Abhay Bambole

Professor
Dept. of Structural Engineering
VJTI, Mumbai

One Week SHORT TERM COURSE

on
Advances In Structural Mechanics: Theory and Design of Plate
and Shell Structures
February 20-25, 2017
2
 Y

Z X

Analysis and design of Analysis Turbine

Bridges Analysis and design of
Shear Walls

Jet Propulsion Analysis of Engine

Automotive applications Components 3
Left ventricle FEM model in ABAQUS
4
 Contributors to Plate theory

 Introduction to Finite Element Method

 Thin Plate Theory – CPT – Kirchhoff-Love Theory

 Moderately Thick plate Theory – FOST – Mindlin-

Reissner Plate Theory

 Solution to plate bending problems using ANSYS

5
 The finite element method (FEM) is a
computer-aided mathematical technique for
obtaining approximate numerical solutions
to the abstract equations of calculus that
predict the response of physical systems
subjected to external influences (Burnett
1988).

Finite Element Method (FEM) generally called as mathematical

modeling in engineering, it is an analysis tool which is extensively
used for solving engineering and mathematical physics problems.

6
7
8
9
10
11
Plate Bending Theory

12
13
According to the nature of stress states the plates are classified
as follows:
1. Thick plate: Characterised by triaxial state of stress. Defined
by a complete set of differential equations of three-
dimensional theory of elasticity. a/h less than 10.

2. Thin plates with small deflection: Membrane stresses are very

small compared to flexural stresses. a/h greater than 10
and the maximum deflection w is less than h/5.

3. Thin plates with large deflection are characterised by the fact

that the flexural stresses are accompanied by relatively
large tensile or compressive stresses in the middle plane.
These membrane stresses significantly affect the bending
moment.

14
 This small deflection theory assumes that w
is small in comparison to the thickness of the
plate t, and the strains and the mid-plane
slopes are much smaller than 1.

 A plate is called thin when its thickness t is at

least one order of magnitude smaller than the
span or diameter of the plate.

15
 Classical plate theory CPT (Kirchhoff-love theory), based
upon the assumptions initiated for beams by Bernoulli but first
applied to plates and shells by Love and Kirchhoff.

1. The plate is thin, flat and has uniform thickness.

2. The plate material is uniform, isotropic and elastic.
3. All loads are normal to the plate surface. The in-plane load is zero.
4. Deflections of the middle surface are small in comparison with the thickness of
the plate. In general, deflections are assumed to not exceed about one-half of the
plate thickness.
5. As the plate deflects, the middle surface of the plane has zero bending strain.
6. Normals to the midsurface of the undeformed plate remain straight and normal
to the midplane during deformation.
7. The component of stress normal to the midsurface, σz, is negligible.

16
The validity of the classical plate theory
depends on a number of factors:

1. The curvatures are small

2. The in-plane plate dimensions are large
compared to the thickness
3. Membrane strains can be neglected

17
 The classical theory agree well with the full
elasticity solutions (away from the edges of the
plate), provided the plate thickness is small relative
to its other linear dimensions

 Plate is relatively thick, it is advised to use a more

exact theory

 Shear deformation Theories –

First order Shear Deformation Theory-
Reissner -Mindlin Plate Theory

18
19
20
The transverse shear stresses tyz and txz are also present, even
though transverse shear deformation is neglected.

21
 External and internal forces on the plate
acting on midsurface

Equilibrium Equations

22
 Strain distribution corresponding to assumed
displacement variation
u 2w
x    z 2  zk x
x x
v 2w
y    z 2  zk y
y y
u v 2w
 xy    2 z  zk xy
y x xy
2w 2w 2 2 w
k x   2 ; k y   2 ; k xy  
x y xy

23
 x   c11 c12 c13   x 
     
 y   c21 c22 c23   y 
   c c33   z 
 z   31 c32

 x  1 v 0   x 
  E   
 y   v 1 1   y  isotropic
  1  v
2
0 0    z
1  v 2    
 z

24
 M x  3
 c11 c12 c13   k x 
  h    
 M y   c21 c22 c23  k y 
 M  12  c c33   k z 
 z  31 c32

M   C f  kc 
 
1  0 
Eh 3
 
For isotropic plate C f   2 
 1 0 
12(1   ) 
1  
0 0 
 2 

25
  2w 2w 
M x   Dp   2 
 x 2
y 
 2w 2w 
M y   Dp   2 
 y x 
2

 2w 
M xy   D p 1     2 
 x 
Eh3
Dp 
12(1   2 )

26
Kirchhoff-Love Theory

27
 To include effect of shear deformation which
has not been considered in Kirchhoff’s theory

 Assumptions:
1. The deflections of the plate, w, are small
2. Normals to the plate mid-surface before
deformation remain straight but are not necessarily
normal to it after deformation.
3. Stresses normal to the mid-surface are negligible.

