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Dentin full notes

Bachelor of Dental Surgery (Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences)

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DENTIN
DEFINE: Mineralized tissue that forms the bulk of the Tooth. In Crown it is covered by
Enamel and in Root by Cementum.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DENTIN

1 Colour- light yellowish
2 Viscoelastic
3 Hardness – bone>enamel
4 KHN 68, Enamel is 343
5 composition : inorganic – 65% hydroxyapatite 3Ca(Po4)2.Ca(OH)2
6 Organic & water - 35%
7 Collagenous fibrils
8 Ground substance-mucopolysaccharides (proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans)
9 Proteoglycans – chondroitin sulfate, biglycans, decorins
10 Glycoproteins – DSP, DPP, osteopontin
11 Matrix growth factors – TGF, FGF, BMPs, EGF
12 Thickness of dentin- 3-10mm
13 Ratio of diameter of tubules in the pulpal & outer surface is 4:1
14 More tubules in crown than root
15 Tubules branch—canaliculi/microtubules
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STRUCTURE OF DENTIN (5)

I. DENTINAL TUBULES
I. Contents
Odontoblastic process—cytoplasmic extensions of odontoblasts bathed in dentinal fluid

II. Course -
 Enclosed by a highly mineralized wall—peritubular dentin
 Doubly convex, first convexity toward apical—primary curvature
 Gradually becomes straighter toward apical or cuspal regions
 Smaller curvatures (undulations) all along its course—secondary curvatures

III. Branches

 Lateral branches all along its course

 Terminal branches—near DE junction

IV. Arrangement –
 Tubules wider and closer near pulp
 Tubules farther apart and narrower near DEJ or CEJ

V. Intertubular dentin -

 Between dentinal tubules; less mineralized

 Wider near DE or CE junction due to tubules being further apart

A. The course dentinal tubules follows a gentle curve in the crown and less in root, where it resembles a gentle S (sigmoid
course) in shape .

B. These curvatures are called primary curvatures.

C. the first convexity of is directed toward the apex of the tooth.

D. tubules end perpendicular to the dentino enamel and dentino cementum junctions

E. Branches of the dentinal tubules near the terminals are called terminal branches.

F. The terminal branching is more in the root dentin than in the coronal dentin.

G. Near the root tip and along the incisal edges and cusps, the tubules are almost straight.

H. Regular secondary curvatures are sinusoidal in shape.

I. The tubules are longer than dentin, and are thick because they curve through dentin.

J. tubules are farther apart in the peripheral layers and are more closely packed near the pulp .

K. They are larger in diameter near the pulpal cavity (3–4 µm) and smaller at their outer ends (1 µm).

L. The ratio between the numbers of tubules per unit area on the pulpal and outer surfaces of the dentin is about 4:1.

M. Near the pulpal surface of the dentin, the number varies between 50,000 and 90,000.

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N. more tubules per unit area in the crown than in the root.

O. The dentinal tubules have lateral branches throughout dentin, which are termed canaliculi or microtubules.

II. PERITUBULAR DENTIN

 Dentin that immediately surrounds the tubules
 Forms wall of the tubule
 Highly mineralized
 Lamina limitans : inner organic lining of the calcified tubule
 Thickness of dentin- 3-10mm
 Ratio of diameter of tubules in the pulpal & outer surface is 4:1
 More tubules in crown than root
 Tubules branch—canaliculi/microtubules

III. INTERTUBULAR DENTIN

 Main body is composed of intertubular dentin
 Between the zones of the peritubular dentin
 ½ the volume is organic matrix (collagen)

IV. PREDENTIN
 Located adjacent to pulp tissue
 2- 6 micro meter wide
 First formed dentin not mineralized

V. ODONTOBLAST PROCESS
 Cytoplasmic extension of the odontoblast
 Cell resides at pulp-predentin border
 Process extends into the tubules
 Process contain microtubules, occasionally mitochondria, lysosomes, vesicles are seen
 Enamel spindles: odontoblast process into the enamel

