On Next Generation CDMA

Technologies

Hsiao-Hwa Chen
Institute of Communications Engineering
National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan
 Outline

Introduction
Assumptions and System Model
Spreading and Carrier Modulations
Code Design Issues – The REAL Approach
Implementation and Performance Issues
Conclusion

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 Outline

Introduction
Assumptions and System Model
Spreading and Carrier Modulations
Code Design Issues – The REAL Approach
Implementation and Performance Issues
Conclusion

3
 Introduction(1/4)
Major CDMA-based mobile cellular standards
IS-95
cdma2000、UMTS-UTRA、W-CDMA、TD-SCDMA
GPRS and 3G networks
Voice services
Stationary image transmissions
Low-rate video streaming (or MMS)
Future Gigabit wireless systems
All-IP wireless platforms
High-speed packet-switched data applications
CDMA codes
Orthogonal (OVSF, etc.) or Quasi-Orthogonal (Gold, etc.)
Non-ideal Auto-Correlation Functions (ACFs) and Cross-
Correlation Functions (CCFs)
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 Introduction(2/4)
The current CDMA systems need
Open- and closed-loop power control to mitigate near-
far effect
Multi-user detections to tackle multiple access
interference problems
RAKE receiver to obtain temporal diversity gain
Smart-antenna to suppress co-channel interference
Next generation CDMA technologies
Innovations in spreading modulation techniques
Innovations in spreading codes design

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 Introduction(3/4)
Peculiarities associated with mobile ad hoc and sensor
networks
No synchronous transmissions exist in MANETs
The same happens in wireless sensor networks
Asynchronous transmissions pose greater challenges to
a CDMA receiver design
It makes signals arriving not necessarily aligned in time.
Aperiodic ACF’s/CCF’s (instead of periodic ACF’s/CCF’s) of the
spreading codes govern detection efficiency
Short bursts and unpredictable locations of active nodes in a
high-speed all-IP based MANET/sensorNet causes the serious
performance degradation
Difficulty to apply precision power control to
MANETs/SensorNets due to difficulty to predict exact locations
of active nodes

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 Introduction(4/4)
Asynchronous-transmissions-only scenario in a MANET/SensorNet

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 Outline

Introduction
Assumptions and System Model
Spreading and Carrier Modulations
Code Design Issues – The REAL Approach
Implementation and Performance Issues
Conclusion

8
 Assumptions and System Model(1/1)

Assumptions
The use of short codes
Mobile terminals and a base station (BS).
Generic spreading codes (complementary codes: M≥1)
Arbitrary chip value, either real or complex
A generic K-user CDMA system model
Each user is assigned a unique flock of M element
codes
M=1,traditional unitary codes
M>1,complementary codes with parameters: (M, N, K)

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 Outline

Introduction
Assumptions and System Model
Spreading and Carrier Modulations
Code Design Issues – The REAL Approach
Implementation and Performance Issues
Conclusion

10
 Spreading and Carrier Modulations(1/4)

Next generation CDMA concerns

Joint design of spreading and carrier modulations
Bandwidth efficiency and power efficiency
Two different spreading modulation schemes
Direct-sequence (DS) spreading
Offset-stacking (OS) spreading

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 Spreading and Carrier Modulations(2/4)
A. DS-Spreading vs. OS-Spreading
CDMA based on complementary codes can
use either
DS-CDMA scheme,
or
OS-CDMA scheme
OS-spreading technique
Offset chips
Element codes are sent via different carriers
Spreading efficiency (SE) = (N-n+1)/N bits/chip
Only orthogonal complementary codes can use
OS-spreading
MAI-free operation (either synchronous or
asynchronous channels)
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 Spreading and Carrier Modulations(3/4)
B. Binary versus M-ary Carrier Modulations
Carrier modulation for DS-spreading
BPSK or QPSK
Carrier modulation for OS-spreading
Multi-leveled or M-ary digital modems
M-QAM, M-PSK or M-PAM
OS-spreading of bandwidth efficiency
SE=(N-n+1)/N bits/chip, where N is element code length.
DS-spreader
BPSK/QPSK modem
OS-spreader
QAM modem

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 Spreading and Carrier Modulations(4/4)

Fig.1 Variable SE figures and agility in changing transmission rate in an OCC/OS-

CDMA system, where only two short element codes are shown and sent via two
different carriers f 1 and f 2 .
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 Outline

Introduction
Assumptions and System Model
Spreading and Carrier Modulations
Code Design Issues – The REAL Approach
Implementation and Performance Issues
Conclusion

15
 Code Design Issues – The REAL
Approach(1/8)
OVSF codes
Used in W-CDMA and TD-SCDMA standards
Rate matching problem
Network overhead and processing time latency
Unitary codes
Used in all 2-3G systems
Single-code-per-user/channel basis
Quasi-orthogonal codes
m-sequences, Gold codes, Kasami codes, etc.
Orthogonal codes
Walsh-Hadamard Sequences, OVSF codes, etc.
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 Code Design Issues – The REAL
Approach(2/8)

Other less widely quoted codes

GMW codes, No codes, Bent codes, etc.
Complementary codes
Golay and Turyn first studied
One-flock-per-user/channel basis
Improve bandwidth-efficiency
MAI-free and MI-free
Complete complementary codes, super
complementary codes, pair-wise complementary
codes, etc.