28
  y
u  z y x  z
x   y  x 
 xy  z  
 y x 
 x
v   z x  y  z
y

 w   w 
 yz  x   zx  y 
 x 
 y 

29
 y

w w
 x    y  y    x
y x
30
 Average Shear Deformations Φx and Φy

w
 y   x 
y
w
x   y 
x
31
 Strain Energy to include contribution due
too shear deformation
1
U s   GA x    y  dx dy
 2 2

2 A 

• Bending Strain Energy

Eh 3    2         
2
(1   )    
2

24(1   2 ) A  x 
  2          dxdy
y y y
Ub  
x x x

 x  y   y  2  x y  


• Total Strain Energy

32
 Shear stresses to shear deformation
t xz  C44 C45  x 
    
t yz  C54 C55   y 
 Stress resultants to shear deformation for
an isotropic plate
Qx  Eh 1 0  x 
     
Qy  2(1   ) 0 1   y 

33
  y  x   y  x 
x  , x   ,  xy    
x y  y x 
   
 Mx   1  0  0 0  x 
M   Eh3     y 
 y  0 0
  1 0     

 M xy  12(1-  )  xy 
2
  1-    0 
   0 0  0   -- 

 - -    2   
 Qx    
   0 0 0 Eh  0   x 

 Q y 
  0
 0 0
 2(1   ) 0
  y 
    


M  Cb  I 0   

    
 - - =  -- I - -  - - 
Q    
 0  Cs   
T
 I
34
 The stress resultants and corresponding curvature
and shear deformation relation can be considered
analogous to stress-strain relation

 x   Mx 
p  Cp p
   
y  M
 y  y 
   
p   z  p  Mxy  
 x


  
Q
  x 
 x  x   
y

 y   Qy 
  
 y


x
p    
 y x 
 Cb  I 0   w 
   y  
Cp     I     x 
 T   w 
 
 0 I Cs   

x
y



35
 Strain energy in terms of stress resultants
1
U  
2 A
M  T
   Q dA
T

1

U     Cb     Cs  dA
2 A
T T

Total potential energy 
  U  H H  work done duetoexternal forces

   0   k b    k s  d   Q

36
 Transverse shear deformation is neglected in thin
plate theory and elements based on thin plate
theory.

 If effect of transverse shear deformation need to be

considered include these deformations in the
rotational DOF. (θx, θy)

 Transverse shear deformation must be considered

in case of thick plates and laminated/sandwich
plates.

37
38
Finite Element Formulation
for
Plate Bending Problems

39
 C2: The assumed function w(x,y) has continuous
second derivatives at element corners and inside
the element

 C1: The assumed function w(x,y) has continuous

first derivatives but may have discontinuous corner
curvatures

 C0: The assumed function w(x,y) is only continuous

and separate functions are assumed to represent
variation w and slopes

40
 C2 - minimum 6 dof for  w w  2 w  2 w  2 w 
non-right angled  w, , , 2, 2, 
 x y x y xy 
element
 w w  2 w 
 w, , , 
For right angled element  x y xy 
 w w 
C1  w, , 

 x y 

41
• A Rectangular Plate Bending Element with 12
DOF
w  1   2 x   3 y   4 x 2   5 xy   6 y 2 
 7 x3   8 x 2 y   9 xy 2  10 y 3  11 x 3 y  12 xy 3
• 3 DOF at each node

 w   w 
wi ,   , 
 x i  y i

42
• A Rectangular Plate Bending Element with 16
DOF (complete polynomial)
w  1   2 x   3 y   4 x 2   5 xy   6 y 2 
 7 x3   8 x 2 y   7 x3   8 x 2 y   9 xy 2  10 y 3  11 x3 y 
12 xy 39 xy 2  13 x 2 y 2  14 x3 y 2  15 x 2 y 3  16 x3 y 3

