Priyadharshini Project

PHYSICO CHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF BORE WATER IN
THIRUTHURAIPOONDI TALUK
A Project submitted to
SENGAMALA THAYAAR EDUCATIONAL TRUST WOMEN’S COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)
(Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli)
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
Award of the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY
Submitted by
K. PRIYADHARSHINI
Register No. P22 272006
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF
Mrs. S. SUJATHA, M.SC., M.Phil., (Ph.D.).,
“Arise, Awake and Stop not
Till the Goal is Reached’’
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
SENGAMALA THAYAAR EDUCATIONAL TRUST WOMEN’S COLLEGE
(AUTONOMOUS),
(Accredited by NAAC)(An ISO 9001:2015 certified Institution)
SUNDARAKKATTAI, MANNARGUDI-614 016
TAMIL NADU, INDIA.
APRIL-2024
Mrs. S. SUJATHA, M.SC., M.Phil., (Ph.D.).,
Head of the Department,
Department of Chemistry,
STET Women’s College (Autonomous),
Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi - 614 016.
“Arise Awake and Stop Not
Till the Goal is Reached”
_________________________________________________________ __________
Date:
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “PHYSICO CHEMICAL

ASSESSMENT OF BORE WATER IN THIRUTHURAIPOONDI TALUK”
Submitted to the Sengamala Thaayar Educational Trust Women’s College
(Autonomous), Mannargudi for the award of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN CHEMISTRY embodies the results of bonafide research work carried out by Miss.
K. PRIYADHARSHINI (Reg. No. P22 272006) under my guidance and supervision
in the Department of Chemistry Sengamala Thayaar Educational Trust Women’s
College (Autonomous), Mannargudi, Thiruvarur District, Tamilnadu.
Signature of the Head of the Department Signature of the Research Supervisor
Submitted for the End Semester Examination held at Sengamala Thayaar Education
Trust Women’s College (Autonomous), Mannargudi on ……………..
Signature of the Examiner
1. 2.
Miss. K.PRIYADHARSHINI,
Reg. No: P22 272006,
II – M.Sc., Chemistry,
STET Women’s College (Autonomous)
“Arise Awake and Stop Not Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi- 614016.
Till the Goal is Reached”
_______________________________________________________________________
DECLARATION
I do hereby that the project entitled “PHYSICO CHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF

BORE WATER IN THIRUTHURAIPOONDI TALUK” submitted to Sengamala Thayaar
Education Trust Women’s College(Autonomous), Mannargudi for the award of the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY, during the academic year 2022 – 2024 , is
record of original research work carried out by me, under the supervision and guidance of Mrs.
S. SUJATHA, M.SC., M.Phil., (Ph.D.)., Assistant professor, Department of Chemistry,
Sengamala Thayaar Educational Trust Women’s College(Autonomous), Sundarakkottai,
Mannargudi and this work has not been submitted anywhere else for any other degree, diploma
or other similar titles.
Place: Mannargudi Signature of the Research scholar
Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“God is great” First I thank God for showering his blessing on me, so that I could up
this project work confidently.
I express my privilege and deep sense of gratitude to my project advisor and also my
guide Mrs. S. SUJATHA, M.SC., M.Phil., (Ph.D.)., Head, Department of Chemistry,
S.T.E.T. Women’s College, Mannargudi.
I owe a deep dept of gratitude to our honourable Correspondent,
Dr. V. DHIVAHARAN, M.Sc., D.E.M., Ph.D., for providing an opportunity to undergo

M.Sc., Chemistry, programme in this institution.
I express my thanks to Dr. N. UMA MAHESHWARI, M.Sc., B.Ed., Ph.D., Principal,

S.T.E.T. Women’s college, Mannargudi, for giving me such a valuable opportunity to do the
project work.
My sincere thanks to all the STAFF MEMBERS AND LAB ASSISTANTS of the
Department of Chemistry, Mannargudi, for their encouragement to do this project.
I express my whole hearted thanks to my FAMILY MEMBERS, my friends and all of

those who have been helpful in the success of my project.
(K. PRIYADHARSHINI)
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
To determine the bore water quality from the different water sources. The
sample of the bore water were collected from different places and checked how the
characteristics differ from place to place. Using the samples, compared with standard
specification.
Some bore water is taken from Thiruthuraipoondi Taluk environment pollutes
the ground water due to so many reasons. So people use such polluted water, it causes many
health problems and therefore people must be calculated to remove impurities from water and
the problem arising due to water pollution. Hence the present work “Physico chemical
assessment of bore water in Thiruthuraipoondi Taluk” with the help of the some physical and
chemical characteristics.
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

