INVENTIONS DURING THE MIDDLE AGES

1. PRINTING PRESS

After the Chinese developed woodblock

printing, Johann Gutenberg was able to invent
the printing press, a more reliable way of
printing using a cast type. He utilized wooden
machines that extracted juice from fruits,
attached to them a metal impression of the letter,
and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of
paper, which then made an exact impression on
paper
The printing press works by using movable metal type and ink. First, it is done by arranging
individual metal letters and symbols to form a line of text. Then applying ink to the arranged
metal type, ensurig it covers the raised surfaces. Placing a sheet of paper over the inked type.
Finally, use a press to exert pressure on the paper against the inked type, transferring the ink onto
the paper.
The printing press wasn’t the first method of printing, but it may have had more of an
impact on civilization than any other type of printing. Thanks to Gutenberg’s printing press, the
global population had access to written material. No longer was literature reserved for monks
and clergymen. The printing press sparked the first information age. People could have books in
their homes for the first time ever. The printing press made it possible to spread ideas and
information on a large scale.
The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg had profound and
transformative impacts on people and society during its early years. The effects were far-
reaching and contributed to significant changes in various aspects of life, culture, and intellectual
development such as the access to knowledge, rise of literacy, economic growth, cultural
diversity, scientific advancements, and many more.
In the present times, the printing press has evolved to be almost entirely digital. It made
possible for classic texts as well as new ideas and books to be disseminated to a large part of
society in no time. It became possible to rapidly publish books and make them available to a
greater number of people at a more modest price. Such possibilities brought classic and
contemporary books and literature into the hands of a greater portion of society, ushering in what
has been called the ‘printing revolution’. The press also paved the path for entirely new fields of
written text, such as newspapers.
2. MICROSCOPE

A Dutch father-son team named Hans and

Zacharias Janssen invented the first so-called
compound microscope in the late 16th century when
they discovered that, if they put a lens at the top
and bottom of a tube and looked through it, objects
on the other end became magnified.
This compound microscope uses at least
two lenses; the objective and the eyepiece. The
objective lens is positioned close to the object and
produces an image that is picked up and magnified further by the second lens, called the
eyepiece.
The development of the microscope let us see and study tiny things we couldn’t see with
our naked eyes and this discovery showed as a hidden world of microorganisms, helped
improved health by understanding and fighting diseases, and advanced Science by learning about
cells and the structure of living things.
When the microscope was first invented, its primary purpose was to magnify and observe
objects at a level of detail not visible to the naked eye. It was primarily used for detailed
observation that was particularly crucial for studying tiny structures, organisms, and materials.
Microscopes also played a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of Biology; scientists
could now explore the intricate world of cells, microorganisms, and other minute components,
laying the foundation for the field of Microbiology. Moreover, it laid a foundation for scientific
exploration, enabling researchers to delve into the microscopic realm. This contributed to
discoveries across various scientific disciplines and expanded the horizons of human knowledge.
Furthermore, the invention of the microscope had profound impacts on people and
society during the time it was made, particularly in the late 16th century and beyond. It changed
how people saw the world by allowing them to explore tiny things that they couldn’t see before.
This led to important discoveries in medicine, biology, and science. It helped doctors understand
diseases, and it influenced how we learn about the natural world. Overall, the microscope had a
big impact on society, improving our knowledge and shaping the way we think about the world
around us.
3. TELESCOPE
The telescope’s invention is widely credited
to the Dutch spectacle-maker Hans Lippershey in
1608. Lippershey applied for a patent for his optical
device that could magnify distant objects. Shortly
after, another Dutchman, Jacob Metius, and the
Italian scientist Galileo Galilei independently
developed their versions of the telescope.
Galileo’s telescope, constructed in 1609, was
a pivotal advancement. He used it to observe the
Moon, discover Jupiter’s moons, and study the phases of Venus. Galileo’s groundbreaking
observations, along with the broader dissemination of telescopic technology, marked the
beginning of a new era in astronomy and science.
The development of the telescope shaped human history significantly in astronomy,
navigation, and science. It helped us discover details about celestial objects, navigate the seas
more accurately, and laid the foundation for the scientific method. This innovation influenced
philosophy, technology, and our understanding of the universe, leaving a lasting impact on
various aspects of human life and knowledge.
The big lens at the front is curved outward (convex). It collects and focuses light from
faraway things. At the same time, the smaller lens at the back which is curved inward, takes the
focused light and makes the image look bigger for the eyes.
Its primary purpose was to magnify distant objects, enabling astronomers like Galileo
Galilei to observe celestial bodies in more detail and changing how we see and know about space
or the cosmos.
The introduction of the telescope had profound effects on both people and society. In its
early days, the telescope transformed our understanding of the universe, challenging established
beliefs and advancing astronomical knowledge. This scientific progress influenced societal
perspectives and contributed to a more accurate comprehension of celestial phenomena. In
contemporary times, telescopes continue to be instrumental in scientific research, space
exploration, and education. They have played a pivotal role in major discoveries related to
distant galaxies, exoplanets, and cosmic events. Furthermore, telescopes serve as valuable tools
for educational purposes, fostering interest in astronomy and enriching public awareness about
our cosmic surroundings. The invention and ongoing use of telescopes represent a significant
chapter in the ongoing exploration of the cosmos.
4. EYEGLASSES
Although we are not sure who can be credited with the invention of eyeglasses, this device could
be found in Western Europe in the latter years of the 13th century. Its ability to correct vision
problems makes it one of the most useful medieval inventions and a great benefit to hundreds of
millions of people today.

