MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY  Louis Pasteur (1859) - French

 Came from a Greek word “mikros” Scientist; Believes that microbes are in
(small), “bio” (life), and “logia” (science) the air; Air-borne microbes can cause
 the scientific study of microorganisms disease – the Germ Theory.
(microbes)
 Robert Koch - Established that
MICROORGANISMS (microbes) microbes can cause diseases. He

 Are organisms that are too small to be found that the blood of cattle who were
seen with unaided eye. infected with anthrax always had large

TYPES OF MICROBES numbers of Bacillus anthracis. And it

can be transferred my one animal to
 PROKARYOTES (bacteria and archae)
another.
- Commonly called “germs” but:
- Approximately, 1% of microbes causes  Ferdinand Julius Cohn - German
disease Biologist. He classified the bacteria
- Most are useful and essential for life
into four groups: spherical, short rods,
 NON-LIVING/LIVING (viruses)
 EUKARYOTES (fungi, protozoa, algae threads and spirals.
and helminths)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIOLGY
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
 In the late 1800s and for the first
 Zacharias Jansen – first to use inverted
decade of the 1900s, scientists
lenses to make observation.
 Robert Hooke - English scientist who seized the opportunity to further
make key observation of various develop the germ theory of
organisms including fungi; He coined the
disease as enunciated by Pasteur
term “cell.
 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) - and proved by Koch. There
First person to see live cells; Discovered emerged a Golden Age of
the bacteria and protozoa Microbiology during which many
 Spontaneous Generation Theory (Life
agents of different infectious
arise from non living organisms.)
 Francesco Redi (Born: Febrauary 1626, diseases were identified.

Arezzo, Italy) – (Died: March 1697, Pisa) -  Early experiments led to the

Italian Physicist and Poet; One of the first realization that microbes are

to disapprove spontaneous generation. everywhere, and this discovery led

 John Needham (1745) - English to immediate applications in

clergyman; Defend the spontaneous medicine

generation by making an experiment on a

BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY
broth.
 Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765) - Italian  Medical microbiology – preventing the

Priest; Performed an experiment because spread of infectious diseases

he was not convinced on Needham’s  Food microbiology – preventing food

experiment. spoilage
 Environmental microbiology – microbial
processes in the environment
IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY
• Environment
• Food
• Medicine
• Industry
• Biotechnology
• Research
THE MICROSCOPE
 A device used for producing a much larger
view of very small objects so that they can
be seen clearly.
PARTS:
• Eyepiece or ocular lens: the lens closest
to the eye, lens contains a magnification
of 10X or 15X.
• Tube: Tube or the body tube, connects
the eyepiece to the objective lenses.
• Revolving nosepiece: has holders for the
different objective lenses. It allows the
rotation of the lenses while viewing.
• Objective lenses: Generally, three or four
objective lenses are found on
microscope, with ranges of 10X, 40X,
100X powers. Lenses are color coded, the
shortest lens is of the lowest power, and
the longest lens is high power lenses.
• Coarse adjustment knob: Used for focus
on scanning. Usually the low power lens is
used enabling the movement of the tube.
• Fine adjustment knob: Used for focus on
oil. Moves the body tube for focusing the
high power lens.
• Arm: It supports the tube of the
microscope and connects to the base of
the microscope.
• Stage: The platform that is flat used for
placing the slides under observation.
• Stage clip: Stage clips hold the slides in
proper place.
• Diaphragm: Diaphragm helps in
controlling the amount of light that is
passing through the opening of the stage.
• Condenser: The main function of
condenser lens is focusing the light on the
specimen under observation. Presence of
condenser lens gives a sharper image as
compared to the microscope with no
condenser lens.
• Base: Provides basal support for the
microscope.
• Power switch: The main power switch
that turns the illumination on or off.
MICROSCOPE CARE AND HANDLING
 Transporting - When you pick up the
microscope and walk with it, grab
the arm with one hand and place your
a
other hand on the bottom of the base.
DON'T SWING THE MICROSCOPE !
 Handling and cleaning - Never touch
the lenses with your fingers. Your body
produces an oil that smudges the glass.
This oil can even etch the glass if left on
too long. Use only LENS PAPER to clean
the glass.
TOILET PAPER AND PAPER TOWELS
HAVE FIBERS THAT CAN SCRATCH
THE LENSES.
  Storage - When you are finished with your
"scope" assignment, rotate
the nosepiece so that it's on the lower
power objective, roll the nosepiece so that
it's all the way down to the stage, then
replace the dust cover.
STRUCTURE OF PROKARYOTIC CELL
• They are relatively small
• With exception with few species,
prokaryotic cell are surrounded by
protected cell wall which contain forms of
peptidoglycan.

