Vision And Visual

Impairments
Dania A. Kamal
Helin Haider Khidhir
Abeer zuhayr Jalal
Physiology – PHAR 202
Spring semester
Week 1
12&19-2-2024
 Outer coat

&
Anatomy and Physiology of vision
-
-

#
O -
 Sclera has two main functions :

1) maintain eyeball shape

2) protect from injury
cornea collect and focus that enter the
- amount of light eye
-Middle 8

1) choroid contain blood vessels 3) Iris Y control amount of

that
bring oxygen and nutrient to
eye light
that
goes
to retina

2)
ciliary body] produce the fluid inside
humor
eye (aqueous
the
Inner coat 8

-
> Inner
Retina - neural (send it to brain)

↳ outer responsible for

pigmentation
capture the from outside and translate to the
light image
see .
you
Visual Impairments
Visual impairments include- low vision and S blindness and refer to any degree
of impairment to a person’s ability to see that affects his or her daily life.
• Blindness technically refers to a total absence of vision, although the term is
----

often used to refer to severe visual impairments that result in a need for primarily

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using nonvisual sensory information.
• Low vision refers to visual impairments that are less severe than blindness but
still impact a person’s ability to complete daily activities to some degree.
● People with low vision may need to use tools and techniques to enhance their
ability to use their limited vision, or they may need to use nonvisual means for
completing tasks.
 Types of visual impairments
↑
opposite to
myopia
1. Hyperopia: (farsightedness) can see objects for far
away but not near.
>
-
Cause : size of eye ball is too short from front to back
- -

or when there are problems with the shape of your

cornea.

● Farsightedness usually is present at birth and tends to

run in families. You can easily correct this condition
with eyeglasses or contact lenses. Another treatment
option is surgery.
short-can't see near
 can't see far
long -

Types of visual impairments

2. Myopia: (nearsightedness) Can see objects of near
but not far away, results in an inaccurate focusing of
the light passing into the eye.
Cause : size of eye ball is too long or oval-shaped
-
rather than round.
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● Nearsightedness usually develops during
childhood and adolescence, and it usually becomes
more stable between the ages of 20 and 40. Myopia
tends to run in families.
● A basic eye exam can confirm nearsightedness.
You can compensate for the blurry vision with
eyeglasses, contact lenses or refractive surgery.
 Types of visual impairments
and hyperopia
>
- combination of myopia
3. Astigmatism: is a condition in which your eye,
especially your cornea or the clear front part of the
eyeball, isn't completely round. makes the shape of
your eye more curved than it should be. It causes
blurred vision at all distances.

Cause: irregularity in cornea or eye surface.

● Astigmatism is often present at birth and may

occur in combination with nearsightedness or
farsightedness. Often it's not pronounced enough to
require corrective action. When it is, treatment
options are corrective lenses or surgery
 Types of visual impairments
4. Color blindness: (color vision deficiency), is a condition in which you see colors
differently than most people. Most of the time, color vision deficiency makes it hard to tell
the difference between certain colors.
&
Cause: problem with cones cells of the eye In retina
Usually, color vision deficiency runs in families.

● Treatment: There’s no cure, but special glasses and contact lenses can help people see
differences between colors. Most people who have color vision deficiency don’t have
problems with everyday activities.

● Types: The most common type of color vision deficiency makes it hard to tell the
difference between red and green. Another type makes blue and yellow look the same. In
rare cases, people have complete color vision deficiency, which means they don’t see color
at all.
 5. Retinopathy of prematurity: (ROP) is an eye disease that can happen in babies who are
premature (born early) — or who weigh less than 3 pounds at birth.

Cause: ROP happens when abnormal blood vessels grow in the retina.

•Stages 1 and 2 — Babies in these stages usually get better without treatment and go on to
have healthy vision. Doctors will watch babies carefully to see if their ROP gets worse.
•Stage 3 — Some babies who develop stage 3 get better with no treatment and go on to have
healthy vision. But others need treatment to stop abnormal blood vessels from damaging the
retina and causing retinal detachment (an eye problem that can cause vision loss).
•Stage 4 — Babies in stage 4 have partially detached retinas and need treatment.
•Stage 5 — In stage 5, the retina detaches completely. Even= with treatment, babies in stage 5
may have vision loss or blindness.