NO.
I INTRODUCTION 1
II AIM AND SCOPE 8
III EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 9
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 18
V CONCLUSION 41
VI REFERENCES 43
INTRODUCTION
AIM AND SCOPE
EXPERIMENTAL
METHODS
ABBREVIATION
SUMMARY AND
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
INTRODUCTION
Water is the basic need for survival of all living beings. It also supports the profitable growth
of the country in terms of agricultural and artificial developments. Only 1% of water is fit to
use out of the 71% that is available on Earth. Remaining 70% of water is being defiled with
organic and inorganic matters, chemicals and other pollutants by colorful natural and mortal
conditioning.
Water is necessary for life, but its vacuity at a sustainable quality and volume is threatened
by numerous factors, of which climate plays a commanding part. Significant variation of the
mean state of the climate or of its variability lasting for decades or longer, is appertained to as
climate change. Atmospheric carbon dioxide situations have continuously increased since the
1950s. Information on the original or indigenous impacts climate change on hydrological
processes and water resources is geting more important.
Water resource operation plans decreasingly need to incorporate the goods of global climate
change in order to directly predict future supplies. In recent times, numerous experimenters
have used empirical downfall runoff model to study impacts of climatic change on hydrology.
Kinds in these parameters determine the quantum of water that reaches the face, evaporates or
transpires back to atmosphere, infiltrates into the ground water system.
Water is the vital liquid for mortal subsistence and is used as a resource in colorful product
processes. Still, the declination of the terrain is being reflected in the water resources of the
earth.
The effect of global warming and climate change bear multi – correctional exploration,
especially when considering hydrology and global water resources.
The quality of ground water is the attendant of all the processes and response that act on the
water from the moment is condensed in the atmosphere to the time it is discharged by a well
or spring and varies from place to place and with depth of the water table.
1
SOURCE OF WATER
Surface water
Source of surface water can include any above ground collection of water such as rivers,
lakes, ponds, and oceans. Surface water accounts f or 80% of the human use.
Ground water
Ground water can exist in the soil itself, or between rocks and other materials. Most
communities obtain their water from underground aquifers, or rock formation capable of
holding large amounts of fresh water. Only 3% of the water on earth is considered freshwater
with more 30% of that small amount being found as ground water.
Ocean water
Although ocean water makes up nearly 97% of water on earth, it is hot variable sources
of potable water unless salt and other impurities are removed. The most promising method is
through rivers osmosis. This process forces saltwater through filters with microscopic forces
that removes salt and other microbes.
Atmospheric water
Rain water and water formed by show are grouped under atmospheric water. As the rain
and snow falls appear, they wash they dusty, soot and other suspended particles to the earth.
Frozen water
The Himalayas, which are often called “The Roof of the world”, contain some the most
extensive and rough high-altitude areas on earth as well as greatest area of glacier and
permafrost outside of the poles.
Stored Water
Water which is present in ponds, reservoirs, lakes or oceans for a considerable period is
called stored water. The microbe population increase greatly in similar water.
Properties of water
➢ It boils at 1000C (2120F) and freezes at 00C (320F).

2
➢ Some room temperature water is a colourless, tasteless, odourless liquid.
➢ Some feast dissolved well in water, particularly those that reply with it chemically.
➢ The water molecule behaves like a body having opposite electrical charges at
either end or pole.
➢ The water dipole may be attracted to either positively or negatively charged ions.
➢ Water is an excellent detergent for a variety of materials. These include numerous
ionic factors(acids, bases, salt).
Water Resources
Total global water contend is roughly 1,4 billion cubic kilo measures. Out of which only
3% water is fresh and suitable for mortal use. This 3% - 77.2% permanently firmed. -24.4% -
Ground water and soil admixture. 0.35% -are contained in lakes and watlands. -0.01% in rivers
and streams.
Drinking water resource
The department of drinking water supply shows of the 1.42 million rural habitations the
country, 1.27 million are completely converted 0.13 million are incompleted converted and
15.917 are not converted.
The presence of reduntant arsenic in ground water has been reported from west Bengal.
It is also reported that around 0.2 million people in west Bengal have arsenic afflitiated skin
incarnation.
In India include varying iron situations in ground water especially in north eastern India.
Heavy metals similar as chromium, lead, nickel, hand pump attached, defluorination and iron
removal plants have failed due to in applicable technology.
Disease related to water
Water becomes a health hazard on numerous accounts; Inadequacy of clean water and
impurity of available water due to poor installations and defiled discharged from mortal
habitations and diligence.
Water related diseases may be categorised as:
➢ Water borne or water washed diseases
3
EX: diarrhoea diseases, infections, hepatitis.
➢ Water based diseases. Ex: fluorosis, dracunculosis.

➢ Water related insect cause some diseases.
EX: filariasis, malaria.
➢ Poor particular hygiene due to shy volume of water,

Ex: conjunctivitis.
Physicochemical analysis
Chlorine residual
The disinfection of drinking-water inventiories constitutes an important barrier
against waterborne conditions..
Although colorful detergents chlorine one form or another is the principal disinfecting agent
employed in small communities in most countries.
Chlorine has a number of advantages as a detergent, including its relative cheapness,

efficacity, and ease of dimension, both in laboratories and in the field. An important fresh
advantage over some other detergents is that chlorine leaves is detergent residual that assists in
precluding recontamination during distribution, transport, and house hold storehouse of water.
The absence of chlorine residual in the distribution system may, in certain circumstances,
indicate the possibility of post-treatment impurity. Three types of chlorine residual may be
measured: free chlorine (the most reactive species, i.e. hypochlorous acid and the hypochlorite
ion); combined chorine (less reactive but more patient species formed by the response of free
chlorine species with organic material and ammonia); and total chlorine (the some of the free
and concerted chlorine residuals). Free chlorine is unstable in waterless result, and the chlorine
content of water samples may drop fleety , particularly at warm temperatures. Exposure to
strong light or agitation will accelerate the rate of loss of free chlorine.
Water sample should thus be analysed for free chlorine incontinently on slice and not
stored for after testing. The system recommended for the analysis of chlorine residual in
drinking water employs N, N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine, more generally appertained to as
DPD. Styles in which o-toluidine is employed were formerly recommended, but this substance
is a honoured carcinogen, and the system is inaccurate and should not be used. Analysis using
starch-potassium iodide is not specific for free chloride, but measures directly the aggregate of
4
free and concreted chlorine; the system is not recommended except in countries where it is
insolvable to attained prepare DPD.
pH
It is important to measure pH at the same time as chlorine residual since the efficacity of
disinfection with chlorine is largely pH- dependent: where they proceed 8.0, disinfection is less
effective. To check that the optimal range for disinfection with chlorine (lower than 8.0), simple
tests may be conducted in the field using comparators similar as that for chlorine residual. With
some chlorine comparators, it is possible to measure pH and chlorine residual simultaneously.
Alternately, movable pH electrodes and measures are s available. If these are used in
the laboratory, they must be calibrated against fresh pH standards at least daily; for field use,
they should be calibrated incontinently before each test. Results may be inaccurate if the water
has a low buffering capacity.
Turbidity
Turbidity is important because it affects both the adequacy of water to consumers, and
the selection and effectiveness of treatment processes, particularly the effectiveness of
disinfection with chlorine since it exerts a chlorine demand and protects microorganisms and
may also stimulate the growth of bacteria. In all processes in which disinfection is used, the
turbidity must always below rather below 1 NTU or JTU (these units are exchangeable in
practice).
It is recommended that, for water to be disinfected, the turbidity should be constantly