 How did these developments shape human history: The invention of eyeglasses in the
medieval period had a profound impact on human history by advancing science and
technology, improving education, expanding trade and commerce, and promoting social
mobility. Eyeglasses facilitated the spread of knowledge, increased literacy rates, boosted
economic growth, and allowed individuals with vision impairments to participate more
fully in society. Overall, the invention of eyeglasses played a crucial role in shaping
human history by promoting progress and inclusivity.

 How do these inventions work: Eyeglasses in the medieval or Middle Ages consisted of
two glass lenses held together by a frame. The lenses were shaped to correct vision
problems like nearsightedness or farsightedness. By bending light rays entering the eyes,
the lenses helped focus light onto the retina, improving vision for those with
impairments. This optical adjustment allowed individuals to see more clearly and sharply,
marking a significant advancement in technology and healthcare during that time.

 Identify their purpose and use: Eyeglasses in the medieval or Middle Ages were
primarily used to correct vision problems such as nearsightedness or farsightedness. The
lenses in the eyeglasses helped bend light rays entering the eyes to focus light onto the
retina, improving vision for individuals with impairments. This technological
advancement allowed people to see more clearly and sharply, enhancing their ability to
engage in daily activities and tasks. Eyeglasses played a crucial role in improving quality
of life and were a significant development in healthcare during that historical period.

 How did these inventions impact the people and society during the time when they
were made and the present situation: During the medieval or Middle Ages, the
invention of eyeglasses had a significant impact on people and society. They improved
the quality of life for individuals with vision impairments, enabling them to see more
 clearly and engage in daily activities. This advancement also allowed scholars, craftsmen,
and individuals in various professions to perform their work more effectively. In the
present situation, eyeglasses continue to be essential for correcting vision problems and
enhancing visual acuity for millions of people worldwide. They have become a common
accessory and are integral to modern life, contributing to increased productivity, safety,
and overall well-being. The invention of eyeglasses in the medieval period laid the
foundation for further advancements in vision correction and eye care, shaping the way
we perceive and interact with the world today.

5. PUBLIC LIBRARY
The Library of Malatesta Novello in Cesena, Italy is the first ever public library in the
world. Opened in 1452, the building was owned by the city commune and allowed for readers to
freely make use of its collection. Today, public libraries are common throughout much of the
world.

 How did these developments shape human history: Public libraries in the medieval or
Middle Ages played a crucial role in shaping human history by democratizing access to
knowledge and information. These institutions provided a space for individuals to explore
a wide range of texts, manuscripts, and documents, fostering intellectual growth and
education. Public libraries helped preserve and disseminate important works of literature,
philosophy, science, and religion, contributing to the spread of ideas and the advancement
of learning. They also served as centers for scholarly research, facilitating the exchange
of ideas among scholars, writers, and thinkers. Overall, public libraries in the medieval
period played a significant role in promoting literacy, intellectual development, and
cultural exchange, laying the foundation for the development of modern libraries and the
dissemination of knowledge in society.

 How do these inventions work: Public libraries in the medieval or Middle Ages
primarily housed handwritten manuscripts and were often located within religious
institutions, universities, or wealthy individuals' homes. Access was restricted to clergy,
scholars, and students, with the public needing permission to enter. Books were not
 borrowed but read within the library, and cataloging was done through handwritten
indexes. Librarians, often monks or scholars, maintained the collection and assisted users
in locating texts. Despite their differences from modern libraries, medieval public
libraries served as important centers of knowledge and learning for select individuals in
society.

