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IMMNMiMMiMilsivATIMiMIMVIViNNTMNi NAIA.

- - - .
Chapter 3.6
WATER PROOFING
AND
DAMP PROOFING
NAIAIAAIAIANHIAIAAAIANAIANAIAAAIANIAJJAIAIIAIAIAA.
MAINAKAMNiMMMMMIiAIIMIAAMUMRIA
3.6.1 DEFINITION

Dampness
The moisture in a building finding its way through
walls,
floors or roof is called dampness.

Damp proofing
The process of preventing the entry of moisture in to the
building by giving some treatments during the construction of.
building is called damp proofing.
Water Proofing

Prevention of flow of water inside buildings due to

hydraullic pressure (from. rains or groundwater) is called
waterproofing.
3.6.2 CAUSES OF DAMPNESS
The water absorbed by the materials is the chief causes
of of
dampness. The following are the causes for the
enu
dampness in to the structure.
1. Rising of ground water table
Ifthe ground water table rises, it is likely to rise the
e
vecinity of the foundation of the structure and
and affect it.
affect 1
building materials used in foundation absorb water by a p i l l a r y

action and pass it inside the cap

building.
3.44
Rain ater penetration

l a i n w a r

Ifexternal walls of the building are not p?otected, rain

find
its way and cause
may
water h i t t hitting it inside. dampness
Leaking roof may also allow rain water to enter the building.

tops ofwalls
&Exposed
Top of parapet walls if not properly plugged against entry
ofrain water, dampness may find its way through then also.

slopeto flat roofs

4 Inadequate
It slope of the roof is not adequate to drain off rain water
efectively, the water may get stored at the roof and may seep

into the building.

5. Poor quality materials and construction

Poor workmanship in the construction of walls, roofs,

parapets etc., and use of the porous materials for the
construction result in dampers of the structure.

3.6.3 EFFECTS OF DAMPESS

. Stones, bricks, etc., may distintegrate due to the

effect of efflorescence of dampness:

. Plaster gets softened and may crumble.
3. It
may decay timber.
4. It may corrode the metallic fittings.
5. The electrical
fittings may get damaged.
6. It
may promote the growth of termite.
7. The distemp thus
flake off,
p e r s and paints may

amaging their good appearance.

8.
Dam buildings create unhealthy conditionso
Damp
Occupants.
3.45
 9. It causes unsighty patches in the alls, loors an
ceilings.
10. The life of structures may get reduced has

dampness.
because
3.6.4 DAMP PROOF COURSES (DPC)

Damp proofing of a building is done by interposing alaye

of damp proof material between the source of dampness .
building itself and this layer is known as damp proofcourse
e.
is abbreviated as D.P.C.

3.6.5 MATERIALS USED EROM DAMP PROOFING

The following materials are commonly used for dam
proofing
1. Hot bitumen
2. Metal sheets of lead, copper and aluminium

3. Dense brick
4. Bituminous felt

5. Mastic ash phalt

6. Dense stones laid in cement mortar

7. Cement concrete layer

8. Cement mortar with water
proofing agents
9. Combination of metal sheets and felts
AT
3.6.6 METHODS OF PREVENTION OF P.iMPNES
BASE
Damp proof course is provided on the outsiae f wal
and underside of floor
basemenis.
It is provided in such a way that the later may.prov
the support necessary to withstand such water p
be exerted on the outex face of
the structure.
3.46
 For this purpose where
where
adequate space is
basement should be of
cavation, the b a s available for
roride the following.
sufficient dimensions to
prorde

Protective outer wall

Space to be
grouted
Inner proteetrve wall
-R.C.C. wah
Flat brick
Concrete fillet R-75 mn.

Teak concrete
Fig. 8.35
Damp-procfing cf a basement under heavy pressure
.
Aequ?ic arrangement for pumping out subsoil
water, to keep the water level below the basement level.
2
2.
Provide suitable sheltering to prevent the sides of
'

the excavation
from collapsing.
Space to be cement
grouted
D.P.C.
R.C.C. floor.
Flat brick or .
C.concrete

Weak concrete

Damp-proofing
oofing ot abasement
of a
Fig. 3.36B
under
normal
c o n d i t i o n s

3.47
 of the excavation a slab base ne
of weak
3. On the floor
to 150 mm thick sh.
cement concrete
100 mm
uld be
laid. This slab should
project 150 mm bevond
the
outer face of wall.
of two lauo
4. The damp proofing course consisting
on the entire area
of mastic asphalt is applied of
the base slab including projection.