lower than 5 NTU or JTU and immaculately have a median value of lower than 1NTU.
Turbidity may change during sample conveyance and storehouse, and should thus be measured
on point at the time of sampling. This can be done by means of electronic measures (which
are essential for the dimension of turgidities below 5 NTU). For the monitoring of small-
community water inventories, still, high perceptivity is not essential, and visual sytles that
employ extermination and are able of measuring turbidity’s of 5 NTU and over are acceptable.
These, calculator on robust, low-cost outfit that does not require batteries and is require
batteries and is readily transmittable in the field, and are thus generally preferred.
5
Colour
Colour is drinking – water may be due to the presence of coloured organic matter, e.g.,
sticky substances, essence similar as iron and manganese, or largely coloured artificial wastes.
Drinking –water should be colourless. For the purposes of surveillance of community water
inventories, it is useful simply to note the presence or absence of observable colour at the time
of slice. Changes in the colour of water and the appearance of new colours serve as pointers
that further disquistion is demanded.
Taste and odour
Odours in water are caused mainly by the presence of organic substances. Some
odours are indicative of increased biological activity; others may result from industrial
pollution. Sanitary inspections should always include the investigation of possible or existing
sources of odour, and attempts should always be made to correct an odour problem (which are
sometimes grouped with odour problems) usually account for the largest single category of
consumer complaints. Generally, the taste buds in the oral cavity detect the inorganic
compounds of metals such as magnesium, calcium, sodium, copper, iron, and zinc. As water
should be free of objectionable taste and odour, it should not be offensive to the majority of the
consumers. If the sampling officer has reason to suspect the presence of harmful contaminants
in the supply and swallowing of the water, it is advisable to avoid direct tasting. Under these
circumstances, a sample should be taken for investigation to a central laboratory.
Hardness of water
Hard waters are undesirable because they may lead to lesser cleaner consumption,
scaling of boilers, causing erosion and incrustation of pipes, making food tasteless etc.
Temporary Hardness:
If bicarbonates and carbonates of calcium and magnesium are present in water, the
water is render hard temporarily as this hardness can be removed to some extent by simple
boiling or to full extent by adding lime to water. Such a hardness is known as temporary
hardness or carbonate hardness.
6
Permanent Hardness:
If sulphates, chlorides and nitrates of calcium or magnesium are present in water, they
cannot be removed at al by simple boiling and therefore, such water requires special treatment
for softening. Such a hardness is known as permanent hardness or non-carbonate hardness. It
is caused by sulphates, chlorides, nitrates of Ca and Mg.
Carbonate hardness = Total hardness or Alkalinity (whichever is less) non-carbonate

hardness = Total hardness – Alkalinity
Carbonate hardness is equal to the total hardness or alkalinity whichever is less non-
carbonate hardness is the total hardness in excess of the alkalinity. If the alkalinity is equal to
or greater than the total hardness, there is no non-carbonate hardness.
• Water with hardness up to 75 ppm are considered soft and above 200 ppm are
considered hard and in between is considered as moderately hard.
7
AIM AND SCOPE
To determine the bore water quality from the different water sources. The sample of
bore water were collected in different seasons like rainstorm and spring from different places
and checked how the characters differ from place to place and analysed how to change the
water quality in different seasons. Using the same compared with standard specification.
Environment pollutes the ground water due to so multitudinouss reasons. So, use
analogous weakened water, it causes multitudinous health problems and therefore people must
be calculated to remove impurities from water and the problem arising due to water pollution.
Hence the present work “Physico chemical assessment of bore water in Thiruthuraipoondi
Taluk” with the help of the following different characteristics water,
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. Conductivity 1. Total solids
2. pH 2. Total dissolved solids
3. Odour 3. Total suspended solids
4. Colour 4. Alkalinity
5. Total Hardness.
6. Calcium Hardness
7. Magnesium Hardness
8. Chloride
9. Sulphate
10. Dissolved Carbon dioxide
To study the ground water several water samples were collected and also analysed and
results are compared with standard specifications.
8
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Sample of bore well water collected in high grade plastic bottles of one liter capacity
irrigated with distilled water and before collection of samples they were irrigated thrice with
the sample water.
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Samples were brought to the laboratory and the parameter PH electrical conductivity and
total dissolved solids were analyzed within 36 hours standard methods were adopted for the
analysis of water sample.
PHYSICAL TESTING
Common physical tests of water include temperature, solids attentions. (e.g) total
suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity.
CHEMICAL TESTING
Water sample may be examined using the principle of logical chemistry. Numerous
published test methods are available for both organic and inorganic composites. Frequency
used methods include PH. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand
(COD), nutrients (nitrate and phosphorus compounds), metals (including copper, zinc
cadmium, lead and mercury), oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and
pesticides.
BIOLOGICAL TESTING
Biological testing involves the use of plant, animal, and microbial indicators to
monitor the health of an aquatic ecosystem.
9
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Conductivity
Principle
Conductivity is a measure of the capability of an waterless result of carry on electric

