1

Table 1.1

Demographic Features of the Sample (N = 300)

Variables Categories f /M (SD) %

Gender

Male 149 49.7

Female 151 50.3

University

Punjab University 150 50

Sargodha University 150 50

Residence

Urban 159 53

Rural 141 47

Family Structure

Joint 119 39.7

Nuclear 181 60.3

Employment Status

No Employment 130 43.3

Private Sector 112 37.3

Government Sector 58 19.3

Education 15.49(1.18)

Age 23.01(1.88)
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Table 1.2

Psychometric Properties, Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Coefficients of Positive

Emotions, Transcendence, and PERMA (N = 300)

Range

Skewness
Scales K M SD α Actual Potential

Positive Emotions - - - - - -

Gratitude 6 24.85 7.74 .77 8-38 6-42 -.07

Hope 6 28.62 8.03 .86 10-44 6-48 -.45

Agency 3 14.19 4.21 .73 5-23 3-24 -.33

Pathway 3 14.43 4.31 .75 3-23 3-24 -.52

Optimism 2 4.83 1.45 .74 1-7 1-7 -.56

Pessimism 2 3.74 1.33 .74 1-7 1-7 .20

Transcendence - - - - - -

Self-transcendence 15 40.45 7.61 .80 24-56 15-60 -.49

Spiritual Transcendence 9 23.98 5.52 .81 13-32 9-36 -.46

PERMA 23 122.8 30.09 .90 66-162 0-230 -.52

Positivity 3 16.17 6.26 .90 3-27 0-30 -.43

Engagement 3 16.80 5.70 .88 6-26 0-30 -.34

Relationship 3 16.98 6.35 .88 4-28 0-30 -.50

Meaning in life 3 16.84 6.06 .84 4-26 0-30 -.49

Accomplishment 3 16.11 6.16 .83 5-28 0-30 -.31

Health 3 16.74 6.42 .90 6-27 0-30 -.41

Negative Emotion 3 12.58 6.12 .84 2-28 0-30 .75

Ski = Standard error of skewness = .24

Table 1.2 demonstrates the descriptive, psychometric properties and

Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient of study variables. The results illustrated that
 3

all scales and subscales are internally consistent as alpha coefficient is above .70 for

all. None of the values of skewness were rebelliously high, which shows that

distribution of all scales was normal and it was approximately symmetrical

distributions, therefore data were ready to be projected for Pearson correlation.

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Table 1.3

Intercorrelation between Demographics, Positive Emotions, Transcendence, and PERMA Well-being (N = 300)
Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Age .05 -.04 -.01 .15* .07 .12* .06 -.01 .02 .02 -.03 -.03 -.01 .04 -.01 .10 .03 .01

Gender .03 .09 .11* .12* .10 .12* -.02 .12* .13* .15* .11* .12* .14** .15* .11 .12* -.15* -.15**

Education .03 -.03 .01 .03 -.01 .01 .01 -.06 -.07 -.04 -.10 -.10 -.08 -.02 -.10 -.01 .07 .05

Employment Status .10 .06 .10 .21*** .16** .20*** .12* .10 .23*** .26*** .10 .17** .19** .27*** .25*** .23*** -.16** -.20**

Residence .13* .07 .12* .13* .13* .14* .10 .18** .25*** .23*** .24*** .21*** .20*** .20*** .23*** .18** -.12* -.17**

Family Structure .09 .10 .18** .16** .13* .16** .13* .16** .27*** .30*** .24*** .21*** .24*** .26*** .28*** .22*** -.21*** -.21***

Positive Emotions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1 Gratitude - .49*** -.42*** .23*** .36*** .34*** .32*** .35*** .49*** .52*** .51*** .47*** .46*** .49*** .49*** .41*** -.48*** -.49***

2 Optimism - - -.60*** .40*** .42*** .43*** .41*** .40*** .53*** .54*** .51*** .48*** .50*** .52*** .50*** .49*** -.46*** -.50***

3 Pessimism - - - -.37*** -.42*** -.43*** -.39*** -.49*** -.53*** -.55*** -.51*** -.52*** -.51*** -.50*** -.48*** -.49** .48*** .49***