Existing brick wall

D.P.C.

C.Conc. Fillet
R= 75 mm
Fig. 3.37 Damp - proofing an existing basement

5. A protective floor of brick r cement concrete 1:3:0

about 50 mm thick is to be provided to protect the

D.P.C. from drainage during the construction of the

floor.
dded
6. Suitable water
proofing compound should be
ad
to the concrete
flooring mixture.
7. Over flooring course of D.P.C. walls capablk e of
r e to
withstanding the anticipated lateral pressure a
constructed.
l aud
8. The outside face of the walls should be
: lasture
finished with water
proofed cement plaster.
9. The full course o u t s i d e

of D.P.C. is then applied tn

to
at care
face of the walls
joining at the base. Sutiicie
3.48
 to ensure a
be t a k e n
perfect bond
should

the base slab and that between

ween
D.P.C.
on
provided on the
of the walls,
outside

10. A thin protective half brick wall should be

over the projective slab and the
gap
c o n s t r u c t e

het:veen walls should be granted s0 as to ensure

that
no air is trapped between the D.P.C. and the
walls.

deep
f ofde
In c a s e
basements, it is convenient to apply D.P.C.
theoutside of the walls in stages of convenient heights and
Complete constructior of theprotectivewall aswellas back filling
Hhe 2arth progressively. This will enable the shutteringto he
amoved earlier and arrest any tendeney of D.P.C.,toslipdown.

For the basement subjected to a severe hydrostatic

pressure the continuous D.P.C. nmay not give satisfactory result.
In that situation the basement should be kept continuously
drained. Open jointed drainage pipes may haveto be laid below
the floor of the basement at the time
ofconstruction. Toget
SaDIStactory results, the drainage pipes may be enclosed in
selected filter media.

Damp proofing of basement is known as asphalt tanking.

while
Ving are the important facts to be observed
asphalt tanking.
1. The thickness of horizontal D.P.C. at basement floor

level is 30 mm and it is laid in 3 coats.

oKness of vertical laver is 20
mm and it18
laid in 3 coats.
3.AAsphalt layers
should be continu

3.49
 be carried above
Vertical D.P.C. should
4.
height of 15 mm.
nd level
for a minimum

5. The vertical
end of
should ended in
asphalt layer should be
a
horizontal layer of D.P.C.

3.6.7 PROPERTIES
s OF
AND FUNCTIONS OFVARIOUS
VAns

TYPES OF WATER PROOFING MATERIAL

COMMONLY AVAILABLE

A building or structure needs waterproofing.as concreto

itself will not be watertight on its own. The conventional system
of waterproofing involves membranes. This relies on the
application of one more layers of membrane (available in
various materials.e.g. bitumen, silicate, PVC, HDPE etc) that
act as a barrier between the water and the building structure,
prevailing the passage of water. However, the membran
system relies on exacting application, presenting difficulties.
Problems with application or adherence. to the substrate can
lead to leakage.
A
3.6.8 ADMIXTUREs FOR CEMENT MORTOR AND
CEMENT CONCRETE

Admixtures are obtained in powder, paste or

id form
lq
and may cousist of pore filling or water repellant erials
f.e chief materials zinc
silicate of soda, aluminium a hd
are

suiphates and aluminium and calcium chloride.

atio,
Adding calcium chloride brings down vater-cement

even upto the limit of 0.25, and it oncrete

But it is not suitable for R.C
gives quick setting
C works.
The chemically inactive chalk.

filling materials nal

are

pore
fullers earth and talc and e r y f i n a l l y

these are usually very

ground.

3.50
 TIONS OF ADMIXTURES

The
mixtures are
chemically active pore fillers.
the setting
time of concrete and they
thus render the
acth ore im
a c t i v a

ncrete more impervious at early age.

hemiclly inactive materials improve the

The chemiclly

d facillitate the reduction of water for given workability and workability

make dense concrete which is basically impervious.
SADnoh Add Pcot
1 0 ACCELETRATERS

Acpeletraters are usea asS

grouung agentS to haster the
cituation
set in s i t u a t i o n where a
plugging effect is disired. In such a
aSe Caleium chloride or triethanolamine are used,

3.6.10.1 Retarders

Retarders are used in a grout to aid pumpability and to

effect the penetration of grant into fine cracks or seams. They
include music acid, gypsum and a commercial brand known

asRAY(Ray Lig Blinder) etc

3.6.11 METHOD OF MIXING

Aquaproof Materials 1onSD

It white powder
1s a
to be mixed at 1 kg per bag ofcement.
nereases unpermiability of concrete.
Impermo
diso a water proofing compound added to cement
to
make it
CCo
impervious.
It 1sone of the very popular waterproofing additiveto
Cement. It is acolourless paste to be mixed at 3kgof CiCoto
kg of ent (3%). The paste is dissolved in the concreto
mixing water and used
sed for making concrete.
io 8.51
Temporary Structures

any
without toundation
or footing and
*A structure
removed when the designated time period .
use for which the temporary structure was. activity o
ceased.
dhas
ed to
*Any structure that is not attached to aa per
permane:
foundation.

