Pagadian Diocesan Schools

SANTA MARIA GORETTI COLLEGE, INC.

POBLACION, MAHAYAG, ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR
Email add: smgc_1967@yahoo.com, Cellphone No.: 09092729250

TEACHER’S LEARNING PLAN

Physical Science 11
SY: 2023-2024

Name of Learner: Grade & Section: GRADE 11 Quarter: 4

Learner’s Contact #: Date Received: Formative Score: Summative Score

Teacher’s Name: MARJO A ABERIA, LPT Teacher’s Contact #: +639453974823

QTR. 4– LESSON 2: MOTION

Overview: In this lesson, you will learn about the concept of vertical motion, horizontal motion, and projectile motion
according to Aristotle and Galileo. In addition, you will also learn the differences between Aristotle’s and Galileo’s view and
concept of motion. Moreover, you will also understand how Galileo inferred that object in vacuum fall with uniform
acceleration. Furthermore, you will learn about Newton’s first law of motion, the concept of inertia, the relationship of mass
and inertia and correlating Newton’s first law of motion to understand the effect of applying force on an object.

Learning Competency: At the end of this module, you can:

 compare and contrast the Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions of vertical motion, horizontal motion, and projectile
motion (S11/12PS -IVc -46)
 explain how Galileo inferred that objects in vacuum fall with uniform acceleration, and that force is not necessary to
sustain horizontal motion (S11/12PS -IVc -47)
 explain the subtle distinction between Newton’s 1st Law of Motion (or Law of Inertia) and Galileo’s assertion that
force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion (S11/12PS-IVd-51)

Instructional Materials:
 Karen Santiago, et. al, 2016. Exploring Life Through Science Series Physical Science. PHOENIX PUBLISHING
HOUSE, INC., 927 Quezon City Avenue, Quezon City

Values: Catalyst of Change

Pre–assessment
Before going further, let’s find out how much you already know about this module by answering the short test
below. Remember of the items that you are not sure of the correct answer and look for the right answer as you
go through this module.
Directions: Read the following questions below and choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write your
answer on the space provided before each item.
_______1. A force is defined as
A. A push only B. A pull only C. A push or a pull D. None of the above
_______2. What unit do scientists use to measure force?
A. Newton B. Grams C. Meters D. Meter per second per second
_______3. When you slide a toy car across the floor, what force must your push be stronger than?
A. Support force B. Friction force C. Gravity D. Air resistance
_______4. A force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact is called
A. friction B. motion C. velocity D. acceleration
_______5. What is the common unbalanced force acting on an object in motion?
A. inertia B. acceleration C. friction D. speed
 INTRODUCTION
Let’s begin our journey by giving your brain a warm-up activity!
Directions: Define the word “force” in your own words, or what comes to your mind when it comes to the word “force”?

INTERACTION

Aristotle’s Concept of Vertical Motion, Horizontal Motion, and Projectile Motion

1. Vertical Motion

Vertical motion is referred to as natural motion. In a natural motion, the object will
move and will return to its natural state based on the object's material or composition - earth,
water, air, and fire.

 For example, Aristotle believed that because a ball fell when thrown upward, its element
was earth.
 Smoke goes up the air because it seeks its natural place in the atmosphere.
 Aristotelian concept of natural motion is largely vertical motion which is falling or
rising.

2. Horizontal Motion

An object moving in a violent motion requires push or pull to maintain

horizontal motion. Motion continues only so long as there is an applied force to an
object. When the force is removed, motion stops.

 The example at the right shows piled boxes of food donations. The boxes
will remain on the floor unless a push or a pull force is applied.
 Violent motion is imposed motion caused by pushing or pulling.
 Aristotle classified any motion that required a force as a "violent motion".
(He did not mean violent in the sense that it is marked by the use of harmful
or destructive physical force.)

3. Projectile Motion

Aristotle believed that the projectile motion of an object is parallel to

the ground until it is the object's time to fall back into the ground. An impetus
will be kept by the object until such time that the initial force is forgotten, and
the object returns to its natural state to stop moving and fall to the ground. He
viewed projectile motion as natural and violent motion. He said that heavy
objects fall faster than light ones.