• They lack other specialized organelles

DON'T FORGET TO USE PROPER
(mitochondria, lysosomes and Golgi
TRANSPORTING TECHNIQUES! apparatus)

 Storage - When you are finished with your • Some species of prokaryotes form
endospore.
"scope" assignment, rotate
the nosepiece so that it's on the lower
power objective, roll the nosepiece so that
it's all the way down to the stage, then
replace the dust cover.

DON'T FORGET TO USE PROPER

TRANSPORTING TECHNIQUES!

HISTORY
II. CLASSIFICATION OF MICROBIOLOGY
• In 1990 American microbiologist, Carl
Woese proposed that should bacteria be
• The two types of cell: The
divided into two groups: the archae or
PROKARYOTIC CELL and the archaebacteria and bacteria based on
EUKARYOTIC CELL their structural and physiological
differences.
HISTORY
ARCHAEBACTERIA
• In 1938, American biologist Herbert • In some classifications system, the archae
Copeland established the scheme of are considered as prokaryotes; in others
separating kingdoms from prokaryotes they are classified in their own domain,
archae.
and eukaryotes.
• Archaebacteria is consists of a small
• All unicellular organisms lacking nuclei be primative anaerobes.
classified as MONERA also known as
• Anaerobes are organisms that does not
Kingdom Prokaryotae. required oxygen they are found in the
narrow range of habitats with extreme
environment.

TYPES:

• Thermophiles

• Acidophiles

• Halophiles
 • Barophiles
• Methanogens
THERMOPHILES
• From the Greek words: thermotita (heat)
and philia (love)
• Temperature loving organisms
• Grows in temperature ranging 55 - 113 °C
• They are mostly found in the geothermally
heated regions on Earth.
• Very hard to study in laboratory as they
need extreme temperature
• Some members can produced heat by
themselves.
• EXAMPLE: Thermus aquaticus
Geogemma barosii
ACIDOPHILES
• Microorganisms that can live in highly
acidic environments.
• The pH range is 1-5
• They can maintain their low pH because
they have a proton pump machinery to
eliminate protons from the cytoplasm.
• EXAMPLE: Pyrodictium abyssi
HALOPHILES
• Microorganisms that can live in high salty
environment such as The Great Salt Lake
and The Dead sea.
• EXAMPLE: Salinibacter ruber
BAROPHILES
• Microorganisms that can survive under
immense hydrostatic pressure
• Some thermophilic archae are barophiles
too
• Photobacterium
METHANOGENS
• Microorganisms that produces methane
as their byproduct in anoxic conditions.
• They can be found in the intestinal tract of
animals such as cows and humans too.
• They can be a source of biogas that is
considered as a renewable source of
energy.
, BACTERIA
• Bacteria are found nearly EVERYWHERE
on Earth!!!!
• The earliest forms are believed to be
around 3.5 billion years old
• Are microscopic living organisms.
• Usually 1 cell or unicellular.
• They can be dangerous (cause infection).
• They can be beneficial (use in the process
of fermentation and decomposition).
• It was first called as animalcules.
• From the Greek word bakteria means
“little stick”
TYPES OF BACTERIA
ACCORDING TO THEIR NUTRITION:
Heterotrophic - obtaining the energy they need
to live by consuming other organism.
• Decomposers
• Secretes enzyme in their organic
environment and then absorb the nutrient.
Autotrophic – obtaining energy from
environment through photosynthesis.
EUBACTERIA
• Eubacteria – “eu” means “true”.
• Human pathogens
• Clinical or environmental
• Lives in moist environment
• They are aerobic
• Use sunlight energy to produce
food and have chlorophyll
• Can be classified by shapes.
BACTERIAL SHAPE
• Bacteria come in 3 different shapes:
• Spherical - Coccus
• Rod-like - Bacillus
• Spiral – Spirillum
• Cork Screw – Spirochetes
COMMON BACTERIA PROBLEMS
• “Staph” infections - often found on skin.
Acne, skin lesions and sores.
• “Strep” infections - strep throat, scarlet
fever, and impetigo
• Food Poisoning - Escherichia
infections
BACTERIA REPRODUCTION
• Sexual reproduction called “conjugation”
• Involves two bacteria and a “sex
pilus”
• Results in genetically
bacteria
• Asexual reproduction called
fission”
• Results in genetically
similar/identical bacteria
BACTERIA’S BENEFITS
• Decay bacteria or break down dead
organisms to return to essential nutrients
to the soil.
• Used in food industry.
• Useful in genetic engineering.
• Ability to synthesize antibiotic.
• Use to degrade oil spills and remove toxic
materials.
• Turn waste product into energy.
ORIGIN OF PROKARYOTES
• Pasteur disproved the spontaneous-
generation theory but left open a question:
How did life begin?
• It might be the seeding or organic
molecules from the meteorites from the
outer space or a God event that started
life.
EVOLUTION OF PROKARYOTES
• Prokaryotes are mostly bacteria and their
advancement led to more complex living
organisms.
• Advancement in the structure and function
of prokaryotes continued to the juncture
coli
where two separate types are now
identifiable: bacteria and archaea
ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
• Describes how a large host cell and
ingested bacteria could easily become
dependent on one another for survival,
resulting in a permanent relationship. Over
unique millions of years of evolution, mitochondria
and chloroplasts have become more
specialized and today they cannot live
“binary
outside the cell.
EUKARYOTIC CELL • Can be microscopic (phytoplankton) or
macroscopic (seaweed).
• Comes from the Greek words: eu (good)
and karyon (kernel or nut). • 3000 species have been reported.

