2059

Sadaf Shabbir|
 Faisal Mosque, Parliament
Building, President House
Minar-e-Pakistan Jinnah
Mausoleum.
Natural Attractions (In Northern Areas)
The northern areas of our country have many attractions which are the following.
Mountains,
Snowcapped peaks, Fauna
and Flora, Natural
vegetations, Photography,
Hiking,
Snow falling, Steep
slopes, Polo matches,
River, Lakes and Glaciers,
Beautiful valleys like Hunza, Skardu, Swat and Kaghan.

Kaghan Valley
It is one of the most splendid tourist area in Pakistan and located in Himalaya, north east of
Hazara District KPK. The valley is full of natural attractions which are as follows.
Mountain and Mountains peaks Snow
capped peaks,
Snow falling, Shogran,
Fishing in River Kunhar, e.g. Trout Fish, Lake
Saiful Maluk,
Jeep riding, Glaciers,
Waterfalls,
Forests / Orchards.

Other Attractions in Cities (Historical Places and Monuments)

As such, there are many historical places and monuments exist in different cities, which
attract the tourists, these are as follows:
Islamabad
Pakistan’s capital, planned city and located at the base of the Margalla Hills.
President House, Parliament and Faisal Mosque
Rawal Lake and Dam Shakar
Parrian Daman-e-Koh
Pakistan Monument Lok
Varsa
Jasmine Garden Chattar
Park
Karachi
Provincial Capital (Sindh) Sea Port
The legacy school/winter break task 2023-24/Cambridge-II/PS-2059
Sadaf Shabbir|
 International Air Port Clifton
Beach
Hawkes Bay and Paradise point The
National Museum
The Mausoleum of the Quaid-e-Azam
Children Park.

Lahore
Provincial Capital (Punjab) Lahore Fort
and Badshahi Mosuqe Data Darbar
Jehangir’s Tomb and Allama Iqbal Tomb Minar-
e-Pakistan,
Museum
Shalimar Garden and other parks
Governor House
Wapda House
Punjab University old and new campus
Hotels (Pearl Continental, Services, Holiday Inn, Avary Hotel).
Peshawar
Provincial Capital (KPK) Khyber
Pass
Bala Hissar Fort Mahabat Khan
Mosque Peshawar Museum.

Quetta
Provincial Capital (Balochistan) Bolan
and Khojak Pass
Hill resort of Ziarat
Museum.
Q.1. Explain how local people can gain income from tourism in mountain areas.
Ans. Opening shops in village
Making / sale of crafts Guides (on
tracks / trails)
Named services e.g. hotels / resturants Named
transport services
Offering accomodation in own home
Construction of tourist facilities.

Q.2. To what extent is it possible to increase tourism in Pakistan in the 21st century?
Ans. Possibilities
By providing good infrastructure, security and improved living conditions
Advertising
Training for staff in tourism industry / education about accepting tourists
Maintenance / cleanliness of tourist attractions
The legacy school/winter break task 2023-24/Cambridge-II/PS-2059
Sadaf Shabbir|
 Tourist attractions i.e. natural, modern and archeological sites
Stratefies for increasing tourism e.g. preventing deforestation in tourist areas, removing
littering / rubbish.
Problems
Unstable political situation
Corruption
Lack of security or fear of terrorism
Accommodation below western standards Poor
named infrastructure
High cost of developing tourist areas / facilities Lack of
government support / attention / interest.
Q.3. Choose a province and name two tourist attractions within it.
Ans. Punjab
Ancient history/archaeology – Taxila/ Harappa
Hillstations – Murree/Nathia Gali
Tombs/shrines -Allama Iqbal/Ranjit Singh/ Jahangir
Culture – Mughal architecture/ Shalimar Gardens/ Badshahi mosque,
Lahore Fort/Rohtas Fort
buildings – Minar–e-Pakistan/Presidential palace/Parliament building/Faisal mosque
Other – Khewra salt mines.
Sindh
Ancient history/archaeology – Mohenjo-Daro/ Bhambore/ Kot Deji
Tombs/shrines – Shahbaz Qalander (sufi)/ Muhammad Ali Jinnah/Mazar-e-Quaid./
Chaukundi/ Makli
Culture – Mughal architecture/Jamia Masjid/ Ranikot Fort/ Kafir-Qila Fort
Hillstations – Gorakh, Lakes – Keenjhar, Manchar.
KPK
Valleys – Kaghan/Kumrat/Swat/Kalam/Naran Lakes
– Saiful Muluk
Q.4. Suggest two problems the tourist industry in Pakistan must overcome in order for
it to be more developed.
Ans. Poor security/terrorism/political instability
Bad management/planning of tourist developments/corruption
Poor transport infrastructure/poor road network/unpredictable railways/ infrequent air
access in north
Lack of government funding/priority
Little tourism infrastructure / few tour agencies / hotels not international standard
Lack of maintenance/cleanliness of tourist areas.
Q.5. Tourism is a service industry. Name two other service industries. Ans.
Any two from:
public administration/government
transport
retailing/shops banking/banks/finance
The legacy school/winter break task 2023-24/Cambridge-II/PS-2059
Sadaf Shabbir|
 doctors/healthcare/medical
teaching/education legal/lawyers
entertainment/media
social care/home helps/family helpers/domestics, insurance
hospitality/hotels
telecommunications etc.