 A notorious problem for the Aristotelian view was why arrows shot
from a bow continued to fly through the air after they had left the bow
and the string was no longer applying force to them.

Aristotle's Explanation:
 Initial motive force transfers to the medium initially surrounding the
object a "power" to act as a motive force.

 Medium then forces object into new region, which is then imparted with
the "power" to act.
 Galileo’s Concept of Vertical Motion, Horizontal Motion, and Projectile Motion

In the absence of a resistance, objects would fall not depending on their

weight, but in the time of fall. Also, if the object encountered a resistive force from a
fluid equal or greater than its weight, it will slow down and reaches a uniform motion
until it reaches the bottom and stops.

 For example, without any resistance, a 1-kg object will be as fast as a 10-kg
object when falling because they fall with the same amount of time, given that
they are released from the same height.
 Also, a stone dropped in the ocean will sooner or later travel at constant speed.
2. Horizontal Motion

An object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in motion,

and an external force is not necessary to maintain the motion. If the Earth’s
surface is very flat and extended infinitely, objects that are pushed will not
be impeded. Thus, the objects will continue to move. This kind of motion,
however, is not evident in nature.

For example, if a ball is pushed on an infinitely flat plane, the ball

will continue to roll if unimpeded.

3. Projectile Motion

Galileo performed experiments on uniformly accelerated motion using

an inclined plane, and used the same apparatus to study projectile motion.
 Galileo was credited for quantifying the “rate of fall” by
measurement of distance and time and plotting it graphically. He
was able to slow down the “fall” using ramps rather than viscous
materials as Aristotle did resulting to significantly different
conclusions related to the “rate of fall”.

 He correctly measured motion in two independent directions (horizontal and vertical) and deduced that the “rate of fall”
is better measured in terms of downward acceleration.
 He used geometry to provide better description (kinematics) of projectile motion whereby horizontal motion has zero
acceleration (constant speed horizontally) and content vertical acceleration.
 By varying the ball's horizontal velocity and vertical drop, Galileo was able to determine that the path of a projectile is
parabolic.
 He believed that a projectile is a combination of uniform motion in the horizontal direction and uniformly accelerated
motion in the vertical direction. If it is not impeded, it will continue to move even without an applied force.
 For example, when you shoot a ball in a basketball ring, the ball does not need a force to keep it moving.

Aristotle's View of Motion

 Aristotle was an Ancient Greek philosopher who thought that heavier objects
fall faster than lighter ones.

 Force would be needed to have a constant velocity according to Aristotle. Force

is required for violent but not natural motion.

Galileo's View of Motion

 Italian Mathematician .Father of modern Science

 Discredited Aristotelian view of motion
 Object in vacuum will fall at the same time because in a vacuum there is
nothing. Since there is no air or anything in space, objects that are heavy or
light, will fall at the same time.
 Force is not necessarily required for violent motion. Force is not required for
object moving at constant velocity.
 Galileo's Experimentation To Prove His Ideas About Motion

Experiment I

 Galileo dropped two different weights of cannon ball to the

Leaning Tower of Pisa and they fell at the same time but could
not measure the distance travelled therefore he proceeded to
another experimentation.

Experiment II

 Galileo used the inclined ramp in order to measure the

acceleration of an object. He used a rolling ball to
measure the changes. He measured that objects
accelerates at the same time regardless of their size and
mass.
 Speed is the distance traveled by an object divided by the
time taken to travel the distance
 A ball rolling down an inclined plane increases its speed
by the same value after every second

 The speed of a rolling ball was found to increase by 2 m/s

every second. This means that the rolling ball would have
the following speeds for every given second.

Free Fall and Gravity

 Freely falling bodies undergo constant acceleration in which it is referred to as free fall. The free fall acceleration
represents a symbol g which means gravity.
 At the surface of the earth, gravity (g) is approximately 9.8 m/s2.
 Gravity leads the object to accelerate in a constant rate.