current. This capability depends on the presence of ions mobility and valance. In organic
composites are fairly operators.
Procedure
Wash the cell with sample, after marshland with evaporated water also samples
temperature is maintained at 250 C.
Apparatus
Conductivity meter, it contains two parts namely conductivity cell and the measuring
instrument.
Significance
The test system is used fors detecting and measuring the contaminations in high purity water
such a measurement of impurities in not important to the diligence series factory outages
caused by the scale of erosion performing from condenser leakage.
pH
The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity in an waterless result.
pH = - log [H+]
Principle
pH is measure of the relative acidity (or) alkalinity of water. The determination on is
carried by electrometric method. It is accurate and reliable.
10
Apparatus
pH Meter
Procedure
The glass electrode and coloured electrode should be well completely and prepared for
use. Then it is formalized under condition of temperature on attention as close of sample using
pH 4 and 9 buffer result.
The electrode should be washed free of buffer result by distilled water and with sample.
The electrode should be left in the sample for several quantities to gain a stable reading.
Significance
The determination of pH in water is an suggestion of its acidity or alkaline tendency.

The PH is very useful for determining the corrosive action of H2O and assessing water
treatment for industrial use.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC
TOTAL SOLIDS
Amount of non-volatile substance present in water is called total solids.
Procedure
Total solids were determined as the residue left after evaporation of the unfiltered
sample. Total solids include both the dissolved and suspended solids. A weighted evaporation
disc of suitable size was taken and 20 ml of unfiltered sample was taken in the evaporating disc
and carefully dried in a hot air oven. The final weight was taken and total solids was calculated
as shown below,
𝑊 −𝑊
TS (ppm) = 𝑊3−𝑊1 ∗ 106
2 1
Where,
W1 - Empty disc weight
W2 - Weight of glass disc and sample

11
W3 - Final weight of the glass disc
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID
Salt like carbonate, chloride, sulphate, phosphate and nitrates of Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe
and Mn etc., are dissolved in natural waters. The high content of dissolved solids increased the
density of water and influence osmoregulation of fresh water organism. They reduce solubility
of gases and utility of water for drinking, irrigational and industrial purpose.
Procedure
Total dissolved solids were determined as the residue left after evaporation of the
unfiltered sample. Total solids include both the dissolved and suspended solids. A weighted
evaporation disc of suitable size was taken and 20 ml of unfiltered sample was taken in the
evaporating disc and carefully dried in a hot air oven. The final weight was taken and the TDS
𝑊 −𝑊
2 1
TDS (ppm) = 𝑚𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 ∗ 106
𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
Where,
W1 - Empty disc weight
W2 - Final weight of glass disc
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS
The undissolved matter present in water is usually referred to as suspended solids and
it’s was obtained as difference between TS and TDS. The results were tabulated.
TSS (ppm) = TS - TDS
ALKALINITY
However, in large quantities alkalinity imparts bitter taste to water. Hence from total
alkalinity points to view the water is fit for drinking.
12
Principle
Alkalinity is found by titration with suitable strong acid using phenolphthalein and
methyl orange indicator. Above PH of 8.3 phenolphthalein gives a pink colour. When the PH
drops the indicator becomes colourless. The methyl orange indicator gives yellow colour,
when PH is above 4.3. At PH about 4.3 the indicator changes from pink to yellow colour due
to all the 3 types of alkalinities.
OH− + HCl  H2O + Cl−
HCO3−+ HCl  H2O + CO2 +Cl−
CO32− + HCl  HCO−3 + Cl−
Procedure
0.02N sulphuric acid was standardized using standard sodium carbonate solution
using methyl orange indicator. Then 100 ml of sample was taken in a conical flask and about
2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator was added and titrated against standardized sulphuric
acid (0.02N). The solution remains colourless, after the addition of phenolphthalein indicator.
The phenolphthalein alkalinity was zero.
The total alkalinity was determined follows,
2 or 3 drops of methyl orange was added to the same sample and the titration was continued
until the yellow colour changes to pink at the end point. This was the total alkalinity.
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 ∗ 1000

Methyl Orange Alkalinity = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
TOTAL HARDNESS
The hardness of water due to the presence of Ca and Mg salt.
Principle
To estimate the total hardness of water. The sum of Ca2+and Mg2+ ions present
must be known by titrating a standard EDTA solution against measured quantity of hard
water using EBT, the total hardness of water can be measured.
13
Procedure
The 40 ml of the sample is taken with few drops of ammonium buffer and 2
drops of EBT are added. It is titrated against EDTA solution. The end point is the changes of
colour from wine red to blue.
Calculation
𝑚𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 ∗ 1000
Total Hardness = 𝑚𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
CALCIUM HARDNESS
Principle
These titrations are carried out for metal ions don’t react (or unsatisfactorily) with a
metal indicator (or) for metal ions which form EDTA complex that are more stable than those
of other metals.
For example, Ca2+ ions form a less stable complex than Mg2+ with EBT and a more
stable complex with EDTA. But Ca can be determined indirectly as follows. An excess of a
solution containing 1:1 Mg- EDTA complex may be added to the Ca2+ sample. The Ca2+
forms a lighter EDTA complex and displaces an equivalent amount of Mg which is then
titrated against standard EDTA.
Ca2+ sample + Mg sample excess ⇋ Mg 2+ + Ca -EDTA
Procedure
40 ml of the sample is taken in a conical flask and 10 ml of 2M NaOH is added

followed by a pinch of murexide indicator. The solution is diluted to 100 ml with distilled water
and it is titrated against EDTA. The end point is the change of colour from pink to blue
Calculation
Factors value for calcium F𝒄𝒂 is
1 ml of EDTA = 0.4 mg of calcium
0.4 ∗ 𝑚𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴∗ 1000

