MIGRATION ISSUES

WHAT IS MIGRATION?
 The movement of a person or people from one country, locality, place of
residence, etc., to settle in another.

TWO TYPES OF MIGRATION

Internal Migration
-This refers to a change of residence within national boundaries, such as between
states,provinces, cities, or municipalities.
International Migration
-This refers to the change of residence over national boundaries. An international
migrant is someone who moves to a different country.

CATERGORIES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

Temporary Labor Migrants - (also known as guest workers or overseas contract
workers). This refers to men and women who migrate for a limited period in order to
take up employment and send money home.
Highly skilled and Business Migrants - people with qualifications as managers,
executives, professionals, technicians or similar, who move within internal labor markets
of transnational corporations and international organizations or who seek employment
through international labor markets for scarce skills.
Irregular Migrants - (also known as undocumented or illegal migrants) These are the
people who enter a country, usually in search of employments, without the necessary
documents and permits.
Refugees - is a person residing outside his or her country of nationality, who is unable
or unwilling to return because of a "well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,
religion, nationality, membership in a particular social or political opinion
Forced Migration - this includes not only refugees and asylum seekers but also people
forced to move by environmental catastrophes or development projects.
Family Members - (also known as family reunion or family reunification migrants). This
refers to migration to join people who have already entered in immigration country under
one of the above categories
Return Migrants - these are the people who return to their countries of origin after a
long period in another country. They are often looked favorably as they may bring with
them capital, skills, and experience useful for economic development.

WHY DO PEOPLE MOVE?

 Safety
 Natural Disaster
 Political conflict
 Education
 Family
 Career
 Economic Betterment

INTERNAL MIGRATION (RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION)

Rural-to-urban migration refers to people moving from rural to urban areas in quest of
better opportunities, higher living standards, and access to critical services.

CAUSES OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION

Economic Disparities
 One of the primary drivers of rural-urban migration is the significant economic
disparity between rural and urban areas. Many rural regions lack access to viable
job opportunities, adequate income, and basic services, prompting individuals to
seek better prospects in urban centers where industries, businesses, and
services are concentrated.
Lack of Educational and Healthcare Facilities
 Rural areas often suffer from limited educational and healthcare infrastructure. As
a result, young individuals and families may migrate to urban areas in search of
quality education and better healthcare facilities for themselves and their
children.
Agricultural Transformations
 The mechanisation and modernisation of agriculture have led to the consolidation of
landholdings, reducing the need for manual labor. This shift can result in rural
unemployment and subsequently drive people to cities, where alternative
employment opportunities are available.
Natural Disasters and Climate Change
 Rural regions are more vulnerable to the impacts of natural disasters and climate
change, affecting agricultural productivity and livelihoods. When faced with
environmental challenges, some individuals opt to move to urban areas as a means
of escaping hardship and seeking better living conditions.

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
International migration is the movement of people across international borders for the
purpose of settlement. International migrants change their usual place of residence from
one country to another.

SOME MAJOR CHALLENGES FACED BY IMMIGREANTS

Prejudice

 In most countries, it has been seen that immigrants face discrimination. Most
countries' residents do not like immigrants entering their country and using up their
resources and, most specifically, their job opportunities.

Difference in Culture

 Your social customs and rituals may or may not match with that of the native people
of the country. The cultural rituals important for you can be really annoying for them.
Therefore, both parties need to keep an open mind.

Issues with Transportation

 It is difficult for an immigrant to get a driver's license. Also, immigrants get little
options with other means of transport as well. Also, most immigrants find traveling
very costly. They usually face auto-related problems because of the age of their
vehicle.

Housing

 Finding an affordable, safe, and decent house in a foreign country is challenging for
any immigrant. Most immigrants are jobless and cannot afford house rent. Finding a
house in another country for you is extremely difficult, and you need to keep more
safety for your house.
Lack of Employment Opportunities

 Immigrants do face discrimination in their jobs. Many immigrants are excluded from
important posts and projects even though they are capable. They are offered
comparatively lower salaries and, in some cases, humiliated or bullied too.

Language Problems

 It is of utmost importance that you can communicate with the other person. If you
cannot talk in their language, if they do not understand you, you can neither work for
them nor learn or understand anything about the country.

PROS and CONS

PROS
Economic Growth
Cultural Diversity
Innovation and Extrepneurship
Global Connections

CONS
Job Competition
Overpopulation
Cultural Friction
Exploitation
Brain Drain