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TYPES OF DENTIN
1. Primary dentin
Dentin formed before root completion – 2 types
Mantle & Circumpulpal dentin
Mantle
1 first formed dentin in the crown underlying the DEJ
2 in the root underlying the granular layer
3 20 μ thick
4 Bounded by DEJ & zone of interglobular dentin
5 Runs perpendicular to DEJ
6 Larger collagen fibres than else where – VON KORFF’S fibers - argyrophilic 7 Fewer defects
Circumpulpal
a. Forms the remaining primary dentin
b. Collagen fibrils are smaller in diameter
c. Contains more mineral than mantle dentin

2. Secondary dentin
1 Dentin formed after root completion
2 Narrow band of dentin bordering the pulp
3 Usually there is bend in the tubules where primary & secondary dentin interface 4 Contains fewer
tubules.
5 Appears in greater amounts on the roof & floor of the coronal pulp chamber

3.Tertiary dentin
1 Also known as reparative/response/reactive dentin
2 Localized form of dentin formed in reaction to trauma
3 Found in pulp-dentin border 4 It is of 2 types :-

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Reactionary Dentine.: A Tertiary Dentin matrix secreted by surviving post-mitotic Odontoblasts in

response to an appropriate stimulus.
Reparative Dentine.: A Tertiary Dentin matrix secreted by a new generation of Odontoblast like cells
in response to appropriate stimulus after death of original post-mitotic Odontoblasts.

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HYPOCALCIFIED STRUCTURES

I). INCREMENTAL LINES

A) Von Ebner or imbrication lines

1 They are striations in the dentin
2 Appear as fine lins or striations in dentin
3 Run at right angles to dentinal tubules
4 Correspond to incremental lines in enamel bone
5 Reflect the daily ,rhythmic ,recurrent deposition of dentin matrix as well as hesitation in the daily formative
process
6 Distance between the lines vary from 4 to 8 μ in the crown & much less in root
7 Course of lines indicate growth pattern of dentin

B) Contour lines of owen

1 Accentuated incremental line of von ebner
2 Accentuated because of disturbances in the matrix mineralization process
3 Such lines are demonstrated in ground section
4 They represent hypocalcified bands and are seen in ground sections

C) Neonatal line
1 in all primary teeth & permanent 1st molars an accentuated incremental line is seen seperating
prenatally & postnatally formed enamel
2 Seen both in enamel & dentin
3 May be area of hypocalcification

II). INTERGLOBULAR DENTIN

1 Mineralization of dentin begins in small areas that fails to coalesce into homogenous mass

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2 This results in zones of hypomineralization between the globules

3 This known as globular dentin or inter globular spaces
4 Forms in crowns of teeth in circumpulpal dentin below the mantle dentin 5 In ground section
appears dark in transmitted light

III). GRANULAR LAYER OF TOMES

1 Zone adjacent to the cementum in ground section under transmitted light appears granular
2 This is known as tomes granular layer
3 Increases from CEJ to root apex
4 Caused by coalescing and looping of the terminal portion of dentinal tubules.

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THEORIES OF PAIN TRANSMISSION THROUGH DENTIN

Three basic theories
(a) direct neural stimulation
(b) hydrodynamic theory
(c) transduction theory

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AGE CHANGES /FUNCTIONAL CHANGES

I. Changes in dentin –dead tracts, sclerosis, reparative dentin
II. Reparative dentin – odontoblast lay dentin in response to irritants has fewer & twisted tubules III. In
other instance combination of osteodentin & tubular dentin

I. DEAD TRACTS AND REPARATIVE DENTIN

1 Dead tracts are empty tentinal tubule
2 Appear dark in ground section of dentinunder transmitted light & white in reflected light

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3 Formed due to degeneration of odontoblastic process in dentinal tubules

4 Occurs due to exposure of dentin following attrition , abrasion or erosion
5 These empty dentinal tubules are filled with air & hence appear darkin transmitted light
6 May also occur in region of cusp/incisal edge due to death of odontoblast occuring as result of over
crowding
7 True dead tract can be identified by presence of reparative dentin at pulpal end

II. TERTIARY DENTIN

1 Dentine formed in response to a noxious stimulus
2 It is of 2 types
3 Reactionary Dentine.: A Tertiary Dentin matrix secreted by surviving post-mitotic Odontoblasts in
response to an appropriate stimulus.