Amount of Calcium = 𝑚𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
14
MAGNESIUM HARDNESS
Procedure
By difference of total hardness as CaCO3 and calcium hardness as CaCO3
Calculation
Magnesium Hardness = Total hardness - calcium hardness
CHLORIDE
Chloride is invariably present in small amount in almost all-natural water and its content
goes up appreciably with increasing salinity.
Principle
It is determined titration with standard silver nitrate solution in the presence of

potassium chloride indicator. AgCl in precipitated and at the end point red silver chloride is
formed.
Procedure
The measured amount of sample is taken and 12 ml or potassium chromate (K2CrO4)

indicator is added and titration against AgNO3 solution with constant stirring. End point is
reddish colour.
Calculation
𝑉1 ∗𝑁∗ 35.4∗ 1000

Amount of Chloride (ppm) = 𝑉2
Where,
V1 = Volume of AgNO3 consumed
V2 = Volume of sample taken
V3 = Normality of AgNO3
Equivalent Weight of Chloride = 35.4

15
Significance
Chloride is one of the major inorganic anions in water. It potable water the chloride
will give salty taste with combination of NaCl. The salty chloride content is harm to human
being and plants.
SULPHATE
Sulphate dissolved in water from certain minerals, especially gypsum (or) appears from the
oxidation of sulphides mineral.
Principle
Sulphate ion can be precipitated by the addition of BaCl2 in acid medium. The formed
precipitate can be weighted,
BaCl2 +SO42- BaSO4 + 2Cl-
Procedure
50ml of water sample taken in a 100ml beaker. It is acidified with concentrated HCl. That
solution is boiled for 10 to 15 minutes, 5ml of 10% BaCl2 solution is added drop by drop in hot
condition while adding, stirrer is constantly. The heating is continued till all the sulphates in
water are precipitated as BaSO4.Now the heating is stopped and the precipitate is allowed to
settle down. The precipitate is filtered through Whatman 40 filter paper. The precipitate is
washed well so that it is free from chloride. The precipitate is concentrated in a furnace. Now
the precipitate is cooled in a desiccator. From the weight of the precipitate amount of sulphate
is calculated.
Calculation
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∗ 1000

Amount of Calcium = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
DISSOLVED CO2
Natural water contains dissolved carbon-di-oxide. It may enter in water by absorption

from atmosphere or liberated by biological oxidation of organic matter with which water has
been in contact. The dissolved carbon-di-oxide content of water sample is important as it
16
contribute to the corrosion. The dissolved carbon-di-oxide is often the sole contributor to the
acidity of portable natural water sample.
Procedure
Wash the apparatus with distilled water. Rinse the burette with standard sodium
carbonate solution and then fill it in burette. Note down the initial burette reading. Rinse the
pipette with water sample. Pipette out 25ml of water sample, transfer it to conical flask. Add 2
to 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Titrate the water sample in a conical flask by adding
sodium carbonate solution from burette. The appearance of pink colour indicates endpoints.
Note down the burette reading find out the sodium carbonate consumed. Repeat the titration to
get concordant reading.
Calculation
𝑉 ∗ 22 ∗ 1000
Amount of Dissolved = 50∗25
Where,
V = Volume of sodium carbonate consumed
17
TABLE - 1
SAMPLE No AREA
SAMPLE – I ALATHAMBADI
SAMPLE – II KORUKKAI
SAMPLE – III KOKKALADY
SAMPLE – IV PAMANI
SAMPLE – V THIRUPPATHUR
SAMPLE – VI NACHIKULAM
SAMPLE – VII VILAKUDI
SAMPLE – VIII METTUPALAYAM
18
COLLECTION IN MONSOON
SAMPLE -1: (ALATHAMBADI)
1) TOTAL SOLIDS
𝑊 −𝑊
TS = 𝑊3−𝑊1 ∗ 106
2 1
54.3947−54.3917
= 73.8094−54.3917 ∗ 106
= 154 ppm.
2) TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
𝑊3 −𝑊1
TDS = ∗ 106
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
573.8094−54.3917
= ∗ 106
20
= 150 ppm
3) TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS
TSS = 154 - 150

= 4 ppm
4) METHYL ORANGE ALKALINITY
Titre Value = 15 ml
15∗1000
= 100
= 150 ppm
5) TOTAL HARDNESS
Titre Value = 8.8 ml

8.8∗1000
Total hardness as CaCO3 in (mg / litre) = 40
= 220 ppm
19
6) CALCIUM HARDNESS
Titre Value = 8 ml
8.8∗1000
Calcium as CaCO3 in (mg/litre) = 40
= 220 ppm
7) MAGNESIUM HARDNESS
Magnesium hardness = 220- 80

=140 ppm
8) CHLORIDE ION
Titre Value = 6ml

Normality of AgNO3 = 0.02
Equivalent weight = 35.46
6∗0.02∗35.46∗1000
Amount of Chloride = 20
= 212 ppm
9) SULPHATE ION
Weight of the precipitate = 16.2322 g

Volume of sample = 50 ml
16.2322∗1000
Amount of sulphate = 50
= 324 ppm
10) DISSOLVED CO2
Volume of sample (v1) = 25 ml