• 4 DOF at each node

 w   w    2
w
wi ,   ,  , 
  x i   y i  x y i
A fully compatible element
43
• A Rectangular Plate Bending Element with 12
DOF
w  1   2 x   3 y   4 x 2   5 xy   6 y 2 
 7 x3   8 x 2 y   9 xy 2  10 y 3  11 x 3 y  12 xy 3
• 3 DOF at each node

 w   w 
wi ,   , 
 x i  y i

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
4 noded quadrilateral bilinear element

61
 4 4
x   N i xi w   N i wi
i 1 i 1

4 4

y   N i yi  x   Ni xi
i 1
i 1
4
 y   Ni yi
1 i 1
Ni  (1  rri )(1  ssi )
4

d 
T
 [ w1  x1  y1 w2  x 2  y 2 w3  x3  y 3 w4  x 4  y 4 ]

62
  N1 N 2 N3 N 4   x1 y1 
 r  x y2 
r r r  2
J    
 N1 N 2 N3 N 4   x3 y3 
 s  
s s s   x4 y4 

 N1 N 2 N3 N 4   N1 N 2 N3 N 4 

 x x x x   r r r r 
  J  
1
 
 N1 N 2 N3 N 4   N1 N 2 N3 N 4 
 y y y y   s s s s 

63
 4
N i
k x    yi
i 1 x
4
N i
k y    xi
y
  p   B d 
i 1
4
N i 4
N i
k xy    yi    xi
i 1 y i 1 x
4
N i 4
x   i    yi N i
i 1 x i 1
4
N i 4
 y   i    xi N i
i 1 y i 1
64
  Moment Curvature Relationship
(stress-strain relationship)
   
 1  0  0 0 
 Eh3
  0 0 
 1 0
 Mx  12(1 2 )     
M    1   0 0 
 y   0 0  
M    2   
 xy    
                   
      
 Qx   0 0 0 Eh  0    
   0 0 0 2(1 )  0   
 
 Qy 
   
 
 
 
 
M   Cb  I 0  
    
      I      
Q    
 0 I Cs     
T
 
65
  1   N i 
   0 0
x 
 x1   
 0 N i
 kx   y1   0 
k     y 
 y     
    N i N i 
  p   k xy    B     Bi    0 
x y 
     
  x
   N i N i 
 y   4 
  x 0

   
 x4   N i Ni 0 
 y 4 
   y  i 1,2,3,4....

 i 
 
  p 
4

  B  d  d i   xi 
 
i i
i 1

 yi 
66
  Mx 
M 
 y  4

  p   M xy   C  p d  p  B     Bi 
i 1
Q 
 x 
 Qy 
4
 C  p   Bi di 
 B1 B2 B3 B4 
i 1 (5X3) (5X3) (5X3) (5X3)

  p  C  p  B d  p

67
 4
C  p  B   C  p   Bi 
i 1

  0 0 0 

 0   h  Ni  h  Ni  
2 2
 
       0
1    y  1    x  
0 0 
   0 0 0 
Eh   h  Ni   h  Ni  
2 2  
 i
CB     0      Ni 
12(1   )   
1    x  1    y    0 Ni  
  x  
 0 0 0
  
   Ni
 Ni 0  
 0 0 0   
  y 

CBi   CBi b  CBi s

68
  k     B C  p  B dxdy
T

A
1 1

 k      B  C  p  B  J
T
drds
1 1

 k11 k12 k13 k14 

k k k23 
k24 
 k    B  C  p  B   
T 21 22

 k31 k32 k33 k34 

 
 k41 k42 k43 k44 

69
70
  k    k b   k s

1 1

 k      k b   k s  J drds
1 1

71
  F  q 
   
Qi    M x   A i  0  J drds
N
M  0 
 y  
 Q1   N1 
Q   0 
 2   
 Q3   0 
   
Q
 4  N
 2
 Q5   0 
   
Q n n 0
Q   6    W W i j 
N 

Q i 1 j 1
 7   3
 Q8   0 
Q   0 
 9   
Q10   N4 
   
 Q11   0 

Q12  
 0  72
73
74
75
76
 PLANE42 Element - ANSYS
• PLANE42 is used for 2-D modeling of solid
structures.
• The element can be used either as a plane element
(plane stress or plane strain) or as an axisymmetric
element