A structue which is erected for not more than dve

Such structure shall include tents, portable bandstand
bleachers, reviewing stands.

Permanent Structures

It is a structure with strong and good foundation.

Life of the Structuure

The nominal design life of the Building is generaly

considered to bearouond 60 years.
Advantages with respect to stfength and Earthquaae
resistance

Masonry buildings are brittle structures and oneofthe

most vulnerable of the entire building stock understrong

earthquake shaking.
*The ground shakes Smultaneously in the verrtical a
two horizontal directions
during earthquakes
*However the most

horizontal vibrations ar are the

damaging to normal masonry

Momanl buildings.
Herizontal inertia force developed at the roof t r a n s e r

Strone
to the walls
acting either in the weak
ak in
orr *
o
the.

direction.
3.52
 walls not tied
are
together like a
If'all
the
weak irection tend to box, the wall
locatedin their topple.
T o ensuregooa d seismic pertormance, all walls must be
ined properly to the adjacent walls.
In this way, wall loaded in their..
weak direction can take
advantage
good lateral resistance
of th
offered by walls
loaded in their strong direction
Further walls are need to be tied to the roof and
foundation to preserve ther overall integrity.

AA12 IMPROVEMENTS BEHAVIOR OF MAsONRY

WALL

Masonry walls are slender because of their small

thickness compared to their height and length.
.

A simple way of making these wallsbehave well during

earthquake shaking is by making them act together as
a box along with the roof at the top and with the
foundation at bottom.
Anumber of construction aspects are required toensure
this box action.

1 Lhe connection between the walls should be

good.
This can be achieved by
(a) Ensuring
nsuring good interlocking of the masonryy
at the junctions.

(b) Employing horizontal bands at various levels,

particularly in Lintel level. need to
Secondly
be
the size of doors and windows
opening
the
kept small. The smallerthe the larger is
opening,

resistance offered by the wall.

3.53
 Indian stands IS 4326-1993 and IS 13828.1c

sizes and details of Lintel bands. 28-19931provides

Also Plinth band, and roof band of the
improve their earthquake performance. buildings is t

3.6.13 WATER PROOFING COATS FOR SUMP

To prevent the leakage of ground w
ater into
underground sump, at present lot of methods adopted to
the seepage.
control
Some Granular finish is a quality touch applied
membrans are used in nowadays.

Advantages of membran systems

1. High strength reinforcement gives excellent

resistance to puncture and stress.

2. Easily torch applied.

3. Bonds well to the substrate.

4. Readily formed to contours.

Application methodology (External face only)

*
Pond the tank with water for minimum 3 days and mark
the damp areas if any in the wall.

*Treating construction joints and damp area by

the
injecting cement slurry mixed with expanding age ents

to
using pressure grouting pump with a
f 3
pressure ol
4 kg.

*Surface of RCC shall be free from frost, ane

and contamination. surta

m o v et h e
*Surface preparation by mechanical means to r the

looseparticles, which may hinder band stren

water proofing system.

3.54
 base slab with C.M.1:4,
Einishing the
shall be done with micro.oe
Rore packing
Apply the primer.

1Taroll the
Unroll the torchseal membrane and hold it in correct

position.

Fach roll must over lap the next layer by minimum 10

em at the adjacent and minimum 15 cm at the ends.

The rolled membrane is lightly heated with the help of

Dropane gas hence the membrance subsequent adjesion

to the surface.

&6.14 APPLICATION METHODOLGY FOR BASE SLAB

The PCC shall be free from loose aggregate or other sharp
projections, with fairly smooth for application of water

proofing coatings.
*Standing water must be removed.

*
Applying the Bonding materials at 1.5 kg to RCC surface.

the treated surface shall be kept moist by fog spraying 3

to 4 time daily for a period of 48 hours after application
of Bonding materials.-

*Then apply two coats of bonding.

*
Sprinklefine aggregate immediately after the application
of bonding coat.