Concordant value of N/50 Na2Co3 used = 5
2∗22∗1000
Strength of the CO2 in sample = 50∗25
= 35 ppm
20
SAMPLE -2: (KORUKKAI)
1) TOTAL SOLIDS
𝑊 −𝑊
TS = 𝑊3−𝑊1 ∗ 106
2 1
52.8823−52.8732
= 71.6105−52.8732 ∗ 106
= 485 ppm.
𝑊3 −𝑊1
TDS = ∗ 106
71.6105−52.8732
= ∗ 106
20
= 455 ppm
TSS = 485 - 455

= 30 ppm
Titre Value = 25 ml
25∗1000
= 100
= 250 ppm
5) TOTAL HARDNESS

13.5∗1000
= 337 ppm
21
6) CALCIUM HARDNESS
0.4∗1000∗9.6
= 96 ppm

= 241 ppm
8) CHLORIDE ION

4.3∗0.02∗35.46∗1000
= 152 ppm
9) SULPHATE ION

27.6722∗1000
= 324 ppm
10) DISSOLVED CO2

2∗22∗1000
= 35 ppm
22
SAMPLE -3: (KOKKALADY)
1) TOTAL SOLIDS
𝑊 −𝑊
TS = 𝑊3−𝑊1 ∗ 106
2 1
48.7008−48.6883
= 68.0851−48.6883 ∗ 106
= 644 ppm.
𝑊3 −𝑊1
TDS = ∗ 106
68.0851−48.6883
= ∗ 106
100
= 625 ppm
TSS = 644 - 625

= 19 ppm

19.2∗1000
= 100
= 192 ppm
5) TOTAL HARDNESS
Titre Value = 10 ml
10∗1000
= 250 ppm
23
6) CALCIUM HARDNESS
0.4∗1000∗12.3
= 123 ppm

= 127 ppm
8) CHLORIDE ION
Titre Value = 10 ml
10∗0.02∗35.46∗1000
= 354 ppm
9) SULPHATE ION

39.2988∗1000
= 785 ppm
10) DISSOLVED CO2

1∗22∗1000
= 17 ppm
24
SAMPLE -4: (PAMANI)
1) TOTAL SOLIDS
𝑊 −𝑊
TS = 𝑊3−𝑊1 ∗ 106
2 1
53.7222−53.7139
= 73.0872−53.7139 ∗ 106
= 428 ppm.
𝑊3 −𝑊1
TDS = ∗ 106
73.0872−53.7139
= ∗ 106
100
= 415 ppm
TSS = 428 - 415

= 13 ppm

19.4∗1000
= 100
= 194 ppm
5) TOTAL HARDNESS

6.3∗1000
= 157 ppm
25
6) CALCIUM HARDNESS
0.4∗1000∗12.5
= 125 ppm
Magnesium hardness = 157 - 125

= 32 ppm
8) CHLORIDE ION
Titre Value = 6 ml
6∗0.02∗35.46∗1000
= 212 ppm
9) SULPHATE ION

37.6822∗1000
= 753 ppm
10) DISSOLVED CO2

Concordant value of N/50 Na2Co3 used = 0.5
0.5∗22∗1000
= 3 ppm
26
SAMPLE -5: (THIRUPPATHUR)
1) TOTAL SOLIDS
𝑊 −𝑊
TS = 𝑊3−𝑊1 ∗ 106
2 1
32.1489−50.2569
= 49.2478−50.2569 ∗ 106
= 179 ppm.
𝑊3 −𝑊1
TDS = ∗ 106
49.2478−50.2569
= ∗ 106
20
= 50 ppm
TSS = 179 - 50
= 129 ppm

15.5∗1000
= 100
= 155 ppm
5) TOTAL HARDNESS

7.5∗1000
= 187 ppm
27
6) CALCIUM HARDNESS
Titre Value = 27 ml
0.4∗1000∗27
= 270 ppm

= 83 ppm
8) CHLORIDE ION
Titre Value = 4 ml
4∗0.02∗35.46∗1000
= 141 ppm
9) SULPHATE ION
44.3268∗1000
= 886 ppm
10) DISSOLVED CO2

3∗22∗1000
= 52 ppm
28
SAMPLE -6: (NACHIKULAM)
1) TOTAL SOLIDS
𝑊 −𝑊
TS = 𝑊3−𝑊1 ∗ 106
2 1
= 663 ppm
𝑊3 −𝑊1
TDS = ∗ 106
70.3471−59.2987
= ∗ 106
20
= 552 ppm
TSS = 663 - 552

= 111 ppm

21.2∗1000
= 100
= 212 ppm
5) TOTAL HARDNESS
Titre Value = 6 ml
6∗1000
= 150 ppm
29
6) CALCIUM HARDNESS
Titre Value = 5 ml
0.4∗1000∗5
= 50 ppm

= 100 ppm
8) CHLORIDE ION
Titre Value = 5 ml
5∗0.02∗35.46∗1000
= 177 ppm
9) SULPHATE ION
40.7508∗1000
= 815 ppm
10) DISSOLVED CO2

Concordant value of N/50 Na2Co3 used = 2.5
2.5∗22∗1000
= 44 ppm
30
SAMPLE -7: (VILAKUDI)
1) TOTAL SOLIDS
𝑊 −𝑊
TS = 𝑊3−𝑊1 ∗ 106
2 1
70.03865−53.1243
= ∗ 106
50.4336−53.1243
= 628 ppm
𝑊3 −𝑊1
TDS = ∗ 106
50.4336−53.1240
= ∗ 106
20
= 134 ppm
TSS = 628 - 134

