MAINTENANCE AND

REHABILITATION OF
STRUCTURES
ASSIGNMENT 3

SUBMITTED BY:-
T.VENNMAYUURI,
1711314,
III YEAR,
CIVIL A.

1. Report on distressed structures.

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 Distress in concrete members occurs with age due to
corrosion in reinforcement, loading, settlement of foundation,
etc. This distress in the building can be found by the
development of cracks in concrete
DEFECTS, CAUSES, REMEDY
Sl. Distress/ Causes Prevention Remedy
No. damage
1. Cracks in Plastic shrinkage: Shelter during Seal by
horizontal Rapid drying of placing. Cover as brushing in
surface as concrete surface early as possible. cement or
concrete stiffens. Use air low viscosity
entrainment. polymer.
2. Cracks in thick When contraction Minimize Seal cracks.
sections as due to fall in restraint to
concrete cools. temperature is contraction.
prevented. Delay cooling
until concrete has
gained strength.
3. Cracks above Plastic settlement Change mix Re-compact
ties concrete continues design use air- upper layer of
reinforcement, to settle after entrainment. concrete
etc in deep lifts stating to stiffen while still
plastic. Seal
cracks after
concrete has
handed.
4. Voids in Honeycombing, Reduce maximum Cut out and
concrete inadequate size of aggregate. make good.
compaction, grout Improve Inject resin.
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 loss. compaction.
Prevent leakage
of grout
5. Blowholes in Air/water trapped Change mix Fill holes
form faces of against formwork, design. Improve with polymer
concrete. inadequate vibration. Use modified fine
compaction. Mix absorbent mortar.
design not formwork.
suitable.
6. Erosion of Scouring: Water Reduce water Rub in
vertical faces. moving upwards content, make the polymer
against from face. mix more modified fine
cohesive. mortar.
7. Rust stains Pyrites in Avoid Clean with
aggregates. Rain contaminated dilute acid or
streaking from aggregates. sodium
unprotected steel. Protect exposed citrate/
Rubbish in steel. Clean forms sodium
formwork. Ends thoroughly. Turn dithionite.
of finding wires ends of ties Apply
and ties inwards. surface
coating.
8. Plucked surface Insufficient More care in Rub in fine
release agent, application of mortar.
careless removal release agent, and
of formwork. removal of
formwork.
9. Lack of cover to Reinforcement not More accurate Apply
reinforcement. properly fixed or steel fixing. polymer
moved during Greater tolerance modified

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 placing of in detailing. cement and
concrete. sand
Inadequate rendering.
tolerances in Apply
detailing. protective
coating.
10. Structural failure Poor formwork Providing Remove the
and cracks installation: adequate concrete
Misalignment, formwork member in
movement, loss of support. Surface the defected
support, failure of grinding to area and then
forms. Premature maintain the reconstructin
removal of verticality of the g that portion
formwork. structure. of the
structural
member.

Blow holes in concrete

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Plucked surface in concrete

Shrinkage cracks

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 Defects in concrete due to Formwork
Movement

Honeycomb

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2. Case study on repair, rehabilitation and retrofitting.
REPAIR/REHABILITATION OF NEHRU
MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF K.V.G AT MANGALORE.
Location- Sullia near Mangalore a coastal city in the state of
Karnataka. (Marine climate)
~ This 40 year old building consists of a framed structure of
G+1 and G+2 stored of different blocks which experienced

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severe water leakages and environmental distress leading to
cracking, spalling and deterioration of structural members.
~Non-destructive testing on the structure done found out that the
structure is safe and need only repair and even can carry load of
an additional floor.
DISTRESS OBSERVED:-
Major issue- Water leakages and reinforcement corrosion
 Points of the stone masonry were disintegrated and water
leaks through the joints
 Spalling of plaster, crack in masonry wall and ceilings of
the RCC roof
 Water leakages leads to growth of fungus and mosses on
the walls and ceiling.

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3. Description on various demolition techniques.
Demolition methods can vary depending on the following:-
 Area where it will be held on.
 Time available.
 The building material.
 The purpose of the demolition
 The way that debris is going to be disposed.
MANUAL METHOD:-
From the roof to ground.

 Jack hammers
 Oxy-acetylene torch
Performed with extreme care. If rope or tie wires are used to pull
down the structural elements, the pulling wire must be at least 4
times stronger than the anticipated pulling force.
DEMOLITION BY MACHINES:-

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Same as top down manual method, except that most of the
demolition is done by mechanical plant. Demolition done by
lifting of the mechanical plant on the building top floor.
The movement of the mechanical plant shall be prohibited
within 2m of the building edge, within 1m of any floor openings
or any cantilevered structures.
The machine shall descend down to the next floor by means of

ramp (temporary
structures) whose slope should not be steeper than 1.75 to 1
Demolition by hydraulic crushers:-

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Site work
The crusher attachment breaks the concrete and RF by the
hydraulic thrust through the long boom arm system.
Min. clear space for safety zone of the following debris- ½ the
building height.
Demolished in top down sequence.
Demolition by wrecking ball
Consists of- crane equipped with steel balls.
Demolition by- impact energy of the steel ball suspended from
the crawler crane. Operated outside the building. Done from top
to bottom.
Suitable for: Dilapidated buildings, silos, and other industrial
facilities.

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Requires- Clear space, High level skill operators and well-
maintained equipment.
Technique-1.Vertical drop
2. Swing in line

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Demolition by explosives:-

Implosive- Strategic placing of explosive material.

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This technique weakens or removes critical supports so the
building no longer withstands the force of gravity and falls
under its own weight.

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