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 Code Design Issues – The REAL
Approach(3/8)
A. Why the REAL Approach?
Asynchronous transmission and partial correlation property
MAI and MI
Multi-user detection, power control, etc
B. The REAL Approach for DS-Spreading
Flock size M of the CDMA codes must be greater than one (or
M>1)
Orthogonal complementary code (MAI-free and MI-free)
Capacity K is equal to flock size M
C. The REAL Approach for OS-Spreading
Only Orthogonal complementary codes
MAI-free
ACIFW<N-2 and CCIFW=N

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 Code Design Issues – The REAL
Approach(4/8)
A. Why the REAL Approach?

Fig.2 (a) Factors taken into account in the traditional code design approaches and (b)
Factors taken into account in the REAL approach.

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 Code Design Issues – The REAL
Approach(5/8)
B. The REAL Approach for DS-Spreading

Fig.3 (a) All possible patterns of EPACFs and OPACFs of a generic complementary code. (b) All
possible patterns of EPCCFs and OPCCFs of a generic complementary code. The set size, flock
size and element code length are K, M and N, respectively. 20
 Code Design Issues – The REAL
Approach(6/8)
C. The REAL Approach for OS-Spreading

Fig.4 The widths of ACIFW and CCIFW in an OCC/OS-CDMA system versus n, where
n is relative offset chips between two consecutive bits, as shown in Fig.1 Obviously, if
n=N, an OCC/OS-CDMA system will become a OCC/DS-CDMA system. 21
 Code Design Issues – The REAL
Approach(7/8)
C. The REAL Approach for OS-Spreading

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 Code Design Issues – The REAL
Approach(8/8)
C. The REAL Approach for OS-Spreading

Fig.6 Illustration of inherent near-far resistance for an OCC-CDMA system, where

performance for a conventional DS-CDMA system based on Gold and Walsh-
Hadamard codes under the near-far effect is also plotted. 23
 Outline

Introduction
Assumptions and System Model
Spreading and Carrier Modulations
Code Design Issues – The REAL Approach
Implementation and Performance Issues
Conclusion

24
 Implementation and Performance Issues(1/5)

A. FDM versus TDM for Element Code Division

To implement an OCC-CDMA system
M element codes are sent to a receiver
Frequency division multiplex (FDM)
Time division multiplex (TDM)
FDM suits frequency division duplex (FDD) mode
TDM suits time division duplex (TDD) mode
B. With or Without RAKE?
With RAKE
To mitigate otherwise formidable MI in 2-3G
RAKE is unsuitable for OS-spreading OCC-CDMA
RAKE suits well for DS-spreading OCC-CDMA
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 Implementation and Performance Issues(2/5)

B. With or Without RAKE?

RAKE combining algorithms
Maximal-ratio-combining (MRC)
Equal gain combing (EGC)
Selective combining (SC)
C. Multiuser Detection
Unnecessary to use multi-user detection
DS-spreading and OS-spreading do not need MUD
MAI-free
D. Is Power Control a Necessity?
Near-far effect
OCC/DS-CDMA an OCC/OS-CDMA does not need power
control (MAI-free) (PC is used only for battery conservation
and emission control)

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 Implementation and Performance Issues(3/5)

E. Suitability for Burst Traffic

Future Gigabit all-IP wireless concerns
Detection efficiency at edges of a packet or burst
Partial ACFs and CCFs of the codes
F. Easy Rate Matching
OS-spreading OS-CDMA system
Continuously adjustable transmission rates without any complex
rate-matching algorithm
Support asymmetrical transmissions in up-link and down-link
channel (web browsing, etc.)
Simply adjusting relative offset chips between two neighboring
spreading modulated bits (rate-on-demand)
No need to adjust transmitting power for different rate services
Constant PG (=MN) for different data rates
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 Implementation and Performance Issues(4/5)

G. The Issues to Be Explored Further

OCC-CDMA system based on the FDM scheme
Impact of frequency-selectivity or variable
propagation losses in different carriers
Mitigation of frequency dispersion (Doppler) effect
(use a pilot-aided approach)
OCC-CDMA system based on the TDM scheme
Sensitivity to time-selective fading
Worsened inter-element-code interference

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 Implementation and Performance Issues(5/5)

Fig.5 Illustration of MI-free and MAI-free operation for a 2-user OCC/DS-CDMA

system in asynchronous up-link channels, where a two-ray multipath channel is
considered with both inter-path delay and inter-user delay being one chip for
illustrationsimplicity. 29
 Outline

Introduction
Assumptions and System Model
Spreading and Carrier Modulations
Code Design Issues – The REAL Approach
Implementation and Performance Issues
Conclusion

30
 Conclusion
Search for better CDMA codes (REAL approach)
Major impairing factors (multipath interference,
asynchronous transmission, random symbol sign
changes, etc.)
REAL approach has shown
First, an interference-free CDMA is possible if and only
if using some proper OC code sets.
Second, the maximum number of users in a cell in
such an interference-free CDMA can be as large as M,
where M is the flock size of the OC code sets.
OCC-CDMA architecture
Offers MAI-free and MI-free
Gives ideal performance for high-speed burst traffic
Suits future Gigabit All-IP wireless communications
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Thank you !

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