= 494 ppm
Titre Value = 15 ml
15∗1000
= 100
= 150 ppm
5) TOTAL HARDNESS

3.5∗1000
= 87 ppm
31
6) CALCIUM HARDNESS
0.4∗1000∗9.2
= 92 ppm
= 5 ppm
8) CHLORIDE ION

4.8∗0.02∗35.46∗1000
= 170 ppm
9) SULPHATE ION
36.4352∗1000
= 728 ppm
10) DISSOLVED CO2
volume of sample (v1) = 25 ml

Concordant value of N/50 Na2Co3 used = 1 ml
1∗22∗1000
= 17 ppm
32
SAMPLE -8: (METTUPALAYAM)
1) TOTAL SOLIDS
𝑊 −𝑊
TS = 𝑊3−𝑊1 ∗ 106
2 1
75.1256−61.5896
= 62.1258−61.5896 ∗ 106
= 282 ppm
𝑊3 −𝑊1
TDS = ∗ 106
62.1258−61.5896
= ∗ 106
20
= 268 ppm
TSS = 282 - 268

= 14 ppm

13.5∗1000
= 100
= 135 ppm
5) TOTAL HARDNESS

6.1∗1000
= 152 ppm
33
6) CALCIUM HARDNESS
Titre Value = 5 ml
0.4∗1000∗5
= 50 ppm

= 102 ppm
8) CHLORIDE ION

5.5 ∗ 0.02∗35.46∗1000
= 195 ppm
9) SULPHATE ION

25.4325∗1000
= 508 ppm
10) DISSOLVED CO2

Concordant value of N/50 Na2Co3 used = 0.4 ml
0.4∗22∗1000
= 7 ppm
34
TABLE 2(A)
PARAMETERS FOR WATER CHARACTERIZATION AND STANDARDS
(DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLIES):
PARAMETERS USPHS(1969) ISI STANDARD

(IS-2296-1963)
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
Color Colorless -
Odor Odorless -
Taste Tasteless -
Ph 6.0-8.5 6.0-9.0
Specific conductance 200µ mho cm-1 -
CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
Dissolved oxygen (DO) 4 to 6 ppm 3.0ppm
Total dissolved solids 500.0 -
Suspended solids 5.0 -
Chlorides 250.0 600.0
Sulphate 250.0 1000.0
Calcium 100.0 -
Magnesium 30.0 -
35
TABLE 2(B)
Drinking water standards (concentration in mg/1) (or) ppm
S.NO Constituents WHO ICMR
Desirable Maximum Desirable Maximum
permissible permissible
1. Ph 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2
2. TDS 500 1500 500 1500
3. Alkalinity 10 33 _ _
4. Hardness 100 900 300 600
5. Calcium 75 200 75 200
6. Magnesium 50 150 50 150
7. Chloride 200 600 250 1000
8. Sulphate 200 400 200 400
9. Free chlorine 0.20 ---- ----- ----
36
TABLE 2(C)
DRINKING WATER FOR U.S. STANDARDS
S.NO PARAMETER U.S. STANDRAD VALUE
1. Ph 6.0-8.5
2. TS 550 ppm
3. TDS 500 ppm
4. TSS 50 ppm
5. Total hardness 300 ppm
6. Calcium 200 ppm
7. Magnesium 100 ppm
8. Chloride 250 ppm
9. Sulphate 250 ppm
10. Alkalinity 33 ppm
11. Dissolved Co2 Less or more than 10 ppm
37
TABLE-3
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
MONSOON
S.No Sample. Conductivity

No Colour Odour PH (m. mhos)
1 Sample 1 Colourless Odourless 8.29 0.52
6 Sample 5 Colourless Odourless 6 1.52
38
TABLE – 4
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
S. TS TDS TSS Total Calcium Magnesium Chloride Sulphate Dissolved Alkalinity

No
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) hardness (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) CO2 (ppm)
(ppm) (ppm)
S-1 154 150 9 220 80 140 324 35 212 150
S-2 485 455 30 337 96 241 553 52 152 250
S-3 644 625 19 250 123 127 785 17 354 192
S-4 428 415 13 157 125 32 753 8 212 194
S-5 179 50 129 187 270 83 886 52 141 155
S-6 663 552 111 150 50 100 815 44 177 212
S-7 628 134 494 87 92 5 728 17 170 150
S-8 282 268 14 152 50 102 508 7 195 135
39
ABBREVATION
COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand
BOD - Biological Oxygen Demand
DO - Dissolved Oxygen
TSS - Total Suspended Solid
TDS - Total Dissolved Solid
TS - Total Solid
EDTA - Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid
EBT - Eriochrome Black-T
WHO - World Health Organization
ICMR - Indian Council of Medical Research
USPHS - United State Public Health Service
USS - United State Standard
40
SUMMARY
❖ For the samples 1,2,4,5,8 TS value are permissible according to the US standard.
❖ For the samples 1,2,4,5,7,8 TDS value are permissible according to the US standard.
All samples are permissible according to WHO and ICMR. TSS values for 1,2,3,4,8
samples are permissible limit according to US standard.
❖ Total Hardness of the samples are 1.3.4,5,6,7,8 are permissible according to the US
standard, all samples are permissible to WHO and ICMR.
❖ Magnesium Hardness values for 4,5,6 samples are permissible according to the US
standard. For the samples 1,3,4,5,6,7 are permissible to WHO and ICMR.
❖ Sulphate values of all samples are higher than US standard, for the samples 1 are
permissible to WHO and ICMR.
❖ Dissolved CO2 values for 4,8 samples are permissible according to the US standard.
There is no free chlorine in all samples.
❖ Chloride Value of the samples 2 are to the permissible limit according to US standard,
for the samples are 3,8 permissible limit according to WHO and ICMR.
❖ Alkalinity of all these sample value are higher , according to WHO, ICMR and US
Standard.
CONCLUSION
❖ In this project the water quality in around Thiruthuraipoondi Taluk carried out based
on various Physicochemical characteristics.
❖ Eight Samples of bore water were collected from Thiruthuraipoondi district, Four
Physical characteristics and 10 chemical characteristics were analyzed.
41
❖ Physicochemical activities such as pH, TDS, TSS, TS, Alkalinity, conductivity, Total
hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate, free chlorine and dissolved CO2
have been using standard procedure.
❖ The data obtained are compared with standard values for drinking water standard such
as WHO, ICMR and US standard.
❖ Based on the water quality data obtained from this investigation it clear that the 6
samples such as 1,2,4,5,6,7,8 were used for drinking purpose. Two samples such as
3,6 were not used for drinking purpose.
42
REFERENCE
1. “Water supply and Pollution control” W. Wiessmann, M.J.Hammer Harber and
row, New York (1985).
2. Gaikwad A.V. and Mirgane S.R.,(2011), Ground water Quality in Beed District of
Maharashtra during summer season, current world environment., Vol.6(1) 𝑝𝑝131−134 .
3. WHO, guideline for drinking water quality Genewa(1984).
4. Tripathy J.K., (2003), Ground Water Hydrochemistry in and around Bhanjabihar,
Ganjam District, Orisa, Poll Res.vol.22(2)𝑝𝑝185−188
5. Bausch FAJ, Heller.O, Bengaly L, Matthey- Khouity B, Bonnabry P,et al.2018,