4 Reparative Dentine.: A Tertiary Dentin matrix secreted by a new generation of Odontoblast like cells
in response to appropriate stimulus after death of original post-mitotic Odontoblasts.

III. SCLEROTIC OR TRANSPARENT DENTIN

1 It is a homogenous appearing white zone
2 Contains dentinal tubules that have become completely obliterated by deposition of peritubular dentin
3 Formed due to reaction by irritated odontoblasts forming a protective wall between themselves and
noxious stimuli
4 Tubules become smaller in diameter and less permiable so they transmit stimuli to lesser degree.

DENTINOGENESIS
1. Process of formation of Dentin is known as Dentinogenesis.
2. Dentin is formed by cells called Odontoblasts
3. Odontoblasts are derived from Dental Papilla.
4. Dental papilla is the formative organ of Dentin, eventually becomes the Pulp of Tooth .
5. The formation of Dentine begins when the Tooth germ has reached the Bell stage of development.
6. Unlike Amelogenesis, which has a well defined end point, Dentinogenesis will continue throughout life.
7. Differentiation of the Odontoblasts occurs in a specific temporospatial pattern, beginning under what will become the cusp
tip or incisal margin and progress root wards.
8. Begins at cusp tips after the odontoblasts have differentiated
9. Odontoblasts begin collagen production

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10. Shape changes from ovoid to columnar

11. Nuclei become basally oriented
12. Several processes arise from the apical end of the cell in contact with basal lamina
13. Length increase to 40μ width remains7μ
14. Cell recedes –it leaves behind a single extension
15. Several initial processes join into one ----enclosed in tubule
16. Matrix formation continues - o. process lenghthens +tubules
17. Initially daily increments of 4 μ/day are formed
18. Continues till occlusion
19. Slows to 1 μ/day
20. Reparative dentin 4 μ/day
21. Dentinogenesis -2 phases
i collagen matrix formation
ii mineralization
22. Odontoblasts secrete both collagen &inter collagen substance proteoglycans
23. first predentin is formed which is unmineralized later undergoes mineralization
24. Korff s fibres initial dentin deposition along the cusp tips—argyrophilic reaction , Mineralization
25. Early crystal deposition is in form of very thin HA crystals on the surface of collagen fibres crystals are arranged in
long axis parellel to fibrils
26. Follows 64 nm striation pattern
27. Crystal deposition radial ---spherulite
28. Crystal size ---length 3nm thickness width 100nm
29. The first sign of Dentin formation is the appearance of distinct, large-diameter Collagen fibrils (0.1 to 0.2 m in diameter) called Von
Korff’s fibers.
30. Korff’s fibers have been described as the initial dentin deposition along the cusp tips.
31. Serum calcium is taken up by the Odontoblast which accumulates in the distal body and process.
32. Much of it is bound to Organelles rather than in the Cytosol.
33. Although some calcium ions reach the Dentine by an extracellular pathway this is not the major route.
34. The calcium transported by the Odontoblasts becomes a crystalline mineral in the Dentine by deposition onto a template formed by type
I Collagen fibrils.
35. Two patterns of mineralization can be observed Globular and Linear calcification.
36. Globular Calcification involves the deposition of crystals in several discrete areas of matrix by heterogeneous capture in Collagen. With
continued crystal growth, Globular masses are formed that continue to enlarge and eventually fuse to form a single Calcified mass.
37. When the rate of formation progresses slowly, the Mineralization front appears more uniform and the process is said to be Linear
Calcification.

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