CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Implementing new method of learning should be considered the element of

learning. Learning can not be separated from education which learning is the part

of education itself. Also, there are several research conducted related to

implementation of online learning before. In this occasion, researcher would like

to present theories and research regarding this research about implementation of

online learning.

A. Theories

There are several theories related to this research, such as educational

components, english teaching and learning and online learning. Those will be

explained in part of cthis chapter.

1. Online Learning

Carliner defines online learning as educational materials that are presented

by using electronic media.1 That means that online learning needs an electronic

tool such as computer or others to support it. When it comes to technology,

Orlando and Attard, in Jenna, stated that “teaching with technology is not a one

size fits all approach as it depends on the types of technology in use at the time

and also the curriculum content being taught”.2

1
Terry Anderson, The Theory and Practice of Online Learning, (Canada : AU Press, 2011) p.17
2
Jenna Gillet-Swan, The Challenges of Online Learning: Supporting and Engaging The Issolated Learner,
Journal of Learning Design, Vol.10 No.1, 2017, p.21

9
 Online learning is a type of distance education or web - based training

which has already been a part of the United States system of education and has

recently become the largest sector of online learning, as described by Bartley and

Golek in Nguyen.3 In Indonesia, online learning relatively a brand new method of

teaching and learning. Online learning is the process of answering a series of

questions given (maybe partial), knowledge of the right answers to latest

questions and probably getting more information that is available.4

Variations in how online learning was implemented had no substantial

effect on student learning results, but it should be emphasized that this finding is

supported by a small number of studies.5 When participants get new

understandings as a result of the e-Learning project, this is referred to as a

'learning outcome’.6 Motivation to learn and interact with the online learning

solution is critical to effectiveness, particularly when effectiveness is measured as

time spent using the product. According to Brown, the findings highlight the

importance of motivation to learn and workload in influencing aggregate time

spent in e-learning courses.7 Factors influencing e-Learning efficacy were

classified based on the context in which the e-Learning solution was used, the

artifact (the e-Learning solution itself), and the persons who used the artifact. 8

Since online learning is one of the various kinds of e-learning, it can be an

3
TuanNguyen, The Effectiveness of Online Learning : Beyond No Significant Difference and Future
Horizons, MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching Vol.11 No.2, 2015, p.309
4
Shai Shalev, Online Learning and Online Convex Optimization, Machine Learning Vol.4 No.2, 2011, p.108
5
Tuan Nguyen, The Effectiveness of Online Learning : Beyond No Significant Difference and Future
Horizons, MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching Vol.11 No.2, 2015, p.311
6
Signe Schack, The Effectiveness of E-Learning: An Explorative and Integrative Review of The Difinitions,
Methodologies and Factors that Promote E-Learning Effectiveness, Electronic Journal of e-Learning Vol.13
No.4, 2015, p.281
7
Ibid., p.286
8
Ibid., p.288

10
effective learning method when it’s used at the perfect time in perfect situation,

just like this period of time where we are not allowed to go out, to prevent the

spread of Covid 19 viruses.

a) Online Teaching and Learning

The development of science and technology makes it easier for all lines of

life, including the field of education. So that the learning process can run

optimally and can explore the potential of students, educators must also be able to

take advantage of technology. Learning that uses information technology is

referred to as e-learning.

The term ‘E-learning’ consists of various of activities. Electronic learning is

made up of the letters ‘e’ for electronics and learning for studying. The concept of

computer and network-based learning is a form of learning model through the use

of web and internet technology. The concept of learning and teaching online is not

new, it has been developed over several decades. Various terms are used in this

learning system. However, there are a number of expert opinions on E-learning.

There is no standard either in terms of definition or the implementation of e-

learning makes many people have a different concept many kinds of. E-Learning

is short for electronic learning. Definition of E-learning was stated the Australian

National Training Authority which includes applications and processes that use

various media electronics such as internet, audio / video tapes,

11
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interactive TV and use CD-ROMs sending learning materials more

flexiblyby.9

E- learning is also defined by Horton as the use of information and

computer technologies to create learning experiences. Horton's opinion can be

interpreted as E-learning as all forms of using information and computer

technology to create learning experiences. This definition emphasizes how

learning experiences are formulated, organized, and created through E-learning

tools.

