IN-TEXT CITATION AND REFERENCE CITATION

There are two (2) things that you need to remember in using APA. First, it is used as an in-text citation
and second, it is used in reference citation.

Let us begin on in-text citation.

The in-text citation is a reference citation that is made within the body of the text or essay (Waikato
Institute of Technology, 2010).

In-text citation with single author used in the beginning

Fernandez (2020), stressed that proper citation has to be observed among novice researchers.
In-text citation with single author used at the end
Proper usage of citation styles promotes integrity among novice researchers (Fernandez, 2020).

How about if the writer wanted to indicate the title of the source? Of course, you can do it. However,
title has to be in quotation marks.
In-text citation with article title
In Fernandez’s (2020) article, “Plagiarism: Writers’ Crime”, stressed that proper citation has to be
observed among novice researchers.

Another example:

In Fernandez’s (2020) book, “The Secrets of Plagiarism”, discussed on ways plagiarism can be avoided.

In some cases, the title of book, articles, proceedings, journal articles and the like are italicized.
However, when you italicized the title, omit the quotation marks.
In-text citation without quotation

In Fernandez’s (2020) book, The Secrets of Plagiarism, discussed on ways plagiarism can be avoided.

It is a common practice to see citation at the beginning or at the end of the referenced statement.
However, there are instances that citation appears in the middle of the cited statement.
In-text citation in the middle of the statement
Fernandez (2020) attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the sentence,
whereas Munez (2020) claimed otherwise.

Another example:

Conduct of research enables novice researchers to deal on practical aspect of education (Fernandez,
2020), as well as the theoretical foundations of different philosophies.

In-text citation with three (3) authors (beginning)

Fernandez, Munez, and Valencia (2020), attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end
of the statement.
In-text citation with three (3) authors (end)
It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the statement (Fernandez,
Munez, & Valencia, 2020).
In-text citation with six (6) or more authors
Fernandez et al. (2020), attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the statement.
In-text citation with six (6) authors (end)
It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the statement (Fernandez, et al.,
2020).
What if you have two or more authors with similar facts or information? In dealing with this scenario,
all of them are placed on the same parenthesis. However, they are separated with a semicolon. Likewise,
authors’ name has to be listed in alphabetical order.

Multiple entry with similar information

It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the statement (Fernandez, 2020;
Munez, 2019; Valencia & Montemayor, 2018).
What if the idea that you are going to cite was already cited by an author? In circumstance like this, it
can be done it two (2) ways.
In-text citation already cited by an author

Montemayor as cited in Fernandez (2020) that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the
statement.

Another example:
Montemayor (2001) attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the statement (as
cited in Pitt, 2020)
In-text citation using website article without author
“Man in need” (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones.

Another example:
Eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones (“Man in need,” 2020).

How about page number, are we going to include it? Many of the in-text citations omit page numbers.
However, it is encouraged to declare even the page number.
Aside from it, this adds credibility to your sources if you are going to declare it.
In-text citation with page number
Fernandez (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones (p. 99).

In-text citation using paragraph number

According to Fernandez (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones (para. 99).

Another example:
It was highlighted that eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones (Fernandez, 2020, para.
99).
These are reference citation on books, journals, online sources and theses and dissertations in single
authorship, multiple authorship, without author and date.

Reference Citation Style

1. Books

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Quest for happiness. Fern Publishing Company Press.

If you can notice, the structure of this is the author’s name (surname, first letter of the name, middle
initial) then followed by a period. After that, the date of publication and then a period are included. Next
is the title of the book (remember that the whole title is italicized and the first letter is capitalized). There
is an exemption, all proper names are capitalized. After the title, write the publishing company.

a. Single Author

Author Date of Publication Place of Publication

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Quest for happiness. New York: Fern Publishing Company

Press.
Title Publisher

When authorship reached to five (5), you are going to use “et al.” Thus, book with one to five authorship
takes the usual format.

b. Three authors

Fernandez, D. V., Munez, E. M., & Fernandez, Y. M. (2020). Quest for happiness.
New York: Fern Publishing Company Press.

Note:

Each author is joined with comma. Before the last author, there is a comma and ampersand.

c. Six or more authors

Fernandez, D. V., et al. (2020). Quest for happiness. New York: Fern Publishing Company Press.

Note:

After the first author, the word et al. is attached. The Latin term means “et alia” which means “and
others”. Thus, it represents the other authors of the book.

2. Journal Articles

a. Single Author

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged community services. Journal for Young
Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047

If you notice, it is similar to the reference citation for book, however, what makes it different is that it
includes the journal publication (first letter of the word is capitalized) then followed by volume, issue
and page number and digital object identifier (doi). Remember two (2) things. First is that journal
publication is italicized and second if doi is not present, you can just omit that part.
Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged community services.
Journal for Young Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047

Journal Publication Issue Volume. Page number. Digital Object Identifier

b. Three authors

Fernandez, D. V., Munez, E. M., & Fernandez, P. Y. M. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged
community services. Journal for Young Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047
c. Six or more authors

Fernandez, D. V, et al. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged community services. Journal for
Young Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi:
10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047

3. Thesis and Dissertation

a. Thesis or Dissertation in Hardcopy

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Development of reading comprehension through contextualized graphic novel.

(Unpublished master’s thesis). Bataan Peninsula State University, Philippines.

This citation for thesis or dissertation follows the same format with books. It starts with the author, date
published, title of the thesis or dissertation. Take note that the title needs to be italicized. Then, there is
parenthesis, inside it is the description of what reference is being cited, is it a master’s thesis or
dissertation? Last part is the institution where it is made and the location of the institution (commonly
writers write the country).

b. Thesis or Dissertation from Repository

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Development of reading comprehension through contextualized graphic novel.

(Master’s thesis, Bataan Peninsula State University,
Philippines). Retrieved from http://hdl.thesismasters.net/109287/99

The format still follows similar with the hardcopy. However, the last part should indicate the link of the
thesis.

c. Thesis or Dissertation from Database

ProQuest is an example of online database for theses and dissertation.

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Development of reading comprehension through contextualized graphic novel.

(Master’s thesis). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. (UMI No.
3371229) Note:

UMI is the name of publishing company that stands for University Microfilm International. The services
it offers is storage of theses and dissertations.
4. Online Sources

These are articles from credible website.

Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Reading comprehension and graphic novel. Retrieved from

https://www.easybib.com/reference/guide/apa/website

Notice that on the last part of the entry, it includes the link where the article was retrieved. Remember
not to put period (.) at the end of the entry. Remember, when you make a reference list, it should be
arranged in alphabetical order using the first letter of the surname.