Federal University of Petroleum Resources

Effurun

Drilling Engineering & Well

Completion

Course Code: PEE 711

Ogbon Drilling Engineering & Well Completionm Slide #1

 Drilling Engineering & Well Completion

Lecturer:
Ogbarode N. Ogbon

Ogbon Drilling Engineering & Well Completionm Slide #2

 Drilling Engineering & Well Completion

Module III

Drilling Methods & Technologies

Ogbon Drilling Engineering & Well Completionm Slide #3

 Drilling Methods and Technologies
Introduction to Natural Gas Processing
Introduction
 Drilling Methods
 The process of well construction include
 Rock Breaking - in consolidated formations
 Sediment stirring – in unconsolidated formations
 There are two basic types of drills(hole construction tools):
 Drills that generate rock chips, and
 Drills that produce Rock Core Sample

 Drilling Methods consist of the body of techniques and equipment

employed to break rock into fragments or core in drilling(constructing or
making hole) in the subsurface rock in the oil and gas industry

 Methods of Rock breaking and sediment stirring

 Modern well drilling methods may be grouped into these general classes
in accordance to their mechanism of drilling
 Percussion.
 Abrasion.
 Hydraulic.
 High Power Vibration
 High Power Laser
Ogbon Drilling Engineering & Well Completionm Slide #4
 Drilling Methods and Technologies
Introduction Introduction to Natural Gas Processing
 Drilling Methods
 The drilling methods can also be classified in accordance to their
depth capacity, rate of penetration and sample produced.

 In many wells a single method is not employed, therefore drilling a

from surface through the pay zone can consist of;
 Sediments stirring (hydraulic) in the top soil
 Rock cutting with bit scraping, gouging, crushing (Abrasion) of medium
to hard formations
 Pounding with mud motor (Percussion) to kick-off(deviate) the well.

 Drilling Method applied in constructing a well depends on

 Hole Size
 Engineering Specifications
 Equipment Availability
 Technology
 Geology

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 Drilling Methods and Technologies
Introduction Introduction to Natural Gas Processing
 Drilling Methods
 Several methods, including boring, punching, and driving, as well
as digging, employed to drill shallow water wells and not employed
in the oil and gas industry do not come within the above
classification.

 Drilling Technology
On the other hand, Drilling Technology involves the application of other
equipment, tools and drilling methods in the construction of a well

Ogbon Drilling Engineering & Well Completionm Slide #6

 Drilling Methods and Technologies
Introduction to Natural Gas Processing
 Types of Drilling Methods
 Percussion Method
 Percussion drilling developed by the Chinese over 4000
years ago, is basically the raising and dropping of heavy
piercing tools to cut and loosen formation rock.

 This method uses a heavy drill bar or other tool, with suitable
apparatus for lifting it and allowing it to drop, to pound the
rock into fragments small enough to be readily removed from
the hole.

 In 1859 Colonel F. L. Drake completed the first oil well using a

cable tool percussion-type machine.

Ogbon Drilling Engineering & Well Completionm Slide #7

 Drilling Methods and Technologies
Introduction to Natural Gas Processing
 Drilling Methods
 Percussion Method
 Drilling Tools for Percussion Drilling
 Downhole hammer
 Percussion hammer
 Down-The-Hole hammer(DHH)

 Drilling Technologies Applying Percussion Drilling

 Cable Tool Drilling Technology
 Percussion rotary air blast drilling (RAB)
 Mud-hammer drilling
 Rotary percussion drilling

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 Drilling Methods and Technologies
Introduction to Natural Gas Processing
 Drilling Methods
 Percussion Method
 Percussion Drilling Advantages
 Improve hole geometry,
 Increased ROP
 Reduces drillstring stresses,
 Generates better and larger cuttings which yields a better
representation for geological study
 Lower drilling cost per foot substantially
 Most efficient drilling method in hard formations – generally
2-3 times higher than conventional drilling method and 7.3
times higher in medium-hard granite
 Because it involves less contact time with rock - only 1 or 2
percent of total operational drilling time - bit has less
abrasion and hence a longer bit life.
 Less use of other bottom hole assembly – saving equipment
rental cost
 Less hole deviation and easier control of deviation problem
for straight hole drilling.

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 Drilling Methods and Technologies
Introduction to Natural Gas Processing
 Drilling Methods
 Percussion Method
 Percussion Drilling Disadvantages
 Poor understanding of rock properties and mechanics

 Processes associated with combined percussion and rotary

drilling have not been fully defined and adequately modelled
to help design and optimize drilling operations due to Lack of
practical simulations tools that can provide reliable
estimation of optimized values for
 hammer type,
 number of blows,
 energy per blow that is directly related to length of the
stroke,
 area of piston,
 supplied pressure, etc.