4 Pathway - - - - .77*** .94*** .38*** .36*** .49*** .48*** .48*** .45*** .48*** .50*** .44*** .41*** -.42*** -.41***

5 Agency - - - - - .94*** .40*** .43*** .57*** .56*** .55*** .53*** .55*** .54*** .52*** .54*** -.49*** -.51***

6 Hope - - - - - - .41*** .42*** .56*** .56*** .55*** .52*** .54*** .56*** .51*** .50*** -.48*** -.49***

Transcendence - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

7 Self- - - - - - - - .49*** .57*** .58*** .56*** .51*** .56*** .54*** .52*** .53*** -.49*** -.49***

Transcendence
 5

8 Spiritual - .67*** .64*** .65*** .66*** .64*** .63*** .66*** .57*** -.59*** -.60***

Transcendence

9 PERMA - - - - - - - - - .95*** .92*** .94*** .95*** .93*** .94*** .83*** -.75*** -.83***

10 Positivity - - - - - - - - - - .88*** .89*** .91*** .90*** .91*** .80*** -.80*** -.85***

11 Engagement - - - - - - - - - - - .87*** .88*** .85*** .86*** .78*** -.79*** -.85***

12 Meaning in Life - - - - - - - - - - - - .88*** .87*** .88*** .76*** -.76*** -.83***

13 Relationships - - - - - - - - - - - - - .87*** .88*** .78*** -.77*** -.81***

14 Accomplishment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .88*** .81*** -.82*** -.84***

15 Health - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .79*** -.80*** -.85***

16 General - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.74*** -.77***

Happiness

17 Negative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .86***

Emotions

18 Loneliness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

*p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001

Results in table 1.3 have demonstrated the Intercorrelation between study variables. Results have revealed that education was significantly correlated

with agency and hope while results are non-significant between age and other all variables of present research. Gender is uncorrelated with gratitude,

optimism, agency, self-transcendence, and health related Well-being rest on all variables results are significant. Education is uncorrelated with all study

variables. Employment status is also significantly linked with all variables excluding gratitude, optimism, pessimism, spiritual transcendence,
 6

and engagement in life. Residence of the participants is also significantly linked with all study

variables however optimism and self-transcendence are uncorrelated with participants’

residential belongingness. Excluding gratitude and optimism family structure have shown

significant correlation with all study variables.

Further results have revealed that positive motions dimensions are significantly correlated

with self-transcendence, spiritual-transcendence, PERMA all of its dimensions. Similarly self-

transcendence, PERMA, and all of PERMA’s dimensions have shown significant correlation to

each other.
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Table 1.4

Gender Comparison among Study Variables of Current Research (N = 300)

Male (n = 149) Female (n = 151)

Cohen’s d
Variables
M SD M SD t(299) 95% CI

Gratitude 24.54 7.76 25.15 7.73 -.68 -2.37-1.15 .08

Hope 27.62 8.47 29.61 7.46 -2.16* -3.80--.17 .23

Self- 40.60 7.44 40.29 7.79 .35 -1.42-2.04 .04

transcendence

Spiritual- 23.31 5.48 24.64 5.50 -2.09* -2.57--.07 .24

transcendence

Optimism 4.69 1.50 4.97 1.39 -1.64 -.60-.05 .19

Pessimism 3.90 1.27 3.58 1.36 2.07* .02-.61 .24

Positive 15.24 6.26 17.08 6.15 -2.56* -3.24--.42 .29

Emotions

Engagement 16.14 5.94 17.45 5.38 -1.98* -2.59--.01 .23

Relationships 16.23 6.69 17.72 5.92 -2.03* -2.92--.05 .24

Meaning in life 15.93 6.29 17.72 5.69 -2.58** -3.15--.39 .29

Accomplishment 15.21 6.04 17.00 6.17 -2.53* -3.17--.39 .29

Health 16.06 6.40 17.41 6.39 -1.84 -2.81-.09 .21

Negative 13.49 6.40 11.68 5.71 2.59** .43-3.19 .29

Emotions
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PERMA Well- 119.02 30.38 126.56 29.42 -2.18* -14.33--.74 .25

being
*p< .05.

Table 4.10 shows mean, standard deviations, and t values for male and female

participants on focal constructs of the study. Levene’s test for equality of variances revealed non-

significant F value for constructs of this study therefore it was assumed that sample variance and

population variances are same in this study. Results have indicated significant mean difference

on hope, spiritual transcendence, pessimism, and all dimensions of PERMA excluding health

between male and female participants. Results were also non-significant for optimism, gratitude

and self-transcendence across gender.