Study Figs 10 and 11 which give information about visitors into Pakistan in 1999.

Fig.10 Fig.11
Q.6. A What percentage of visitors into Pakistan was classed as
tourists?
Ans.
13% (accept 12–14%)
B What was the total number of visitors into Pakistan?
655 000 (accept 640 000–670 000)

Q.7. Suggest one reason why more people visited relatives compared to visiting
Pakistan as tourists.
Ans. Lower cost
Large/extended families spread out in different countries Work
abroad
Few tourist attractions
Terrorism/lack of security/political instability Poor
transport infrastructure.

Q.7. Read the following two views:

1. Tourism is one of the world’s fastest growing industries. More attractions and
facilities for tourists must be built to help Pakistan develop.

The legacy school/winter break task 2023-24/Cambridge-II/PS-2059

Sadaf Shabbir|
 2. Tourist facilities must be restricted. The increasing number of tourists will
damage our culture and cause environmental degradation.
Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer.
Ans.7. Tourism increased
Tourist income likely to be high (and greater than from other sources, e.g. from
exporting rawmaterials)
Creates employment
Boosts cottage craft industries (leading to financial stability/preservation of
culture/heritage)
Locals can use tourist facilities (which increases their quality of life)
Increases cultural linkages with foreign countries
Source of foreign exchange/improves economy (which will enable Pakistan to clear
debts)
2. Tourism restricted
Only seasonal employment (May–Oct in northern areas)
Money could be spent on other important sectors (such as minerals, power,
manufacturing,
mechanising agriculture, alleviation of poverty)
Displacement of local people to make way for development, e.g. hotels
Named social problems e.g. crime, alcohol/drugs
Lack of respect for local customs/beliefs
Increases prices of local goods/food
Clearing of natural habitat to make way for tourist developments (e.g. deforestation in
Swat Valley)
Unsightly hotel construction
Air/noise pollution from more vehicles
Water pollution in rivers from overloaded sewerage system
Litter.

Q.8. Read the following two views about the possibilities for tourism in Sindh province:
1. Hotels and tourist resorts need to be developed along the Sindh coast to
bring foreign exchange and boost the economy.
2. The coastal area of Sindh cannot support large numbers of tourists. There
could be negative effects from tourism.
Ans.8. For tourism
Sindh has many tourist attractions
Beaches (Clifton Beach / Sand spit / Hawkes Bay / Paradise Point)
Historical buildings (Quaid-i-Azam Mausoleum / National Museum / Mohatta Palace)
Tourism industry undeveloped / has scope for development / investment
Creates employment (such as drivers / guides / hotel staff)
Sensitive environment (threats to mangrove forests / fishing grounds)
Tourists bring culturally unacceptable behaviour / dress code
Tourists can pollute the environment with noise / litter / oil from jet skis, etc. (which
The legacy school/winter break task 2023-24/Cambridge-II/PS-2059
Sadaf Shabbir|
 disturbs
local residents / looks unsightly / is a danger to wildlife)
Indus delta / most of Sindh coast unsuitable for development (swamps / marshes /
creeks / forests)
Karachi needs tourist industry infrastructure (e.g. no passenger ferry terminal)
Declining / lack of tourist numbers
Employment only seasonal
Loss of livelihood due to construction of resorts (e.g. fishermen)

The legacy school/winter break task 2023-24/Cambridge-II/PS-2059

Sadaf Shabbir|