• Most eukaryotic cells contain other • PHYCOLOGY – study (logos) of algae

membrane-bound organelles such as (phycos). This discipline deals with the
mitochondria, chloroplast and the Golgi morphology, taxonomy, phylogeny,
apparatus. biology, and ecology of algae in all
ecosystems.
• All large complex organisms are
eukaryotes. • PHYCOLOGIST – the one who study
algae.
• It appears monophyletic so it makes up
one of the three domains of life. OCCURRENCE

EUKARYOTES • (a) Aquatic Forms – Fresh and Marine

waters.
• Are organisms whose cells are organized
into complex structures by internal • (b) Terrestrial – soil, moist wall, tree
membranes and a cytoskeleton. trunks etc.

• The most characteristic membrane bound • (c) Unusual habitat:

structure is the nucleus.
1. Halophytic – highly saline water
• Animals, plants, fungi, and protist are
eukaryotes. 2. Epiphytic – surface of other plants.

• The most fundamental difference is that 3. Endozoic –inside the animals.

eukaryotes do have "true" nuclei 4. Epizoic –on the animals.
containing their DNA, whereas the genetic
material in prokaryotes is not membrane- 5. Symbiotic –mutual association with fungi and
bound lichens.

• The cell walls of prokaryotes are generally 6. Parasitic –parasite on plants and animals.
formed of a different molecule
(peptidoglycan) to those of eukaryotes 7. Thermophytic –hot springs
(many eukaryotes do not have a cell wall
8. Fluviatile –rapidly running water.
at all).
PIGMENTATION
ALGAE
• (a) Chlorophylls a, b
• Plant- like organisms that carry on
photosynthesis. • (b) Carotenoids

• Algae lack the roots, stems, leaves, • (c) Phycobilins ( red pigment-
vascular tissues and other structures phycoerythrin;
typical of true plants.
blue pigment-phycocyanin)
• Algae have thalloid body - (from Latinized
Greek thallos, meaning a green shoot or FORMS OF ALGAE
twig )
UNICELLULAR:
• Can either be unicellular or
• Euglena (Motile with flagellate)
multicellular.
• Diatoms (No motile)
• Cell walls made up of cellulose which
contains pectin which gives its slimy feel.
MULTICELLULAR BENEFITS OF ALGAE

• AGGREGATIONS – cells that have the
ability of cell division, it is colony but not
constant in form and size.
• FILAMENTS- daughter cells remain
attached after cell division and form a cell
chain; adjacent cell share cell walls.
• COENOCYTIC or siphonaceaous - one
large, multi nucleate cell without cross
walls.
• PARENCHYMATOUS – macroscopic
algae with thalloid body.
• ERECT THALLUS- shoot or twig
• Algae play a vital role in the aquatic
ecosystem. They provide food and shelter
for other organisms and are important in
the process of absorbing nutrients and
toxins.
• They are also critical in fixing carbon and
creating atmospheric and dissolved
aquatic oxygen.
• Foods for Human
• Cosmetics

CHLOROPHYTA • Detergents

• Green algae • Petroleum products

CYANOPHYTA • Foods for Invertebrates and fishes

(Phytoplankton).
• Blue-green algae
FUNGI
PHAEOPHYTA
HISTORY
• Brown Algae
• The earth is surrounded by plants and
RHODOPHYTA animals
• Red Algae • 90% life on Earth has been damage
PHYRROPHYTA because of fire.