• Element behavior can be changed using

keyoption 3
KEYOPT(3) Element behavior:
0 -- Plane stress
1 -- Axisymmetric
2 -- Plane strain (Z strain = 0.0)
3 -- Plane stress with thickness input
 SHELL63 Element - ANSYS
• SHELL63 has both bending and membrane
capabilities.
• Both in-plane and normal loads are permitted.
• 4-noded element with six degrees of freedom at
each node.
• Degrees of Freedom UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY,
ROTZ
• Element stiffness behavior can be changed using
keyoption setting K1
KEYOPT(1) Element stiffness:
0 -- Bending and membrane
stiffness
1 -- Membrane stiffness only
•For KEYOPT(1) = 0 or 2, the four nodes defining the element
2 -- Bending stiffness only
should lie as close as possible to a flat plane (for maximum
accuracy), but a moderate amount of warping is permitted.
• For KEYOPT(1) = 1, the warping limit is very restrictive. In either
case, an excessively warped element may produce a warning or
error message. In the case of warping errors, triangular elements
should be used
 SHELL181 Element - ANSYS
• 4-node element with six degrees of freedom
at each node
• Degrees of Freedom
UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ if
KEYOPT(1) = 0
UX, UY, UZ if KEYOPT(1) = 1

•Element stiffness behavior can be changed using keyoption setting K1

KEYOPT(1) Element stiffness:
0 -- Bending and membrane stiffness (default)
1 -- Membrane stiffness only
2 -- Stress/strain evaluation only
• SHELL181 may be used for layered applications for modeling
laminated composite shells or sandwich construction
• The maximum number of layers supported is 250.
 SHELL99 Element - ANSYS
• 8-node element with six degrees of freedom at each
node
• Degrees of Freedom
UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ

•SHELL99 is best suited to model curved shells and complicated

shapes.
• SHELL may be used for layered applications.
• The maximum number of layers supported is 250.
Numerical Solution For Plate Bending Problem
Consider the simply supported plate show below subjected to udl of 3
kN/m2 with self weight of 2.88 kN/m2.
(let E = 20 x 106 kN/m2 and µ = 0.15).

The exact solution for the displacement at the centre of the plate is

0.00126qL4
w
D
Substituting the values for the variables gives a numerical value of w = 2.075mm.

82
Computer Solution for a Plate Bending Problem

The table below shows the results of modeling this plate structure using ANSYS
compares to the exact solution.

Number of Displacement at % error

square elements centre in mm
4 1.957 5.68
16 2.045 1.44
36 2.062 0.62
64 2.068 0.33
100 2.071 0.19
144 2.072 0.14
256 2.074 0.04
400 2.074 0.04

83
84
The figures below show contour plot for the normal stress
σx and σy.

σx σ
y 85
The next set of plots shows the node-averaged moments Mx and My.

Mx My
86
The next set of plots shows the shear stress τxy

τxy 87
The next set of plots shows the twisting moment Mxy.

Mxy 88
Numerical Solution For Plate Bending Problem
Consider the clamped plate show below subjected to a 16 kN load applied
at the centre with self weight of 2.88 kN/m2
(let E = 20 x 106 kN/m2 and µ = 0.15).

The exact solution for the displacement at the centre of the plate is

0.0056 PL2 0.00126qL4

w 
D D
Substituting the values for the variables gives a numerical value of w =

0.801mm. 90
Computer Solution for a Plate Bending Problem

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem

1. Open preprocessor menu

/PREP7

2. Give example a Title

Utility Menu > File >
Change Title...

3. Define the Type of Element

For this problem we will use the SHELL63 (4 node) element.
This element has 6 degrees of freedom (translation along the
X, Y and Z axes, and rotation about the X, Y and Z axis).
Define SHELL63
• Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... > click
'Add'
• Select ‘shell', ‘Elastic4node63’
• Click on 'Apply' You should see 'Type 1 SHELL63' in the
'Element Types' window.
• In Element Types window
Click on Options.. > Element stiffness > Bending only
Change to bending only

Click on options..
92
4. Define Real Constants
Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add...
In the 'Real Constants for ‘SHELL63’ window, enter thickness of
plate 0.12m

93
5. Define Element Material Properties
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural >
Linear > Elastic > Isotropic
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric
properties for steel:
i. Young's modulus EX: 20e6
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.15

94
6. Define Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS
...
K,#,X,Y

We are going to define 4 Keypoints for this plate as given in the

following table:
Keypoint Coordinates
s (x,y)
1 (0,0)
2 (4,0)
3 (4,4)
4 (0,4) 95
4. Create Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In
Active Coord L,1,2
Create a line joining Keypoints (1 and 2), (2 and 3), (3
and 4), (4 and 1).