Online learning is a subset of e learning and distance learning. E-learning is

a broader concept than online learning, and it encompasses a number of

applications and processes that make use of all electronic media to make

vocational training and education more flexible. Online learning is defined as

learning that takes place over the internet, intranets, and extranets, or learning that

takes place over a computer network that is directly connected and has a broad

(global) scope. Distance learning, on the other hand, emphasizes the existing

distance and the absence of educators at all times. 10

Online learning defined as the use of the Internet to access learning

materials, interact with the content, instructor, and other learners, and obtain

support during the learning process in order to acquire knowledge, construct

11
personal meaning, and grow from the learning experience. It means online

learning is not self-study because instructors and students are needed in the

9
Kadek Suartama, E-Learning Dan Konsepnya (Singaraja : Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, 2014)P.20
10
Marfuatun, “Variasi Proses Pembelajaran melalui Penerapan E-learning” Jurdik Kimia FMIPA UNY. .”
(Yogyakarta: 2011) P.2
11
Terry Anderson, ” Theory and Practice of Online Learning” (Canada : AU Press, 2008) P. 17

12
 13

process. Online learning is learning that is completely or partially accomplished

through the Internet. This is a kind of learning , is a form of distance learning or

distance education, wich has a long been apart of the american eduaction system

and it has become the largerst sector of distance learning to advance the quality in
12
education world in recent years. This kind of education strategy hass been

developed and applied by the several school at developed contries in the world,

but with the implementation are not comprehensive yet. In Indonesia it self, online

learning has been applied in several school with good internet connection. In

another school woth internet signal or internet connection problem, this strategy

of learning are not effectively implemented.

Morever, teaching online is as new as online learning. Online teaching is an

activity of transfering a knowledge or guiding a student trough the internet. The

teachers also can use the techlonology in teaching process for example, teachers

can use the referencess in internet such as youtube, mail and send it to students. 13

Teaching online also entails delivering a class in part or entirely through the

internet, either from the Web or by mobile apps that allow to manipulate online

course elements.14

Another expert definined online teaching as learning process that has been

conduct vilrtualy, its means the interaction of students and teacher dirctly through

chatting or converence.15 The unique and easy thing about online teaching is

12
Tuan Nguyen, “The Effectifness Of Online Learing: Beyound No Significant Difference And Future
Horizons” Merlot Journal Of Learning And Teaching (Vol. 11, No. 2, June, 2015) P.309
13
Susan Ko And Steve, Teaching Online, A Particalguide (London : Taylor & Francis) 2010
14
Op.Cit, 28
15
Minkhatun Nakhriyah, & Muhammad Muzakky “Online Teaching Learning During Covid-19 Outbreak:
Teacher’s Perception At Junior High School Of Fathimatul Amin Jakarta” Jurnal Ilmiah Kependidikan
(2021), 8(1). P.40

13
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teachers and students do not have to be in the same room or place or time, so this

teaching and learning process is so flexyble. Teachers and students also can use

the referencess form many of sourcess. There are five common elements that

frame the quality of online learning; they are everything about the infrastucture,

technical, learning material , pedagogic and institutional.

From some of the definitions above, we can conclude that what is meant by

online teaching and learning is an activity to share, guide and acquiring

knowledge that is structured with the aim of using an internet acces and

electronic system so that it is able to support the learning process.

b) Components and Characteristics of Online Learning

The use of internet, technology and electronic media in the learning process

can easily distinguish and identify as online learning implementation.