Cure the system for minimum

48 hours.
*
Then protect the surface with,the help of bonding
naterial for 18 mm thick C.M. 1:4 mortar plaster.

3.55
3.6.15 WATER PR0OFING FOR OVER HEAn
D
TANKS
Method of Application

1. Preparation of surface

2. Injection pressure grouting

3. Application of seal coats

Surface preparation
*
Proper preparation of the surface 1s essential for hati.
adhesion with the forthcoming surface.

*The surface should be dry and free from

contamination
such a soil, grease, loose particles.
*
To create best adhesive by rubbing wire brushing.
*Make sure all joints are finished flush and
blow holes
filled with cement sand slurry.

All surfaces to be treated, with water proofing coating

must be presoaked with clean water.
Injection pressure grouting
*Drilling12 mm dia holes with electric drilling machines
along the weak concrete or honeycombed area@ ce
metre to a
depth of half of the fixing
slab thickness anu-
PVC nozzles of 10 mm dia-or less in place us
setting compound.
*Pressure grouting should hand
be carried by u
operated grouting machine of pressure 3. * . 5 kgs/em

through the nozzles ne nozzleand

starting from one
*
3.56
 stopping the operations when the
grout starts coming
out from adjacent nozzle, this is done similarly in all
the nozzles.

Application ofsealc o a t
Finally the seal coat is applied.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
PART A (One mark)
1, What are the two parts of a building ?.
2. What is a load-bearing structure ?
3. Whatis a framed structure?

4. What are materials used in framed structure?

5. What is cladding ?

6. Define foundation.

7. What is the bearing capacity of a soil?

8. What are the types of foundations?

9. List out the different types of piles.
10. What is the safe bearing capacity?
. List out any two types of shallow foundation.
12. List out the two types of deep foundation.
8. What is the unit for bearing capacity ?
14.
What is stone masonry?
. How is stone
masonry categorized
16. Name some tools used ia stool masonry.
17.
Define brick
masonry.
3.57
.
 bond?
18. What is a

What are the types of bond?

19.

20. Define partition.

for partition ?
21. What are the metals used

true types of timber partitions2

22. What are the
D.P.C. ?
23. What is

24. What is dampness ?

materials.
25. List out two waterproofing
26. List out two admixtures used for waterproofing in

cement mortar.

27. Define Temporary structure.

What is meant by Permanent Structures?

28.
29. Mention the Normal life of structure.

PART B (Twelvemarks)

1. Explain brief the two parts of building.

structure.
2. Discuss briefly about the concept of framed
3. Explain briefly a framed structure and list out "

advantages.
4. Discuss briefly the objectives of foundation.
capac
5. What are the factors affecting the bearing
of soil?
f o u n d a t i o n

6 Discuss briefly the requirement of a good io

t

types
y p e s

and its
7. Explain in detail the shallow foundation
8. Discuss in detail
deep-foundation.
3.58
 w h a t are
the causeS of failure of foundation and
the remedial measures.

terms used i n stone masonry.

10 List out the
rubble masonry.
11, Discuss briefly

briefly Ashlar masonry.

12. Discuss
stone masonry.
any five terms used
in
13. Explain
in detail the points to be considered in
14. Discuss
construction of stone masonry.

15. With sketches name the tools used in stone masonry.

16. Discuss the permissible stress in brick masonry.

17. Discuss briefly the three types of bond.

18. Explain briefly cavity bond masonry.

19. Discuss briefly hollow block masonry.

20. Discuss briefly reinforced brick masonry.

21. What are masonry reinforced columns ?

22. Explain in detail hollow. block masonry and its

advantages.
23. Explain in detail the maintenance of brick masonry.

24. Discuss the defects in brick masonry.

25. Describe the points to be considered ,in the
Construction of brick masonry.
0 D1scuSs with neat sketches the various types of bond.

Explain in detail the common terms used in brick

masonry.
28 Explain
briefly timber partition.
3.59
29. Discuss briefly the various types of partition.

30. List out the causes of dampness.

31. Name some materials used for damp proofing.

32. Discuss the prevention of dampness at base.

33. Discuss the effects of dampness.

briefly about the functions of

34. Write
waterproofing
material.

35. Write briefly about the method of mixing admixtures.

36. Explain in detail about admixtures and. their

'functions.
37. Explain how the masonry building resist the earth quack
forces.
38. How to improve the Masonry wall against Earth quack?

39. Explain how the water proofing coats apply to a sump.

40. Write the method how the Over Head tanks water proot.
*****

3.60