B S E S 23 - SCIE 3

Microbiology
AND
PARASITOLOGY
B B F D M I C R O B E S B
A V R C R A N I T A I I K
C A E B C R B O S S O S D
T B V I R U S M V A M U O
E F Z B A Q N A C R U T Y
R G O L A P O M H M G O S
I H Z C F U N G I L H K E
A I E L A H A M S M A Z V
Y K D N Y A L Y O Y H J M
Z D L A L Y E S S A M G I
M I C R O S C O P E O H N
W D D T A H D E E F Z G H
X G D S M A N G O F I L O
L B A L G A E E L F D O I
V J D U K E F B N O P R G
M I C R O B I O L O G Y H
B M I C R O B E S
A
C
T V I R U S
E
R
I F U N G I
A

M I C R O S C O P E

A L G A E

M I C R O B I O L O G Y
Explain your cognitive
content about
MICROBIOLOGY
 Microbiology
• Greek word: mikros –
“small”; bios – “life” and
logia – “science”

• the scientific study of

microorganisms (microbes)
 Microbiology
Microorganisms (microbes)
• Are organisms that are too small to be seen with unaided
eye.
 Types of Microbes
• Bacteria Commonly called “germs” but:
• Archaea • Approximately, 1% of microbes causes
disease
• Viruses • Most are useful and essential for life
• Fungi
• Protozoa
Prokaryotes
• Algae Non-living/living
• Helminths Eukaryotes
 History of Microbiology
Zacharias Jansen
• First to use inverted lenses to make observation
 History of Microbiology
Robert Hooke
• English scientist who make
key observation of various
organisms including fungi
• He coined the term “cell”
 History of Microbiology
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
• First person to see live cells
• Discovered the bacteria and protozoa
 History of Microbiology
Spontaneous Generation Theory
“Life arise from non living organisms.”
 History of Microbiology
Francesco Redi
• Born: Febrauary 1626, Arezzo, Italy
• Died: March 1697, Pisa
• Italian Physicist and Poet
• One of the first to disapprove
spontaneous generation
 History of Microbiology
John Needham (1745)
• English clergyman
• Defend the spontaneous generation
by making an experiment on a
broth.
 History of Microbiology
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765)
• Italian Priest
• Performed an experiment because he
was not convinced on Needham’s
experiment.
 History of Microbiology
Louis Pasteur (1859)
• French Scientist
• Believes that microbes are in the air
• Air-borne microbes can cause disease – the Germ
Theory
 History of Microbiology
Robert Koch
• Established that microbes can cause
diseases.
• He found that the blood of cattle who
were infected with anthrax always had
large numbers of Bacillus anthracis. And
it can be transferred my one animal to
another.
 History of Microbiology
Ferdinand Julius Cohn
• German Biologist
• He classified the bacteria into four
groups: spherical, short rods,
threads and spirals.
 History of Microbiology
The development of microbiology
In the late 1800s and for the first decade of the 1900s, scientists
seized the opportunity to further develop the germ theory of disease
as enunciated by Pasteur and proved by Koch. There emerged
a Golden Age of Microbiology during which many agents of different
infectious diseases were identified.
 The Development of Microbiology

• Early experiments led to the

realization that microbes are
everywhere, and this discovery
led to immediate applications in
medicine
 Branches of Microbiology
• Medical microbiology – preventing
the spread of infectious diseases