Anderson stated that there are five general elements that frame the quality of

online learning, which are infrastructure (internet, smartphone and multimedia

equipment/interactive learning CDs.), technical (implementation), material

(learning materials), pedagogic (lesson plan,teaching and learning process, and

assessment), and institutional. These five elements can be used as a framework for

planning and implementing high-quality online learning, with learning materials

serving as the focal point. 16

Basically online learning is electronic learning, then in principle online

learning uses the principles of e learning. However, E-learning remains a learning

process that includes educators, students, and all supporting materials. The

meaning of components is part of the whole or elements that make up a system or

16
Tian Belawati, “Pembelajaran Online” (Pamulang : Universitas Terbuka) P.45

14
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unity. Online learning has the components that need to complete to make the

online learnig run effective. The components of E-learning are : 17

The first components are students or learners. Learners are human beings

who have the right to knowledge, this is the main component in e-learning. E-

learning is said to be effective if it is able to facilitate the needs of students.

Second, teacher or instructor. Another major component is the instructor.

Instructor in progress teaching and learning has a very important role. A the

instructor must know the needs and characteristics of the participants students so

that they can design effective e-learning. In addition, instructors also act as

assistants who are always ready to help students when they need help in learning.

Third, facilitator. Facilitators in e-learning can be regarded as components

supporters. The facilitator acts as an extension of the hand instructor. The

facilitator is in charge of preparing equipment, supervising exams, and collecting

assignments. A facilitator must understand the needs of the learner and the

expectations of the instructor. Most importantly, the facilitator must be willing to

follow the teacher's directions. The facilitator provides equipment, collects

assignments, oversees exams, and acts as the instructor's senses.

Fourth, supporter staff. Support staff have almost the same duties as

facilitators where a support staff is in charge of managing scheduling, duplication

and distribution of materials, as well as value processing. Support staff ensure that

the details necessary for the program's success are used effectively. Most

successful E-learning programs use support staff to take care of study registration,

17
Elsi Puspita Sari dan Sukardi, Optimalisasi Penggunaan E-learning dengan Model Delone dan McClean,
Journal of Education Technology. Vol. 4 (2020) P. 142

15
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duplication of material distribution, textbook ordering, facility scheduling, grade

processing, and more.

Administrator. The administrator in this case leads to a managerial function

whose task is to make decisions, make agreements, as well as evaluate and ensure

that the academic focus remains in accordance with the vision and mission.

The theories above are the same line with theories of online learning by

Hombelrg. First, The separation of teachers and students. Second, the organization

facilitates planning, production of materials, and student support. Third, media

and technology are used in connecting between teachers and students and as a way

to provide content and feedback. Fourth, the facilitation of communication student

and teacher. Finally, the learning group is separate from each other.18

c) Types of Online Learning

Online learning can be classified according to the type of interaction, design

model, and usage design :19

a. Using the Interaction Schema

1) Synchronous Learning

As previously stated, synchronous online learning is online learning that is

designed with real-time interaction patterns. That is, interaction between learners

and teachers/lecturers, as well as between learners themselves, occurs

concurrently through the use of direct communication media. Because

communication and interaction occur in real time, both the teacher and the learner

must be present at the same time, albeit in different locations. Telephone, video-

18
Bolje Holmberge, “Theory And Practice Of Distance Education “ (London : Rodlge, 1995), P.11
19
Tian Belawati, “Pembelajaran Online” (Pamulang : Universitas Terbuka) P.55-82

16
 17

conferencing, webcasts, instant messaging, chat, and other communication media

can all be used for this type of direct interaction.

2) Asynchronous Learning

Asynchronous learning is the opposite of synchronous learning where the

learning process is not carried out at the same time between the 'teacher' and the

learner. Asynchronous learning usually provides learning materials through

certain sites (websites/webpages) or through certain platforms (such as Learning

Management Systems or LMS), and interactions are carried out using indirect

communication media such as e-mail, discussion boards, message boards, or

online forums. others, including through social media.

b. Type Based on Design Model

1) Classroom Online Learning Design

In other words, the learning or 'teaching' design is also made into an

appropriate design and specifically packaged for the context of the online learning

environment. However, in practice, there is still online learning that uses a

classroom-type learning design model. This design model is still very similar to

the face-to-face learning method. Like (LMS and Google Classroom)

2) Collaborative Online Learning Design

Collaborative learning is the process of finding and creating new knowledge

through a constructivist approach. The constructivist approach that emphasizes the

'process' is supported by advances in internet technology that allows students to

discuss online.