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Table 1.5

One way ANOVA Indicating Mean difference w.r.t Employment Status across Study Variables

(N=300)

Variables No Govt Private F p

Employment Employment Employment
M SD M SD M SD

PERMA 117.50 25.91 114.89 30.20 133.81 30.09 11.27 .00

Hope 27.08 8.43 27.98 8.78 30.74 6.63 6.74 .01

Self-Transcendence 39.60 8.11 40.17 8.02 41.57 6.64 2.08 .12

Spiritual- 23.62 5.77 23.03 5.70 23.98 5.52 2.67 .07

Transcendence

Results showed a significant difference in development of PERMA wellbeing and Hope

in different in study participants across employment status.

To compare the mean difference of unemployed, Govt employed and private employed

Bonferroni test was used as shown in table 1.6

Table 1.6

Bonferroni Test Analysis for Comparing Employment Status (N=300)

Variables Comparison groups MD p

PERMA

No Employment Govt Employment 2.61 .91

No Employment Private Employment -15.57 .000

Govt Employment Private Employment -18.18 .000

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Hope

No Employment Govt Employment -.91 .89

No Employment Private Employment -3.66 .001

Govt Employment Private Employment -2.76 .09

Results indicated that PERMA wellbeing was significantly higher in individuals

belonging to private employment than Govt employed or unemployed participants. Hope was

higher among privately employed participants than Govt employed or unemployed participants.
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Table 1.7

Simple Linear Regression Analysis Predicting PERMA Wellbeing from Gratitude (N = 300)

Variables B SE B 95% CI β

LL UL

Constant 74.63 5.07 64.64 84.62

Gratitude 1.93 .19 1.55 2.32 .49***

B = Unstandardized regression Coefficient; SE B = Standard Error; β = Standardised Regression Coefficient

p***<.001
Results in table 1.7 highlighted the predictive role of gratitude in PERMA Wellbeing.

Findings indicated that gratitude significantly positively predicted PERMA wellbeing and

explained 25% variance in PERMA with F (1, 298) = 98.83, p > .001.
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Table 1.8

Multiple Regression Analysis Predicting PERMA Wellbeing from Gratitude and Self-

Transcendence (N = 300)

Variables B SE B 95% CI Β

LB UB

Constant 15.54 7.37 1.03 30.05

Gratitude 1.36 .17 1.01 1.71 .35***

Self- 1.82 .18 1.45 2.17 .46***

Transcendence

B = Unstandardized regression Coefficient; SE B = Standard Error; β = Standardised Regression Coefficient

p***<.001

Results in table 1.8 highlighted the multiple regression analysis as predictive role of

gratitude and self-transcendence in PERMA Wellbeing. Findings indicated that independent

variables were significant positive predictors of PERMA Wellbeing. Overall IVs explained 43%

variance in PERMA wellbeing with F (2, 297) = 115.70, p > .001.

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Table 1.9

Hierarchal Regression Analysis predicting PERMA Wellbeing from gratitude, Self-

transcendence, Spiritual-transcendence & Hope (N=300)

PERMA Wellbeing

Variables ∆R2 Β

Step 1 .02

Age .17

Education -.20

Step 2 .61***

Gratitude .21***

Self-transcendence .21***

Spiritual-transcendence .39***

Hope .23***

Note. ***p<.001; ∆R2= R Square change

In step 1, among demographic variables age and education didn’t predicted PERMA

Wellbeing among study participants.

In step 2, after controlling for demographics, gratitude, self-transcendence, spiritual

transcendence and hope significantly positively predicted PERMA wellbeing.

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Table 1.10

Analysis of Covariance for Employment Status and PERMA Wellbeing and covariate Hope

(N = 300)

Source SS df MS F η2

Hope 75176.66 1 75176.45 126.09*** .299

Employment Status 6954.38 2 3477.19 5.83* .04

Error 176473.69 296 596.19

Note. R2 = .35, Adj. R2 = .34

* p < .05, ***p < .001

Results in table 1.10 demonstrated that after controlling for hope as covariate PERMA

wellbeing has been affected by employment status with F (2, 296) = 5.83, p > .05.