Horizontal Motion

View of Aristotle: View of Galileo:

Natural state of object at rest Imagined motion will continue without friction

Horizontal versus Vertical Motion

Horizontal: constant in value which represent by x axis Vertical: changing value which represent by y axis
rolling balls free fall
inertia Aristotle versus Galileo
leaning tower of Pisa

Galileo and Inertia

Galileo developed the first concept of laws of motion. Among these are the following:
 Developed the concept of motion in terms of velocity (speed and direction) by using
inclined planes.
 Developed the idea of force that causes motion.
 Determined that the natural state of an object is rest or uniformed motion.
 Developed the idea that objects resist motion, inertia.
According to Galileo, objects in motion eventually stop because of a force called friction. Friction is a force that
opposes motion between any surfaces that are touching. This is based on his experiment observed in inclined planes. He said that
a difference between initial and final heights was due to the presence of friction. Galileo hypothesized that if friction could be
entirely eliminated, the ball would reach exactly the same height. Or if the ball rolls horizontally and there’s no friction that acts
on it, the ball will never stop.
Isaac Newton and his First Law of Motion

Isaac Newton was born the same year Galileo died. Newton’s law of inertia is
based on Galileo’s idea of inertia. He expanded Galileo’s work and came up with his
Three Laws of Motion.

Newton’s first law of motion states that…

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the
same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Mass and Inertia

An object’s inertia depends on its mass. Mass is the amount of matter or substance that makes up an object. It is
measured in units called kilogram. An object with a greater mass has a greater inertia and an object with a lesser mass will
also have a lesser inertia

Exploring Inertia

Inertia has three types:

 Inertia of rest- an object will stay in place unless something or somebody moves it.
Example: a plate on the table
 Inertia of motion- an object will continue at the same speed until a force acts on it.
Example: a rolling ball
 Inertia of Direction- an object will stay moving in the same direction unless a force acts on it.
Example: a moving car turning right

Forces

What causes an object to move, to stop or remain at rest? A force causes an object to move, to stop or remain at rest.
 Force is defined as a push or a pull.
 Newton (N) is the unit of force
 One Newton is the amount of force required to give a 1-kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s/s. Thus, the following unit
equivalency can be stated as:
1 Newton = 1 kg • m/s²

Friction

A rolling marble on the floor that suddenly stops when it reached a rough surface does not stop because of the
absence of a force; it stops because of the presence of a force called friction.
 Friction is a force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are touching.
 Friction occurs because no surface is perfectly smooth.
 Rough surfaces have more friction than smooth surfaces. Heavier objects also have more friction because they are
pressed harder with greater force than lighter objects.
 Friction produces heat because it causes the molecules on rubbing surfaces to move faster and have more energy.
Newton’s first law of motion has always stated that:
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same
direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces

A balanced force is a force in which the net force is equal to zero. What is a net force? A net force is the total
combination of forces (in opposite direction or the same direction) acting on an object.

Let’s consider the free body diagram of a flower vase on the table. There are two forces acting on the flower vase.
The force of the table pushing the flower vase upward also called the normal force and the gravitational force pushing the
flower vase downward.

Since the two forces are equal and in opposite directions, they balanced each other. The net force is zero, it means the
flower vase is at its equilibrium. There is no unbalanced force acting on it thus it remains at rest.

What is an unbalanced force?

An unbalanced force is a force in which the net force is greater than zero.

Unbalanced forces cause

acceleration. Only unbalanced force
can change the motion and direction
of an object.

Example: Your pet dog can move

you faster if he pulls you with
enough force.

ACTIVITY I
Directions: Fill in each blank with correct component to complete the thought of each statement. Find your answers in the
word pool below.
violent motion at the same time Aristotle weight
natural motion inclined plane down acceleration
constant amount Galileo constant speed

1. Aristotle claimed that _______________ is an imposed motion.

2. In ________________, an object will move and will eventually return to its natural state depending on the composition
that the object is made of.
3. According to _____________, heavy objects will fall faster than light ones.
4. Aristotle said that to keep the object moving in horizontal motion, a _________________________ is needed.
5. Objects dropped simultaneously will reach the ground ______________ regardless of their masses and air resistance.
6. Galileo used an ______________ to perform his experiments both on uniformly accelerated motion and to study projectile
motion.
7. _____________ believed that a projectile is a combination of uniform motion in the horizontal direction and uniformly
accelerated motion in the vertical direction.
8. The “rate of fall” of an object is better measured in terms of ______________________.
9. According to Galileo, a stone dropped in the ocean will sooner or later travel at _________________.
10. In Galileo’s view of vertical motion, the fall of the object is dependent on its ___________.
ACTIVITY II
Directions: Point out differences between Aristotle's view of motion and Galileo's view of motion using the Venn diagram
below.