17
 18

3) Competency-Based Online Learning Design

The process of designing competency-based online learning begins with

identifying certain competencies or skills that we want learners to achieve, then

designing learning activities that will help learners master each stage of the

competency level at their own pace; and usually, learning activities are guided or

nurtured by a mentor. Every time a learner who successfully demonstrates

mastery of certain competencies is then given "badges" (a kind of digital 'emblim'

signifying the achievement of the competency stages).

4) Practitioner Community Model Learning Design

The learning design of the community model is influenced by the theory of

experiential learning, social constructivism, and connectivism. This model

develops from many practitioners in the same field who group together to form a

community. These communities of practitioners usually exchange information,

good practices, suggestions and carry out joint activities to improve or improve

their practices related to the topic or issue.

c. Type Based on Usage Design

1) Fully Online

Fully online learning is typically accomplished through the use of a

specialized platform, such as an LMS, that can manage all learning activities in an

integrated manner. Pure online learning will also be carried out optimally if the

educational institution in question already has information and communication

technology infrastructure and systems in place to support integrated online

learning services.

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2) Blended Learning

As the name suggests, learning with a combination of face-to-face and

technology-based design is a learning program whose process is designed to use

technology as a support for face-to-face meetings (it can be at the subject/subject

level or at the overall program level).

In another statement, classification of e-learning devided in to 5 types :

Learnerled e-learning, facilitated e-learning, instructorled e-learning, embedded e-

learning, and telementored e-learning and e-coaching. 20

1) The first type called learnerled e-learning. This kind of e learning is also

known as “stand alone or self directed e learning” wich provides course materials

to students and allows them to experience indipendent learning. Learner-led e-

learning aims to provide independent learners with highly effective learning

experiences. It's also known as self-directed e-learning or standalone e-learning.

Web pages, multimedia presentations, and other interactive learning experiences

that are housed and maintained on a Web server can be considered content. A web

browser is used to access the information.

2) The next type of e-learning is facilitated e-learning, which involves

collaborative learning. This type of e-learning provides facilities which allow

students to discuss with other students well teachers via Forums and Chats that

are related to an assignments.

20
William Horonton “E-Learning Tools And Technologies” (Wiley Publishing, Inc. 2003) P. 13

19
 20

3) The third e-learning type, is instructor led e-learning which consists of

instructors' presentations via real-time webcast technology, and could include

audio and videos conferences, speaking, screen share and whiteboard applications.

students' direct participation here is via audio, videos or instant messages.

4) The other type is embeded e-learning. It is when teachers embed videos

and web pages to enhance students' learning.

5) Last but note at least is the telementored e-learning which involves a

combination of distance learning and the use of technology. For examples,

students are given printed material, and then instructors provide them with extra

guidance and information about this material via videos conferences, instant

messages, and Internet phones.

d) Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning

Online learning has a benefit for students and teacher. For students, the use

of e-learning in learning provides several benefits for students, such as: (1)

students can communicate with other students about subject matter at any time,

(2) students can access teaching materials anywhere and anytime.

And for teacher, learning carried out using e-learning provides benefits for

teachers such as: (1) Make it easier for teachers to update teaching materials learn

in accordance with scientific developments that occur. (2) Increase

knowledge/insight and develop self. (3) Teachers can find out the time and

duration of the material studied, how many times the material was studied and

controlling student learning activities. (4) The teacher can find out the questions

20
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that the participants are working on educate. (5) Teachers can check assignments

and provide results directly to students.21

Based on the statement above, we know that teaching and learning is

different action and has several point. Teaching guiding and facilitating,

meanwhile learning is acquiring or getting knowledge. As a teacher, we are

expected to be able to facilitate student in acquiring and getting knowledge. The

adventages and disadvantages are22 :

1) Advantages

The advantages that adoption of elearning in education, obtained from

review of literature includes the following :

a) It is flexible when issues of time and place are taken into consideration.