• Fire algae • Dead wood + Animal Material = FUNGI

ALGA BLOOMS • Discovered by Robert Hooke

• Over abundance of algae that can CHARACTERISTICS

severely affect the aquatic ecosystems in
which they occur.
• ex. Dinoflagellates – Red tide can
cause shellfish poisoning, fish
poisoning, Bird Sudden Death
Syndrome (esp. Eagles), in
human; dermatitis and even
death.
• Usually caused by addition of excess
amount of nutrients (run-offs of phosphate
and nitrate from fertilizers and sewage
disposal); Eutrophication.
• Can cause foul smells in water reservoirs.
• Eukaryotes
• 700,000 to 5 million species of fungi all
over the world.
• They are heterotrophic
NUTRITIONAL MODES
• Saprobic: Decomposers
• Parasitic: living host
• Mutualistic: both benefited
REPRODUCTION
• They reproduce by means of sexual and
asexual.
• SPORES is the reproductive organ of
fungi which can be carried by the wind.
 • COMPOSITION: Cell wall is made of
CHITIN
FORMS OF FUNGI
• MUSHROOM - Can be edible or
poisonous. Can produce spores up to 2.7
billion a day.
• YEAST
• MOLDS - Found in decaying bread and
cheese.
PROTOZOA
• Protozoa are eukaryotes and unicellular
organisms,
• they have metabolic processes similar to
those of human host than prokaryotic
bacterial pathogens.
• They are single celled beings, which also
cause diseases in humans, which can be
mild to life threatening.
PROTOZOAN INFECTION AND DISEASES
MALARIA
• is a life-threatening disease that’s typically
transmitted through the bite of an infected
Anopheles mosquito.
• Malaria is usually found in tropical and
subtropical climates where the parasites
that cause it live.
• Derived from the Italian word for "bad air"
CAUSES:
Malaria can occur if a mosquito infected with the
Plasmodium parasite bites you.
• Malaria is transmitted by blood, so it can
also be transmitted through:
• an organ transplant
• a transfusion
• use of shared needles or syringes
AMOEBIASIS
• Amoebiasis is a parasitic infection of the
intestines caused by the
protozoan Entamoeba histolytica, or E.
histolytica.
• The symptoms of amoebiasis include
loose stool, abdominal cramping, and
stomach pain. However, most people
with amoebiasis won’t experience
significant symptoms.
SLEEPING SICKNESS
• Sleeping sickness is infection with germs
carried by certain flies. It results in
swelling of the brain.
• Alternative Names is Human African
trypanosomiasis.
• Sleeping sickness occurs in Sub-Saharan
Africa countries where there are tsetse
flies that transmit the disease.
CAUSES:
• Sleeping sickness is caused by two
germs (protozoa):
• Trypanosoma brucei
rhodesiense
• Trypanosomoa brucei
gambiense
• Tsetse flies carry the infection.
• Risk factors include living in parts of
Africa where the disease is found and
being bitten by tsetse flies. The
disease does not occur in the United
States. But travelers who have visited or
lived in Africa can have the infection.
VIRUS
• Discovered at the end of 19th century
• 1892, Dmitri Ivanosky Mendeleev
• Cannot replicate on its own, It must attach
to and enter a host cell. It then uses the
host cell’s energy to synthesize protein,
DNA, and RNA.
• Viruses have no cell wall and made up of
nucleic acid components.
• Adolf Mayer – Mosaic disease of
Tobacco (1886)
 • 1898 – Martinus Benjerinck not bacterial
disease but a living liquid virus
• 1931 – Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll
discovered electron microscope – first
virus visualized – tobacco mosaic virus
• Virion – virus capable of causing infection
• Capsid – protects the virion to be
destroyed
• Envelope – stolen bits from cell
membrane
• Its main function is to “hijack” the host.
• HIV – has envelope that is why it is
engulfed by cell.
• Polio Virus – has no envelope but
creates a porous channel.
• Rhinovirus and coronavirus - common
colds
PARASITOLOGY
• came from the Latin word parasitus
meaning “parasite” and from the Greek
root word logy meaning “study”
• the branch of biology dealing with
parasites and the effects of parasitism
FIELDS OF PARASITOLOGY
• Medical parasitology- The study and
medical implications of parasites that
infect humans.
• Veterinary parasitology- The study of
parasites that cause economic losses
in agriculture or aquaculture operations, or
which infect companion animals.