building local capacity in handrup solution.
6. Ritabrata Roy , National Institute of Tecnology ,Agartala ,An Introduction to

Water Quality Analysis, January (2019), DOI:10.31786/09756272.18.9.2.214
7. C. Nivetha and S. P. Sangeetha, Materials today: Proceedings, A literature survey
on water quality of Indian water bodies, vol 33,2020, pg 412-414.
8. Syed Abdul Rehman Khan, Pablo Ponce, Zhang Yu, Hêriş Golpîra&
Manoj Mathew, Environmental technology and wastewater treatment: Strategies
to achieve environmental sustainability, vol 286, Jan (2022)
43

Priyadharshini Project

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Priyadharshini Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PHYSICO CHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF BORE WATER IN

SENGAMALA THAYAAR EDUCATIONAL TRUST WOMEN’S COLLEGE

“Arise, Awake and Stop not

Till the Goal is Reached’’

This is to certify that the project entitled “PHYSICO CHEMICAL

Signature of the Head of the Department Signature of the Research Supervisor

Signature of the Examiner

I do hereby that the project entitled “PHYSICO CHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF

Place: Mannargudi Signature of the Research scholar

I owe a deep dept of gratitude to our honourable Correspondent,

Dr. V. DHIVAHARAN, M.Sc., D.E.M., Ph.D., for providing an opportunity to undergo

I express my thanks to Dr. N. UMA MAHESHWARI, M.Sc., B.Ed., Ph.D., Principal,

I express my whole hearted thanks to my FAMILY MEMBERS, my friends and all of

Some bore water is taken from Thiruthuraipoondi Taluk environment pollutes

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

II AIM AND SCOPE 8

III EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 9

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 18

➢ It boils at 1000C (2120F) and freezes at 00C (320F).

Drinking water resource

Disease related to water

Water related diseases may be categorised as:

➢ Water borne or water washed diseases

➢ Water based diseases. Ex: fluorosis, dracunculosis.

➢ Poor particular hygiene due to shy volume of water,

Chlorine has a number of advantages as a detergent, including its relative cheapness,

It is recommended that, for water to be disinfected, the turbidity should be constantly

Taste and odour

Carbonate hardness = Total hardness or Alkalinity (whichever is less) non-carbonate

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

1. Conductivity 1. Total solids

2. pH 2. Total dissolved solids

3. Odour 3. Total suspended solids

monitor the health of an aquatic ecosystem.

Conductivity is a measure of the capability of an waterless result of carry on electric

The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity in an waterless result.

pH is measure of the relative acidity (or) alkalinity of water. The determination on is

carried by electrometric method. It is accurate and reliable.

The determination of pH in water is an suggestion of its acidity or alkaline tendency.

Amount of non-volatile substance present in water is called total solids.

W2 - Weight of glass disc and sample

TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID

W1 - Empty disc weight

W2 - Final weight of glass disc

TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS

TSS (ppm) = TS - TDS

OH− + HCl  H2O + Cl−

HCO3−+ HCl  H2O + CO2 +Cl−

CO32− + HCl  HCO−3 + Cl−

The total alkalinity was determined follows,

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 ∗ 1000

The hardness of water due to the presence of Ca and Mg salt.

Ca2+ sample + Mg sample excess ⇋ Mg 2+ + Ca -EDTA

40 ml of the sample is taken in a conical flask and 10 ml of 2M NaOH is added

Factors value for calcium F𝒄𝒂 is

1 ml of EDTA = 0.4 mg of calcium

0.4 ∗ 𝑚𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴∗ 1000

By difference of total hardness as CaCO3 and calcium hardness as CaCO3

Magnesium Hardness = Total hardness - calcium hardness

It is determined titration with standard silver nitrate solution in the presence of

The measured amount of sample is taken and 12 ml or potassium chromate (K2CrO4)

𝑉1 ∗𝑁∗ 35.4∗ 1000

V1 = Volume of AgNO3 consumed

V2 = Volume of sample taken