 Identify their purpose and use: Public libraries in the medieval or Middle Ages served
as centers of knowledge and learning for clergy, scholars, and students. They housed
handwritten manuscripts, provided access to rare and valuable texts, and facilitated
research and study. The primary purpose was to preserve and disseminate knowledge,
promote education, and support intellectual pursuits. Users could consult books on
various subjects, engage in scholarly discussions, and access resources not readily
available elsewhere. While access was restricted and borrowing books was not common,
medieval public libraries played a crucial role in preserving and transmitting knowledge
during this period.

 How did these inventions impact the people and society during the time when they
were made and the present situation: Public libraries in the medieval or Middle Ages
had a significant impact on people and society during their time by serving as centers of
knowledge, education, and intellectual exchange. They facilitated scholarly pursuits,
preserved valuable texts, and supported learning among clergy, scholars, and students.
These libraries played a crucial role in preserving and transmitting knowledge,
contributing to the intellectual development of society.

In the present situation, the legacy of medieval public libraries continues to

influence modern libraries and educational institutions. The concept of providing access
to information, promoting literacy, and fostering a culture of learning can be traced back
to these early libraries. The emphasis on preserving and sharing knowledge remains a
fundamental aspect of contemporary library services. Overall, the impact of medieval
public libraries on people and society has endured through the centuries, shaping our
understanding of the importance of access to information and education.

6. FLYING BUTTRESS
One of the architectural innovations associated with Gothic churches from the 12th
century, the flying buttress allowed buildings to have much higher ceilings, thinner walls and
larger windows. The ideas behind these innovations would influence architectural design into
modern times and allow for the construction of larger and more spacious buildings.
 How did these developments shape human history: Flying buttresses in medieval or
Middle Ages architecture played a significant role in shaping human history by allowing
for the construction of grand cathedrals and other monumental structures. These
architectural innovations enabled builders to create taller, more elaborate buildings with
expansive windows and open spaces, leading to the development of Gothic architecture.
The use of flying buttresses also helped distribute the weight of the building more
efficiently, allowing for greater height and stability. This architectural advancement not
only transformed the skylines of medieval cities but also reflected the power and
influence of the Church during this time. The impact of flying buttresses can still be seen
in the architectural heritage of many European cities today, showcasing their enduring
influence on human history.

 How do these inventions work: Flying buttresses in medieval or Middle Ages

architecture work by transferring the lateral forces exerted by the weight of the roof and
walls of a building to external support structures called buttresses. This design consists of
an arched masonry structure that spans from the upper part of a wall to a buttress,
redistributing the weight and providing stability to the building. By using flying
buttresses, builders could create taller, more open structures with thinner walls, enabling
the construction of iconic Gothic cathedrals and other monumental buildings.

 Identify their purpose and use: Flying buttresses were a key architectural innovation in
medieval or Middle Ages construction, primarily used in Gothic architecture. Their
purpose was to provide structural support to tall buildings, such as cathedrals, by
transferring the lateral forces exerted by the weight of the roof and walls to external
supports. This allowed for the creation of expansive, light-filled interiors with soaring
vaulted ceilings, characteristic of Gothic architecture. Flying buttresses enabled builders
to construct grandiose and awe-inspiring structures that defined the architectural style of
the era.

 How did these inventions impact the people and society during the time when they
were made and the present situation: During the medieval or Middle Ages, the
introduction of flying buttresses had a significant impact on people and society. These
architectural innovations allowed for the construction of larger and more elaborate
buildings, particularly cathedrals, which served as important religious and cultural
centers. The awe-inspiring structures created with flying buttresses also reflected the
power and wealth of the Church and rulers, influencing societal perceptions and values.
In the present day, the legacy of flying buttresses can still be seen in many historic
buildings across Europe and other regions influenced by Gothic architecture. These
structures continue to inspire awe and admiration, attracting tourists and preserving
cultural heritage. Additionally, the engineering principles behind flying buttresses have
influenced modern architecture and construction techniques, demonstrating how
innovations from the medieval period can have a lasting impact on architectural design
and technology.
7. PAPER MONEY
The first known version of paper money dates to 7th century China. It has a very
important advantage over coins made from precious metals – they were much easier to transport
around, which proved to be a great benefit to merchants. However, the concept of placing value
on a marked piece of paper was slow to catch on. In the 13th century the Mongols tried to
introduce paper money into the Middle East, but it became an immediate failure. It would take
until the 17th century before regular bank notes would be circulating in Europe, but it is now the
common way currency is issued.