 Hammer bits (cutters) may get balled quicker in soft

formations and lose the ability to drill ahead

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 Drilling Methods and Technologies
Introduction to Natural Gas Processing
 Drilling Methods
 Percussion Method
 Percussion Drilling Disadvantages
 Excessive hammer energy may cause severe vibration to
drill string and rig structure leading to mechanical failure.

 Vibrations may lead to wellbore instability, such as cavity

creation in shale, or even collapse

 Performance in shale and other soft rocks is poor

 No evidence of the performance in either directional,

horizontal wells, slim hole drilling, or coiled tubing
drilling

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 Drilling Methods and Technologies
 Drilling Methods Introduction to Natural Gas Processing
Abrasion Method
 In abrasion, the rock is worn, gorged, pealed and chipped off by rotating
action upon the rock of a shoe or bit armed with some harder material
buttons or teeth.

 It is the most applicable method in drilling oil and gas wells in the industry

 Drilling Tools for Abrasion Drilling

 Drill bit
 Mud motor

 Drilling Technologies Applying Abrasion Drilling

 Auger Drilling
 Rotary Drilling
 Mud Motor Drilling
 Rotary percussion drilling
 Directional Drilling
 Horizontal Drilling
 Multi-Lateral Drilling
Ogbon  Slim Hole Drilling Drilling Engineering & Well Completionm Slide #12
 Drilling Methods and Technologies
 Drilling Methods
Introduction to Natural Gas Processing
 Hydraulic Method
 This method uses water under high pressure jet to loosen the rock
material and bring the pieces generated to the surface.

 It is mostly applicable in soft and unconsolidated rocks

 The Hydraulic Rotary Method was developed in recent times to drill
the newly discovered oil field in Texas in unconsolidated formations.
 Penetration is accomplished by the rotation of an annular toothed
shoe on the bottom of the string of casing

 Drilling Tools for Abrasion Drilling

 Jet Bit
 Cutting Shoe

 Drilling Technologies Applying Abrasion Drilling

 Jet Drilling
 Air Drilling
 Hydraulic Rotary Drilling
 Directional Drilling
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 Drilling Methods and Technologies
Introduction to Natural Gas Processing
 Drilling Method
 High Vibration Drilling
 Sonic (Vibratory) Drilling
 This method involves
transmission of high frequency
resonant vibrations down the drill
string to the drill bit which
fluidizes the soil particles at the
bit face resulting in easy
penetration through formation
rock.

 The operator controls the

frequencies to suit the specific
conditions of the soil/rock
geology.

 An internal spring system serves

as absorber to isolate these
vibrational forces from the rest of
Ogbon the drill rig. Drilling Engineering & Well Completionm Slide #14
 Drilling Methods and Technologies
Introduction to Natural Gas Processing
 High Laser Drilling
 This involved the application of laser to first destroy the rock's
strength, allowing a conventional mechanical bit to then remove
the softened rock.

 The beam that is used to destroy the rock surface at the bottom
of the borehole is shown in Figure 1 during a system test firing

 The Edge of the Laser-Mechanical Drilling Method include:

 Step changes in drilling rate (2-4x)
 Extremely low WOB (<1000 lbs)
 Extremely low torque (<300 ft-lbs)
 Longer bit life and
 Lower drilling cost per foot.

The 20 kW laser-mechanical drill bit,

as integrated into the commercial
coil tube drilling rig.
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 Drilling Methods and Technologies
Introduction to Natural Gas Processing
 Drilling Method
 Core Sample Drilling
 One way to get more detailed samples of a formation is by coring,
where formation sample is drilled out by means of special bit.

 Core Sample Drilling is a drilling method for obtaining formation

rock core sample

 A rotating drill string composed of hollow centered core-drilling bit

cuts formation to advance the bore hole while obtaining the core
sample.

Diamond Core Bit Rock Core Sample

Conventional Core Bit

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 Drilling Methods and Technologies
 Drilling Technology
Introduction to Natural Gas Processing
 Drilling Technology involves the application of other equipment, tools
and drilling methods in the construction of a well.

 The economic and strategic significance of drilling technology has

prompted the oil & gas industry to seek for new drilling tools and
systems that increase both the rate and efficiency of drilling wells.

 Table below shows the various drilling methods and the drilling
technologies that apply the methods to drill wells in the oil and gas
industry
Drilling Method Drilling Technology
Percussion  Cable Tool
 Down the Hole Hammer
 Percussion rotary air blast drilling (RAB)
Abrasion  Rotary Drilling
 Air Drilling
 Rotary percussion
Hydraulic  Jetting

Vibration  Sonic Drilling

Ogbon Core  Engineering

Drilling Cable tool & Rotary
& Well Completionm Slide #17