• Structural parasitology- This is the study
of structures of proteins from parasites.
• Quantitative parasitology- Parasites
exhibit an aggregated distribution among
host individuals, thus the majority of
parasites live in the minority of hosts.
• Parasite ecology- Parasites can provide
information about host population ecology.
TERMINOLOGIES:
• SYMBIOSIS- term was first coined by the
German de Bary in 1879 - mean “living
together”. It was originally coined to refer
to all cases where dissimilar organisms or
species live together in an intimate
association.
TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS
1. Commensalism- describes a relationship
between two living organisms where one benefits
and the other is not significantly harmed or
helped.
2. Mutualism- is any relationship between
individuals of different species where both
individuals benefit.
3. Parasitism- A parasitic relationship is one in
which one member of the association benefits
while the other is harmed.
• Parasite- An organism which is dependent
on another organism for its survival. A
living organism that acquires some of its
basic nutritional requirements through its
intimate contact with another living
organism.
• Host- An organism which harbors the
parasite and is usually larger than the
parasite.
TYPES OF PARASITE
1. Ectoparasite- A parasite which lives on the
outside of the host.
2. Endoparasite- A parasite which lives within
the body of host.
3. Facultative parasite- A parasite which
capable of living both freely and as a parasite.
4. Obligate parasite- A parasite which is
completely dependent upon the host.
5. Accidental parasite- one that parasitizes an
organism other than the usual host.
6. Temporary parasite- one that lives free of its
host during part of its life cycle.
TYPES OF HOST often expressed as the number per
100,000 people per year.
1. Intermediate host- A host in which the • Prevalence- Is the proportion of people
parasites lives during a period of its development who have the disease at a certain time in
only. a designated area.
2. Definitive host- A host in which the adult or • Opportunistic parasites- Parasites which
sexually mature stage of the parasite lives. are not normally pathogens but become
so due to impairment of host resistance.
3. Reservoir host- An animal hosts that • Morbidity- Incidence of disease in a given
maintains a parasite population and has the population, including both nonfatal and
potential to transmit to a human or domestic fatal cases.
animal. • Mortality- Incidence of death in a given
population.
4. Accidental host- A hosts that the parasite • Monoxenous species- parasites fully
does not normally infect. develop in one host.
• Heteroxenous species- parasite fully
5. Paratenic host- “transport host”
develop more than one host.
TYPES OF LIFE CYCLE • Vector- “a living carrier” (e.g. an
arthropod) that transports a pathogenic
1. Direct/Homogenic -Parasites do not require organism from the host.
any intermediate host to complete its life cycle.
MODES OF TRANSMISSION OF PARASITE
2. Indirect/Heterogenic -Parasites require an
intermediate host to complete its life cycle. • Skin Penetration
• Oral Infection (ingestion)
• Mucous Membrane infection
• Inoculation by arthropod vector
• Infection- Means the presence of
• Sexual intercourse (venereal
parasites in or on the tissues of a host.
transmission)
Such colonization may or may not have a
• Congenital transmission
deleterious effect on the host.
• Disease- If parasite has a deleterious
effect on the host.
• Infestation- The presence of arthropods
on the skin of the host.
• Epidemic- The sudden appearance of an
infection which spreads rapidly and
involves large population
• Endemic- An infection which has always
existed in a region.
• Pandemic- A widespread epidemic,
usually of world-wide proportion. These
are mainly viral diseases.
• Incubation- The time between the
entrance of a parasite into a host and the
beginning of the disease.
• Habitat- The natural abode of a parasite
species.
• Zoonosis- Diseases of animals which are
transmissible to man.
• Anthroponosis- Diseases of man which
are transmissible to animals.
• Incidence- Is a number of new cases
occurring within a given period of time,