 How did these developments shape human history: Paper money did not exist in medieval
or Middle Ages Europe. During this time, the primary form of currency was physical coins
made of precious metals like gold and silver. These coins were minted by rulers or
governments and were used for trade and commerce. The concept of paper money emerged
much later in history, with the first known use of paper currency dating back to 7th century
China. Paper money gradually gained popularity as a more convenient and portable form of
currency compared to heavy metal coins. However, it was not widely adopted in Europe until
the modern era. Medieval and Middle Ages Europe relied primarily on metal coins for
economic transactions.

 How do these inventions work: Paper money in medieval times worked similarly to modern
currency in that they were used as a medium of exchange for goods and services. However,
unlike modern paper money, which is issued by central banks, medieval paper money was
often issued by private institutions or individuals. These notes were typically backed by a
promise to pay the bearer in precious metals or other valuable commodities. The value of the
paper money was based on the credibility and reputation of the issuer. Medieval paper money
was subject to counterfeiting and inflation, leading to fluctuations in value and trust in the
currency.

 Identify their purpose and use: In the Medieval/Middle Ages, paper money was used in
regions like China and the Islamic world to facilitate trade, commerce, and government
 expenditures. In China, the Song Dynasty issued paper money to address a shortage of
copper coins and stimulate economic growth. In the Islamic world, paper money known as
"Saqqa" was used for similar purposes. However, in Europe, paper money was not widely
used during this time, with precious metal coins being the primary form of currency. Overall,
the purpose of paper money in the Medieval/Middle Ages varied by region but generally
aimed to provide a more convenient medium of exchange and support economic activities.

 How did these inventions impact the people and society during the time when they were
made and the present situation: During the medieval period, the introduction of paper
money provided a more convenient and efficient means of conducting transactions compared
to bartering with physical goods. It facilitated trade and commerce, contributing to economic
growth and the development of urban centers. However, the use of paper money also brought
about challenges such as counterfeiting, inflation, and fluctuations in value, which affected
people's trust in the currency.

In the present situation, the impact of medieval paper money is evident in the
evolution of modern banking and financial systems. The concept of using paper money as a
medium of exchange has been refined and institutionalized through the establishment of
central banks and regulatory frameworks. While the basic principles of paper money remain
the same, advancements in technology have enabled electronic transactions and digital
currencies to become prevalent forms of payment. Overall, the introduction of paper money
in medieval times laid the foundation for the financial systems we have today.

8. WAR WEAPONS
Since wars were widespread during the Middle Ages, great development in the weaponries not
only as offensive tools but also as defensive instruments. For open area battles, people developed
crossbows and longbows so that they could attack the enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe
with the protection of walls and fortresses. Additionally, in close-range hand-to-hand combat, soldiers
should wear something to protect themselves, a need addressed by the creation of iron body armors.

9. MECHANICAL CLOCK
Timekeeping devices have emerged since the ancient world, but it was not until the Middle Ages
that the technology was invented that allowed for mechanical clocks to accurately keep track of time. The
knowledge of not only what hour it was, but even what minute and second it was, would change the way
people schedule their days and work patterns, especially in urban areas.
10. WATER AND WIND MILLS
In medieval society, water and windmills served essential functions, primarily grinding grains into flour,
which was a staple food. Watermills were powered by the flow of water, while windmills utilized the
power of the wind to turn their blades and operate machinery.
One of them is the first windmills were probably invented by a Greek, Tesibius, who lived from 285 to
222 BC. Also, the earliest known wind powered grain mills and water pumps were used by the Persians in
A.D. 500–800 and by the Chinese in A.D. 1200.
Windmills were built to serve a variety of functions, such as raising water for irrigation or sawing wood.
By far the most important function of windmills, however, was to grind grain for food. In this period, a
typical western European family would consume about 1.2 bushels of wheat and barley per week
A watermill is a machine that captures the motion of a flowing river with a wheel and uses that rotation to
do work. Though the watermill had been around since ancient times and had been in use in Medieval
Europe since at least 650 CE, the sudden explosion of watermills around 1050 was unprecedented.

11. COFFEE HOUSE

Coffee Houses Originate in the Middle East in the 1500s. It originated in the Middle East, one of
the first places coffee was grown. The documents that we have suggest that coffee houses originated in
Mecca in the early 1500s or late 1400s. We don’t know when the first one opened, but they were
commonplace enough in the early 1500s that imams banned both coffee houses and coffee from 1512 to
1524. Their concern was chiefly that the political sentiments expressed in coffee houses challenged the
current rule. Coffee houses were primarily a place for political gatherings.