5. Create area
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Area> Arbitrary >
Through KPs

96
8. Define Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Global>
Size...
For this example we will specify no. of element division 20.

9. Mesh the Area

Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Area > Mapped > 3 or 4 sided >
click 'Pick All'

97
Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving

1. Define Analysis Type

Solution > New Analysis > Static

2. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement >
On Line
UZ, ROTX, ROTY on all line.
UX & UY on line parallel to X and Y axis respectively.

98
3. Apply Loads
Point load
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On
node
Apply a vertical (FZ) point load of -16 kN to centre node of plate.
Pressure
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Area
Apply a pressure of -2.88 kN/m2 on plate area.

99
4. Solve the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS
Post Preprocessing

General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape... > Def +
undeformed

100
View the deflection contour plot
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu... >
DOF solution, UZ

101
Computer Solution for a Plate Bending Problem

The table below shows the results of modeling this plate structure using ANSYS
compares to the exact solution.

Number of Displacement at % error

square elements centre in mm
4 0.872 7.65
16 0.858 7.11
36 0.833 3.99
64 0.822 2.62
100 0.816 1.87
144 0.813 1.49
256 0.809 0.99
400 0.808 0.873

102
 Convergence
0.88

0.87

0.86
Deflection (mm)

0.85

0.84

0.83

0.82

0.81

0.8
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
No. of Elements

103
The figures below show contour plot for the normal stress
σx and σy.

σx σy
104
The next set of plots shows the node-averaged moments Mx and My.

Mx My
105
The next set of plots shows the shear stress τxy

τxy 106
The next set of plots shows the twisting moment Mxy.

Mxy 107
Thin plate supported on beams along the edges. Two cases are considered for analysis

Case (i) Mid surface of plate and centre of beam are at same level
Case (ii) Centre of beam is at eccentricity to mid surface of the plate

109
GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES
Dimension of plate: 3000mm x 3000mm x120 mm
Breadth of Edge beam: b = 250mm
Depth of Edge beam: D = 400mm
Eccentricity of beam: e = 140mm

MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Poisson’s ratio ʋ = 0.25
Modulus of Elasticity E = 26000 N/mm2

LOADING
Uniformly Distributed Load on Plate = 5 kN/m2 = 0.005 N/mm2

110
Taking advantage of symmetry of the problem the plate
supported on edge beams can be solved as quarter plate as
shown in fig below

111
 DEFINE MODEL GEOMETRY
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Keypoints> In
Active CS

Keypoint Number X location Y location Z location Click This Button

to Accept Values
1 0 0 0 Apply
2 1500 0 0 Apply
3 1500 1500 0 Apply
4 0 1500 0 OK
112
 Main Menu>Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Arbitary>
Through KPs
The Create Area picker appears. Select keypoints 1,2,3 and 4 in sequence
in the Graphics window and click on OK in the Create Area picker.

113
 DEFINE ELEMENT TYPE
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preferences and select the "Structural"
check box. Click on OK to continue.

Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete

The Library of Element Types dialog box appears. In the scroll box on the
left, click on "Structural Beam" to select. In the scroll box on the right,
click on "3D finite strain, 2 node 188" to select BEAM188. Click OK
Repeat above step similarly to select Shell from dialog box and select
element SHELL63.

114
After selecting both the element types click on SHELL63 and then click on
Options and select Element stiffness K1 for Bending Only option for Plate
bending behavior as shown in figure below.

115
Case (i) Mid surface of plate and centre of beam are at same level
Main Menu>Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Common Sectns.
Enter the width of the cross section, 250 (mm), in the box labeled B.
Enter the height of the cross section, 400 (mm), in the box labeled H.
Click on Apply to set the cross section dimensions. Click on the
Preview button on the BeamTool.

116
Case (ii) Centre of beam is at eccentricity to mid surface of the plate
To model case (ii) centre of beam at eccentricity to mid surface of the plate
the
only difference in above steps is while defining cross section offset is entered
in Beam Tool dialog box.

117
Main Menu>Preprocessor> Real Constants> Add/Edit/Delete
The Real constant dialog box appears. Click Add button select SHELL63
click OK. Another dialog box appears enter the thickness of plate,
(120mm) in the box labeled TK(I). Click OK and Close the dialog box of
real constant.