• Food microbiology – preventing food

spoilage

• Environmental microbiology –
microbial processes in the environment
 Importance of Microbiology
• Environment
• Food
• Medicine
• Industry
• Biotechnology
• Research
 Examination of Microorganism
Microscope
• A device used for
producing a much
larger view of very
small objects so that
they can be seen
clearly.
 Microscope
The light microscope
The common light microscope used in the laboratory is
called a compound microscope because it contains two types
of lenses that function to magnify an object.
 Parts of the Microscope
• Eyepiece or ocular lens: the lens closest to the eye, lens contains a
magnification of 10X or 15X.
• Tube: Tube or the body tube, connects the eyepiece to the
objective lenses.
• Revolving nosepiece: has holders for the different objective lenses.
It allows the rotation of the lenses while viewing.
 Parts of the Microscope
• Objective lenses: Generally, three or four objective lenses
are found on a microscope, with ranges of 10X, 40X, 100X
powers. Lenses are color coded, the shortest lens is of the
lowest power, and the longest lens is high power lenses.
• Coarse adjustment knob: Used for focus on scanning.
Usually the low power lens is used enabling the movement
of the tube.
• Fine adjustment knob: Used for focus on oil. Moves the
body tube for focusing the high power lens.
 Parts of the Microscope
• Arm: It supports the tube of the microscope and
connects to the base of the microscope.
• Stage: The platform that is flat used for placing the
slides under observation.
• Stage clip: Stage clips hold the slides in proper place.
 Parts of the Microscope
• Diaphragm: Diaphragm helps in controlling the amount of light that is
passing through the opening of the stage.
• Condenser: The main function of condenser lens is focusing the light on
the specimen under observation. Presence of condenser lens gives a
sharper image as compared to the microscope with no condenser lens.
• Base: Provides basal support for the microscope.
• Power switch: The main power switch that turns the illumination on or
off.
Microscope Care and Handling
Transporting - When you pick up the
microscope and walk with it, grab
the arm with one hand and place your
other hand on the bottom of the base.
DON'T SWING THE MICROSCOPE !
 Microscope Care and Handling
Handling and cleaning - Never touch
the lenses with your fingers. Your body produces an
oil that smudges the glass. This oil can even etch the
glass if left on too long. Use only LENS PAPER to
clean the glass.
TOILET PAPER AND PAPER TOWELS HAVE
FIBERS THAT CAN SCRATCH THE LENSES.
Microscope Care and Handling
Storage - When you are finished with your
"scope" assignment, rotate the nosepiece so that
it's on the lower power objective, roll
the nosepiece so that it's all the way down to
the stage, then replace the dust cover.
DON'T FORGET TO USE PROPER
TRANSPORTING TECHNIQUES!
 Microscope Care and Handling
Clean up - Clean all slides, materials, and
work area when you're done. Please, be
careful with the slides and cover slips. They
are made of glass and if broken, you will get
cut and you will bleed.
DON'T CUT YOURSELF, THERE ARE NO
BAND AIDS IN THIS ROOM.
 PAST AND CURIOUS ACTIVITY: IMPORTANT
EVENTS IN MICROBIOLOGICAL DEVELOMENT
DATE MICROBIOLOGICAL HISTORY SIGNIFICANT IMPLICATIONS

EX. Methanococcus jannaschii genome sequenced. Methanococcus jannaschii became

1996 the first organism in the archaea to
have its complete genome sequenced
(Bult, C.J. et.al, 1996). It’s genomic
structure, along with the uniques
lifestyle, has gradually provide insights
into understandin the organism’s
adaptation to it’s extreme habitat.

NOTE: 2000-2023

A4,ARIAL 11, margin-1inch all sides

References...

Robert Nordsieck. “The Living World of Molluscs”

<http://www.mollusc.at/gastropoda/index.html?/Gastropoda/morphology/nervous_system.html>
Arthur Anker. “Organisms named after famous people, in pictures”
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/2017/04/12/organisma-nmed-after-famous- people-pictures/>
Hoefnagels, MarieIlle H. Biology: The Essentials. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2016.
Brooker, Robert J., Eric P. Widmaier, Linda E. Graham, and Peter D. Stiling. Principles of Biology.New York,NY:
McGraw-Hill, 2015.
Arora, D.R. 2007. Arora: Medical Parasitology 2nd Edition
Ash, L.R. and Orihel, T.C. 2007. Ash: Atlas of Human Parasitology 5th Edition
Chernin, Jack. 2002. Parasitology
Burton, G. and Engelkirk, P. 2007. Burton’s Microbiology for the Health Sciences 8th Edition: Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins
HIV and IDS Data Hub for Asia Pacific. “Philipppines: Key facts on HIV” <http://www.aidsdatahub.org/Country-
Profiles/Philippines> (accessed on October 13, 2017)
JOBSHADOW. “Interview with an Allergist/Immunologist” <http://www.jobshadow.com/interview-with-an-
Allergistimmunologist/> (accessed on October 13, 2017)
BBC. “History of Life on Earth” <http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/history_of_earth> (accessed on October 18, 2017)
Avert. “Global HIV and AIDS” <https://www.avert.org/global-hiv-and-aids-statistics> (accessed on October 13,
2017)
Hoefnagels, MarieIlle H. Biology: The Essentials. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2016.
Brooker, Robert J., Eric P. Widmaier, Linda E. Graham, and Peter D. Stiling. Principles of Biology.New York,NY:
McGraw-Hill, 2015.
QUESTION CLARIFICATIO
S NS
SUGGESTION
S
 TO GOD BE THE
GLORY...

THANK YOU
TEACHING IS A WORK OF HEART
Maam CRIS :)