● Both stages 4 and 5 are very serious. Babies in these stages often need surgery — but
even with treatment, they may have vision loss. That’s why doctors usually start treatment
in stage 3.
 * Retina detach from the
de eye
Retinopathy of prematurity Two &
types
partially
cause detached
blindness
&
completely
detached

↳ pull refine to
up
 Types of visual impairments
6. Macular D Generation: is an eye disease
that can blur your central vision. It happens
when aging causes damage to the macula — the
part of the eye that controls sharp, straight-ahead
vision. The macula is part of the retina.

● MD doesn’t cause complete blindness, but

losing your central vision can make it harder
to see faces, read, drive, or do close-
up work like cooking or fixing things around
the house.
 Macular D generation types
> more
- Serious
◦ There are 2 types of AMD: dry and wet.
● Most people with AMD have dry AMD (also called atrophic AMD). This is when the
macula gets thinner with age. Dry AMD happens in 3 stages: early, intermediate, and
sart late. It usually progresses slowly over several years. There’s no treatment for late dry
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1
of AMD, but you can find ways to make the most of your remaining vision. And if you
refina have late dry AMD in only 1 eye, you can take steps to protect your other eye.

● Wet AMD (also called advanced neovascular AMD), is a less common type of late
AMD that usually causes faster vision loss. Any stage of dry AMD can turn into wet
AMD — but wet AMD is always late stage. It happens when abnormal blood vessels
grow in the back of the eye and damage the macula. The good news is that treatment
options are available for wet AMD.
Conjunctivitis

I
 Conjunctivitis -> inflammation of conjunctiva
-
which is characterized by vary
-
degree of discharge redness
, , irritation and
itching. membrane that
covers
eye spollen, dust
Gr + adeno
Bacterial↳ Viral
allergi
>
-
Gr- virus C
Affected
first - one Both Both
eye
48hr- Both

pain gritty feeling / itchy

discharge pruent watery watery

redness
generalized generalized generalized
↓
in
associated greatestFornices

Symptom
none Cough Sneeze
, ,
watery eye Rhinitis
headache
-
↳ reaction
allergic
- -
 Pharmacological pharmacological
treatment non treatment
Floxasin
Bacterial -
allergic
> 1)Quindone
- -

cipro ...
cold compress
Viral
gati ....

O ....

2) macrolide azithromycin Bacteria

Y Luke warm

erythromycin water
- - -

3) amino
glycoside gentamycin Allergic-
> artificial tear

tobramycin lenagare
&
2) antihistamine (azelastin)
histamine
ba receptor 3) antihistamine + decongestant
bruse
Viral >
-
1) artificial tear antazolin >
-

naphthazolin
2) naphthazoline 4) corticosteroid dexamethasone
lenagare 5) mast cell stabilizer
histamine release bi cromolyn sodium
 can't feel
Types of visual impairments you
7. Glaucoma: Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases
that can cause vision loss and blindness by damaging
a nerve in the back of your eye called the optic
nerve.
The symptoms can start so slowly that you may not
notice them. The only way to find out if you
have glaucoma is to get a comprehensive dilated eye
exam.
 Types of visual impairments
8. Diabetic Retinopathy: is an eye condition
that can cause vision loss and blindness in
people who have diabetes. It affects blood
vessels in the retina.

Cause :diabetes

● If you have diabetes, it’s important to get a

comprehensive dilated eye exam at least
once a year. Diabetic retinopathy may not
have any symptoms at first — but finding it
early can help you take steps to protect
your vision.
Diabetic retinopathy can cause:

Diabetic macular edema (DME). Over time, about 1 in

15 people with diabetes will develop DME.
DME happens when blood vessels in the retina leak fluid
into the macula. This causes blurry vision.

