Mathematics II, Complex Analysis

Gunja Sachdeva

Department of Mathematics, BITS-Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus

Consider a complex function f Domain where
Domain geotigo
open and connected

f Zo
Zo AZ

f qq.tt
Put AZ 2
OR 2 Zo

dIz.a
dfft
where
e ao.f9o
DZ DX
tidy
DX
ay
E it is defined on entire
E tak
fI c
complex plane

If IE f
tIso I ca synco.o 374
901,01 10,0
two path test
By
94
the limit is 1
Ay 10.0
14
E is not differentiable at any Zotic
117
2 121 121 sifted everywhere
let 2
fczotdtfyfad ff.tw ff
9 90
to 2 26 931 yo Dy
go
EYE and
2
s
Easy o.gs y429o
Case1 1o 0 fstoi
Zo

is Ef s.EE
s

I 0
at 2 0
f Z 1212 is differentiable
610 90 10,0
Cass 20
show do
two paths
By using

17
1
1 8 1,12092112592T
Ñ

i EEI
o
t. s
so
Ext 171 22 2 240
0 2 0

differentiable at 20 0
is
check f
zff.tt IfI 1.0
422
II
Two path x
y
I
is 10.0

in It
is not differentiable at 2 0
f
Necessary condition for di↵erentiability for a function at a point.

Let a function f (z) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) be defined in a domain on

the complex plane, such that the derivative of the function f exists
at a point z0 = x0 + iy0 in the domain.
Then
0 f (z0 + z) f (z0 )
f (z0 ) = lim ,
z!0 z
where f (z0 + z) f (z0 ) =

[u(x0 + x, y0 + y ) u(x0 , y0 )] + i[v (x0 + x, y0 + y ) v (x0 , y0 )]

value should
Since is differentiable at Zo its
f all the paths
 g
Now let us take the limits first along the real axis that is y = 0
and hence z = x then we have: ie along Col 0 10,0

0 u(x0 + x, y0 ) u(x0 , y0 )
f (z0 ) = lim
x!0 x
v (x0 + x, y0 ) v (x0 , y0 )
+i .
x

Thus we get that

f 0 (z0 ) = ux (x0 , y0 ) + ivx (x0 , y0 )

.
Now let us take the limit along the imaginary axis i.e. x = 0 and
hence z = i y . i e o dy 10,0
along

0 u(x0 , y0 + y) u(x0 , y0 )
f (z0 ) = lim
y !0 i y
v (x0 , y0 + y) v (x0 , y0 )
+i .
i y

So we have
f 0 (z0 ) = vy (x0 , y0 ) iuy (x0 , y0 )
Now since we have :

f 0 (z0 ) = ux (x0 , y0 ) + ivx (x0 , y0 )

and
f 0 (z0 ) = vy (x0 , y0 ) iuy (x0 , y0 ),
I
equating the real and the imaginary parts of the two expressions,
we get the following theorem

so Yo
Use 1710 Yo Vy
so Yo
Use slo yo My
Theorem 2.1
If a complex function f (z) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) is di↵erentiable at a
point z0 = x0 + iy0 , then the first order partial derivatives of the
functions u, v must exist at (x0 , y0 ) and they must satisfy the
Cauchy-Riemann equations:
ux (x0 , y0 ) = vy (x0 , y0 )
uy (x0 , y0 ) = vx (x0 , y0 ).
And f 0 (z0 ) = ux (x0 , y0 ) + ivx (x0 , y0 ).
Sufficient condition for di↵erentiability

Theorem 2.2
Let the function f (z) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) be defined in some ✏
neighborhood of a point z0 = x0 + iy0 , and suppose that
1. The first partial derivatives of the functions u, v exists
everywhere in the neighborhood.
2. Those partial derivatives are continuous at (x0 , y0 ) and satisfy
the Cauchy-Riemann equations at (x0 , y0 ):
ux = vy
uy = vx
Then f 0 (z0 ) exists and it is equal to ux (x0 , y0 ) + ivx (x0 , y0 ).