Mathematics II, Complex Analysis

Gunja Sachdeva

Department of Mathematics, BITS-Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus

March 21, 2024

Recall
Relz is a is open
E 1 01 Ed nn.fi e

L1 L
In fact any
3d
Resz is not open
line in complex plane
is not open

i
in the Domain and let f be a function which
Let Zo be a pt
is not defined on Zo
I'm
 Zizot
21 exists and its value wo it
we
say 12
850 s t
For each E 0

CS 17121 Wo E
c Z Zo

Ex let
It
f be defined in the domain
and defined as fat if
I w
4
Finds sit
Given E 0

CE
c 2 1901 Cs 1712
Found 5 22

E E.io
Ht

Similar properties hold

E nE
for
a
product as well as quotient
Problems

Find which of the following limits exists:

1 z z2 z2 z
1. lim . 2. lim . 3. lim .
z!1 1 z z!0 Rez
z!0 z

T.im.FI
Solution. (1)
iiT
1ˢᵗ path along 13110
p c no so
I

2ⁿᵈ path along 49 1

no
g
Problems

Find which of the following limits exists:

1 z z2 z2 z
1. lim . 2. lim . 3. lim .
z!1 1 z z!0 Rez
z!0 z
1 z 1 (x i0)
Solution. (1) lim = lim = 1.
z=x+iy !1 1 z x!1 1 (x + i0)
along y =0

1 z 1 (1 iy )
lim = lim = 1.
z=x+iy !1 1 z y !0 1 (1 + iy )
along x=1

By two path test the limit does not exist.

Problems
12 121 121
I L I 5201
11 28
(2)

1514
c
É
21,2 2121
ast to 0
as 2

It
Problems

z2 z2 2|z|2
(2) Since 0   = 2|z|, by Sandwich theorem,
z |z|
z2 z2
lim = 0.
z!0 z
z2 z2
Therefore, lim = 0.
z!0 z
(Note that lim f (z) = 0 i↵ lim |f (z)| = 0.)
z!z0 z!z0

(3) Exercise.
Limit to infinity

Theorem 4
1
1. lim f (z) = 1 if and only if lim =0
z!z0 z!z0 f (z)

⇣1⌘
2. lim f (z) = w0 if and only if lim f = w0 .
z!1 z!0 z
1
3. lim f (z) = 1 if and only if =0
z!1 limz!0 f (1/z)
Use the above theorem to find the following limits

4z 2 1 N z2 + 1
1. lim 2. lim 3. lim
z!1 (z 1)2 z!1 (z 1)3 z!1 z 1
11
Solution. 113 0
215,4
replace a by
Is 2
Is 2122

I Ii 12
y
Use the above theorem to find the following limits

4z 2 1 z2 + 1
1. lim 2. lim 3. lim
z!1 (z 1)2 z!1 (z 1)3 z!1 z 1
4z 2 4( z12 ) 4
Solution. (1) lim 2
= lim 1 2
= lim 2
= 4.
z!1 (z 1) z!0 ( z 1) z!0 (1 z)
3 1
(2) Since, lim (z 1) = 0, we get that lim = 1.
z!1 z!1 (z 1)3
(3)
1
z2 + 1 z2 +1 1 + z2
lim = lim 1 = lim = 1,
z!1 z 1 z!0 1 z!0 z(1 z)
z
z(1 z)
since lim 2
= 0.
z!0 1 + z
Continuity

Definition
A complex function is called continuous at a point z0 if the
following conditions are satisfied:
1. lim f (z) exists. Wo
z!z0

2. f (z0 ) exists.

3. lim f (z) = f (z0 ).

z!z0
✏ definition
Given ✏ > 0 real number there is a > 0 real number such that
|z z0 | < =) |f (z) f (z0 )| < ✏.
We sometime say “f is a continuous function” to mean that the
function is continuous at all the points of it’s domain or the region
in context.

pf the doman then f is

if f is conf at every of
cont on Domain
Properties of continuous functions

Let f (z), g (z) be two functions defined on a domain D with

z0 2 D, continuous at z0 , then:
1. f (z) + g (z), f (z) g (z) are continuous at z0 .