ACTIVITY III
Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write your answer on the space provided before each item.

A B
_______1. When pulling a Band-Aid off, it is better to pull it fast. Your skin will
A. Inertia of rest
remain at rest due to inertia, and the force pulls the Band-Aid off.
_______2. When pedaling a bicycle and you stop pedaling, the bike continues going B. Inertia of motion
until friction or gravity slows it down.
_______3. When you stir coffee in a cup and stop, the swirling motion continues C. Inertia of direction
due to inertia.
_______4. If a car is moving forward it will continue to move forward unless
friction or the brakes interfere with its movement.
_______5. If the wind is blowing, tree branches are moving. Fruits that fall from the
tree will fall in the direction the wind is moving into because of inertia.

ACTIVITY IV
Directions: Write True if the statement is right. If otherwise, underline the word/s and change it with the correct one to make
the statement right.

___________1. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist motion.

___________2. Newton’s first law of motion is also called the law of acceleration.
___________3. If an object is at rest, inertia will keep it at rest.
___________4. The inertia of an object is determined by its speed
___________5. The speed of an object changes only when it is acted on by an unbalanced force.
___________6. A stationary object resists movement only because of gravity.
___________7. The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion depends on its mass.
___________8. If the net force acting on an object is zero, its inertia is also zero.
___________9. When you are moving at a high rate of speed, inertia makes it to stop.
___________10. Newton’s first law of motion applies to objects that are already moving and at rest.

Processing Questions
1. What makes the object remain in state of motion or at rest? Explain why?
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 INTEGRATION
Closure/ Synthesis
You have gone through so many activities, read and learned concepts. It’s time to put your ideas into
writing. So, let us know what’s in your mind so far.

3-2-1 REFLECTION
Three concepts I learned:
1. ________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________

Two real-life realizations after finishing the topic

1. _________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________

One most favourite part of the lesson

1. _________________________________________________

Reflection Guide
Directions: Reflect and give your insights on the given statement below.

The first law of motion tells us that an object remains on its initial condition unless acted by an outside force. If you
are given a chance to change the state of our country, what changes would you like to do for the country? Why?

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INTERVENTION
Evaluation
Direction: Study the situation below. Tell what would happen, and explain your observation.

Consider a ladder placed unstrapped at the top of a moving truck.

Follow-up Questions:
1. When the driver suddenly slams on the brakes, which car would more likely be in danger of a falling ladder – the one in
front or at the back of the truck? Why? (Explain your answer using the concept of inertia)

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2. How do we avoid such scenario? (Explain your answer using the concept of inertia)

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Post – assessment:
It’s now time to assess your learning. Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on the space provided before
each item. If you do well, you may move on to the next lesson. If your score is not at the expected level, you may talk to
your subject teacher to go back with the lesson and for you to be given remedies to cope up and understand the lesson.

Directions: Read the following questions below and choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write your
answer on the space provided before each item.
_______1. Which of the following balls has the greatest inertia?
A. ping pong ball B. a soccer ball C. a tennis ball D. a bowling ball
_______2. The inertia of an object is related to its
A. mass and speed B. mass and force C. mass only D. speed only
_______3. When you slide a toy car across the floor, what force must your push be stronger than?
A. Support force B. Friction force C. Gravity D. Air resistance
_______4. A piece of paper is at rest on your desk. Which of the following statements best describes this situation?
A. There are no forces acting on the paper. C. The desk pushes on the paper only
B. The paper pushes on the desk only. D. The forces acting on the paper are balanced.
_______5. When a balloon held between the hands is pressed, its shape changes. This happens because:
A. Balanced forces act on the balloon C. Frictional forces act on the balloon
B. Unbalanced forces act on the balloon D. Gravitational force acts on the balloon