118
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models
The Define Material Model Behaviour dialog box appears. In the Material
models Available window on the right, double-click on the following:
Structural, Linear, Elastic, Isotropic. A dialog box appears
Enter 26000 (N/mm2 ) for EX (Young's modulus)
Enter 0.25 for PRXY (Poisson's ratio)
Click on OK. Material Model Number 1appears in the Material Models
Defined window on the left

119
Utility Menu> Plot> Lines.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Tool. Select Lines from
Element attributes and Click on Set. The Line Attributes picker appears.
Select the edge lines in the Graphics window and click on Apply in the Line
Attributes picker. Line Attributes dialog box appears. Select material attribute
set 1, Real constant set 1, element type attribute 1 BEAM188, and the section
attribute section ID 1 beam1 by default. click on OK.

120
Utility Menu> Plot> Areas.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Tool. Select Areas from
Element attributes and Click on Set. The Area Attributes picker appears.
Select the area in the Graphics window and click on Apply in the Area
Attributes picker. Line Attributes dialog box appears. Select material attribute
set 1, Real constant set 2, element type attribute 2 SHELL63, click on OK.

121
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Tool.
Select Global set. Enter the No of Element divisions NDIV, 3. Click on OK.
In Mesh Tool Select Areas from Mesh. Select Mapped and Click on Mesh
button. The Mesh Area picker appears. Select the area in the Graphics
window
and click on OK in Mesh Area picker.

122
Continued……

Utility Menu> Plot> Lines

Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Tool.
In Mesh Tool Select Lines from Mesh. Click on Mesh button. The Mesh Line
picker appears. Select the edge lines in the Graphics window and click on OK
in Mesh Line picker.

123
Utility Menu> Plot> Lines
Main Menu>Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural>
Displacement>
On Lines
The Line picker appears. Select the edge lines in the Graphics window and
click on Apply. Then Apply DOF’s appropriately for simply supported
Condition and Click Apply.

124
Main Menu>Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural>
Displacement>
Symmetric B.C> On Lines
The Line picker appears. Select the other two edge lines in the Graphics
window and click on Apply. Then Apply DOF’s appropriately for Simply
Supported condition and Click Apply.

125
Utility Menu> Plot> Areas
Main Menu>Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Pressure
>On Areas
The Area picker appears. Select the area in the Graphics window and click on
Apply. Enter the Pressure value in PRES as -0.005 (N/mm2 ). Click OK.

126
Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS
Click on OK in the Solve Current Load Step window to begin the solution.
When the Solution is Done! window appears, click on Close to close it

127
Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Style> Size and Shape
Set /ESHAPE On. Click OK.
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results > Contur Plot > Nodal
Solu

128
Finite Model of Case (i) Finite Model of Case (ii)

129
Case(i) Case(ii)

130
 BRIDGE DESCRIPTION

Alignment layout of the Karal Bridge

Typical Layout of Girder and Diaphragm Beam

132
 Plan

Section X-X
133
GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES
Dimension of slab: 15000mm x 2400mm x 180 mm
Breadth of beam: b = 300mm
Depth of beam: D = 1300mm (including slab depth)
Eccentricity of beam : e = 650mm

MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Grade of concrete: M20
Poisson’s ratio ʋ = 0.2
Modulus of Elasticity E =
5000 fck  5000 20  22360.68N / mm2

134
CLASS 70R LOADING AS PER IRC:6-2000

135
Element Type Used For Slab: SHELL63
Element Type Used For Beam: BEAM188

Finite model of T-Beam

136
 LOADING

CLASS 70R tracked vehicle placed at centre of beam

137
138
139
 Thickness of shell is small compared to radius
of curvature: Geometrically thin shell

 If transverse shear force is small enough to

neglect transverse shear deformation:
Structurally thin shell

 Classification of shells:
◦ Cylindrical shell
◦ Shell of revolution
◦ Shell of Translation

140
 Thin Shell theory is based on Love-
Kirchhoff’s assumptions:

i) The fibres initially straight and normal to the midsurface

remain straight and normal to the midsurface

ii) Normal Stress is zero

This assumptions permit to describe deflection at the

midsurface of the shell and hence strains and stresses in
terms of this midsurface deformations. The 3-D domain
reduces to 2-D

141
142
143
144
Thank You !!

145