REVIEWER IN 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE

Pre-colonial Period – Literature was principally ORAL; works were CONCISE POETIC

 RIDDLES (Bugtong) - guess the thing being described.

 PROVERBS (Salawikain) - could talk about prescribed forms of conduct.

- With the passage of time, oral literature became lengthy and one of these long forms is EPIC.

 EPIC - Long poem, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation.

Biag ni Lam-Ang (Ilocos)

 AMKBPP
Alim and Hudhud (Ifugao) -Legends, Myths, Folk Tales,
Kumintang (Tagalog) Fables, Parables

Ibalon (Bicolano)

Maragtas and Hinilawod (Visayas)

Indarapata and Sulayman (Maguindanao)

 ALIBATA

Spanish period

 Ferdinand Magellan was the first to discover the Philippines. The first settlement of Spaniards in Cebu was
made by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.
 Spanish friars, Christianity.
 Doctrina Cristiana is the first Catholic book of prayers and doctrines.
 Francisco Baltazar (Ama ng Balagtasan) made the allegorical work Florante at Laura.
 Crisostomo Sotto (Father of Pampango Literature)
 Pedro Bukaneg (Father of Ilocano Literature)
 Fr. Modesto de Castro authored the book of etiquette, Urbana and Felisa
 The latter part of the Spanish colonization was the most productive part of the period.

Propagandist Movement led by Dr. Rizal and the revolutionist headed by Andres Bonifacio. They battled for
reforms and assimilation.

PSEUDONYMS
Propagandists published their articles in the
i. Rizal as Dimas Alang or Laong Laan,
newspaper called La Solidaridad. Noli, El Fili,
ii. Del Pilar as Plaridel,
Graciano Lopez Jaena’s Fray’s Botod, Del
iii. Jaena as Diego Laura, Pilar’s Dasalan at Tocsohan.
iv. Jose Ma. Panganiban as Jomapa

American period

 TREATY OF PARIS
 THOMASITES - freedom of expression, freedom of the press.
 8 periods – 1900 to present
 WRITERS GUIDE – PEN
Japanese period – Nippongo and other forms of art

 Ikebana, Origami, Tempura

 POETIC FORMS
 HAIKU – 5-7-5 about nature
 TANKA – 5-7-5-7-7 longest. 31 syllables
 SENRYU – 5-7-5 about human nature. Satirical and Ironic

FIGURES OF SPEECH

 Literal – the actual meaning of a word

 Figurative – makes use of the figures of speech; metaphorical

BASED ON ANALOGY – SM PAR MSSS

Simile – like/as

Metaphor – without like/as

Personification – ideas or animals are given human characteristics

Allusion – reference from the bible, history, or literature

Reification – the idea is treated as if it has a real existence

Metonymy – word is replaced by something close to the original meaning

Synecdoche - the whole is replaced by the part or vice versa

Symbol – use an object to represent something else

Synesthesia – to describe something that appeals to our senses

BASED ON SYNTAX – dictates how words are put together; AAA COP

Antithesis – contrasting terms in a sentence

Apostrophe – character speaks to an object like a person

Asyndeton – exclude conjunctions (FANBOYS)

Chiasmus – concepts are repeated in reverse order

Oxymoron – words contradict each other

Pun – plays the meanings of the word

BASED ON SOUND – AAA C CEO

Alliteration – beginning consonant is repeated

Anaphora – beginning part of a sentence is repeated

Assonance – vowels are repeated in a line

Cacophony – harsh sounds

Consonance – consonants within, and at the end of the word are repeated

Euphony – harmonious sounds

Onomatopoeia – words that imitate sounds