Neovascular glaucoma. Diabetic retinopathy can cause

abnormal blood vessels to grow out of the retina and
block fluid from draining out of the eye. This causes a
type of glaucoma.

Retinal detachment. Diabetic retinopathy can cause

scars to form in the back of your eye. When the
scars pull your retina away from the back of your eye, it’s
called tractional retinal detachment.
 Types of visual impairments
9. Cataract: A cataract is a cloudy area in the lens of your eye (the clear part of the eye that
helps to focus light). Cataracts are very common as you get older.

Cause :Most cataracts happen because of normal changes in your eyes as you get older.
When you’re young, the lens in your eye is clear. Around age 40, the proteins in the lens of
your eye start to break down and clump together. This clump makes a cloudy area on your
lens — known as a cataract. Over time, the cataract gets worse and makes more of your lens
cloudy.

The good news is that surgery can get rid of cataracts.

Cataract surgery is safe and corrects vision problems
caused by cataracts.
 Types of visual impairments
9. Amblyopia: Amblyopia (also called lazy eye) is a type of poor vision that usually
happens in just 1 eye but less commonly in both eyes. It develops when there’s a breakdown
in how the brain and the eye work together, and the brain can’t recognize the sight from 1
eye.

Cause :In many cases, doctors don’t know the cause of amblyopia. But sometimes, a
different vision problem can lead to amblyopia.
Normally, the brain uses nerve signals from both eyes to see. But if an eye condition makes
vision in 1 eye worse, the brain may try to work around it. It starts to “turn off” signals from
➢ the weaker eye and
Amblyopia rely
starts in only on the and
childhood, stronger eye.
it’s the most
common cause of vision loss in kids. Up to 3 out of
100 children have it. The good news is that early
treatment works well and usually prevents long-term
vision problems.
 Types of visual impairments
9. Crossed eye: is a condition in which both eyes do not look at the same place at the same
time. It usually occurs in people who have poor eye muscle control or are very farsighted.
Cause: problems with the eye muscles, the nerves that transmit information to the muscles,
or the control center in the brain that directs eye movements.
Risk factors
•Family history. People with parents or siblings who have
crossed eye are more likely to develop it.
•Refractive error. People who have a significant amount of
uncorrected farsightedness (hyperopia) may develop crossed eye
because of the additional eye focusing they must do to keep
objects clear.
•Medical conditions. People with conditions such as Down
Syndrome or who have suffered a stroke or head injury are at a
higher risk for developing strabismus.
Types of visual impairments
12. Coloboma: Coloboma is an eye condition that people are born with. It happens when
part of the tissue that makes up the eye is missing. It can affect 1 or both eyes.

Cause :Coloboma happens when a baby’s eye doesn’t develop normally during pregnancy
because of abnormal or changed genes that affect eye development. Coloboma sometimes
runs in families. Environmental factors, such as drinking alcohol during pregnancy, may also
increase a baby’s risk for coloboma.
Treatment can’t replace the part of the
eye that’s missing because of
coloboma. But there are treatments that
can help people with coloboma make
the most of their vision like (Glasses,
surgery, eye patch or eye drop).
 Recovered in 1-2 weeks

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the external
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 Hordeolum (mebomian gland)
>
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caused
by Staphylococcus bacteria (pain ,
fever , reddens)

* chalization -
without
Symptom (doesn't need medication)

:
* causes
-expired makeup (sharing makeup
-

using lenses

non
pharmacological treatment - warm
compress

(
pharmacological treatment- > 1) ointment
Cerythromycin
2) Oral
Camoxu,Doxyani , prevent the degradation of amoxcilin
Dry eye
 itself
Dry eye -
the
eye does not produce enough tear to nourish

(in Old
agelL because the
by increasing of the
age body physiology
Will
change
But in
young age
it is caused
by using some medication

↳ Hypertension Curination zor daka) will cause

dry eye
Pharmacological >
-
artificial tear (carbomer ,
Sodium
hyaluronate (

don't mobile blink

nonpharmacological -
drink water ,
use ,
Color blindness tests
Color blindness tests
Color blindness tests
Color blindness tests