2. f (z)g (z) is continuous at z0 .

3. If g (z0 ) 6= 0 then the quotient f (z)/g (z) is continuous at z0 .

Corollary. A polynomial function is continuous at any point z0 .

an_ 2 9,2 90
f z ta
Theorem 5
Let f : D1 ! C , g : D2 ! C be two continuous functions and the
range of the function g is contained in the domain D1 , then
Composition f g is continuous.

E
cont then fog is cont
if f and g are
 Theorem 6
If a function f is continuous and non-zero at a point z0 then there
is a neighborhood around z0 where the function is non-zero.

is cont and flzo 0

Given f
13 120 to ZEB 20,4
e sit f 2
claim
Theorem 7
A function f (x + iy ) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) is continuous at x0 + iy0 if
and only if the functions u(x, y ), v (x, y ) are continuous at (x0 , y0 ).

Theorem 8
If a function f is continuous in a closed and bounded region R,
then there is a real number M > 0 such that |f (z)|  M for all
z 2 R and |f (z)| = M for at least one z 2 R.
Derivatives
I
Definition
Let f be a function defined in a neighborhood of a point z0 .
Derivative of f (z) at z0 is defined to be the limit
df
dz
0
(z0 ) = f (z0 ) = lim
z!z0
f (z)
z
f (z0 )
z0
,
It
and f is said to be di↵erentiable at z0 when f 0 (z0 ) exists.
Derivatives

Definition
Let f be a function defined in a neighborhood of a point z0 .
Derivative of f (z) at z0 is defined to be the limit
df 0 f (z) f (z0 )
(z0 ) = f (z0 ) = lim , o
dz z!z0 z z0
and f is said to be di↵erentiable at z0 when f 0 (z0 ) exists.
If we use a new variable z = z z0 then we have:
0 f (z0 + z) f (z0 )
f (z0 ) = lim .
1 z!0 z
EI ft I
120 at to
want to find any
fd
IIsot fz.fm f
It does not exist
1 50 9
by two path
test
1
DX 0
along
1
along to.by
at any
121 I is not differentiable
pt
Di↵erentiation formulas

1. d n
dz z = nz n 1
for any natural number n. can we replace
d d d
n
by any
2. dz (f (z) + g (z)) = dz f (z) + dz g (z). real no
d d d
3. dz f (z)g (z) = f (z) dz g (z) + g (z) dz f (z).
d d
4. dz cf (z) = c dz f (z) for any c 2 C.
d d
d f (z) g (z) dz f (z) f (z) dz g (z)
5. = 2
.
dz g (z) g (z)
 2
1. f (z) = z1 . then f 0 (z) =
the Quotient
Apply hule
3
2 22
EF
 d d
1 0 z dz (1) 1· dz (z) 1
1. f (z) = z. then f (z) = = .
z2 z2
z 1 1
2. f (z) = 2z+1 , z 6= 2. Then
d d
0 (2z + 1) dz (z 1) (z 1) · dz (2z + 1)
f (z) =
(2z + 1)2

0 (2z + 1)(1) (z 1)(2) 3

f (z) = =
(2z + 1)2 (2z + 1)2
The chain rule

F (z) = g (f (z)) writing w = f (z) then

d d d
F (z) = g (w ) f (z).
dz dw dz
d
Sometime we write f 0 (z) for dz f (z). With this notation in mind the
chain rule becomes:

F 0 (z) = g 0 (f (z))f 0 (z).

Remark

Remark.
en
Di↵ertiability =) Continuity
n
Proof. To see this, we assume that f 0 (z0 ) exists and write
f (z) f (z0 )
lim [f (z) f (z0 )] = lim · lim (z z0 ) = f 0 (z0 ) · 0 = 0,
z!z0 z!z0 z z0 z!z0

from which it follows that limz!z0 f (z) = f (z0 ). Which implies the continuity of
f at z0 .

Continuity 6) Di↵erentiability
Example The function f (z) = Re(z) is continuous at every point but not
di↵erentiable at any point.