Every student has the luxury of choosing the place and time that suits him/her.

According to Smedley, the adoption of e-learning provides the institutions as

well as their students or learners the much flexibility of time and place of

delivery or receipt of according to learning information.

b) E-learning enhances the efficacy of knowledge and qualifications via ease

of access to a huge amount of information.

c) It is able to provide opportunities for relations between learners by the use

of discussion forums. Through this, e-learning helps eliminate barriers that

have the potential of hindering participation including the fear of talking to

21
Lidia Simanihuruk, Et Al, E-Learning Implementasi, Strategy Dan Inovasinya (Penerbit Yayasan Kita
Menulis, 2019) P. 19
22
Valentina Arkorful, “The Role Of E-Learning, The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Its Adoption In
Higher Education.” International Journal Of Education And Research Vol. 2 No. 12 , (2014), P. 401-403.

21
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other learners. E-learning motivates students to interact with other, as well as

exchange and respect different point of views.

d) E-learning is cost effective in the sense that there is no need for the

students or learners to travel. It is also cost effective in the sense that it offers

opportunities for learning for maximum number of learners with no need for

many buildings.

e) E-learning always takes into consideration the individual learners

differences. Some learners, for instance prefer to concentrate on certain parts of

the course, while others are prepared to review the entire course.

f) E-learning helps compensate for scarcities of academic staff, including

instructors or teachers as well as facilitators, lab technicians etc.

g) The use of e-Learning allows self-pacing. For instance the asynchronous

way permits each student to study at his or her own pace and speed whether

slow or quick.

2) Disadvantages

Another disadvantages of e-learning that have been given by studies

include the following:

a) E-learning as a method of education makes the learners undergo

contemplation, remoteness, as well as lack of interaction or relation. It therefore

requires a very strong inspiration as well as skills with to the management of time

in order to reduce such effects.

b) With respect to clarifications, offer of explanations, as well as

interpretations, the e-learning method might be less effective that the traditional

22
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method of learning. The learning process is much easier with the use of the face to

face encounter with the instructors or teachers.

c) When it comes to improvement in communication skills of

learners, e-learning as a method might have a negative effect. The learners.

Though might have an excellent knowledge in academics, they may not possess

the needed skills to deliver their acquired knowledge to others.

d) Since tests for assessments in e-learning are possibly done with the

use of proxy, it will be difficult, if not impossible to control or regulate bad

activities like cheating.

e) E-learning may also probably be misled to piracy and plagiarism,

predisposed by inadequate selection skills, as well as the ease of copy and paste.

f) E-learning may also deteriorate institutions’ role socialization role

and also the role of instructors as the directors of the process of education.

g) Also not all fields or discipline can employ the e-learning

technique in education. For instance the purely scientific fields that include

practical cannot be properly studies through e-learning. Researches have argued

that e-learning is more appropriate in social science and humanities than the fields

such as medical science and pharmacy, where there is the need to develop

practical skills.

h) E-learning may also lead to congestion or heavy use of some

websites. This may bring about unanticipated costs both in time and money

disadvantages.

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2. Educational Components

The education system has a main component that is interrelated to build

education to achieve goals. Elfachmi states in his book, there are 8 components of

education, namely23

1. Goal

The goal is an educational component which is a very important in the

educational process itself. The purpose of education is highly desired by an

educator so that students can achieve it with the conditions of these goals does not

conflict with the nature of student development and can be accepted as a value of

a good life. In the education system, there are four levels of educational goals

those are :

a. The general purpose of education, namely the Pancasila human being

b. Institutional goals (objectives of educational institutions, e.g. primary school

goals, University goals)

c. Curricular goals (objectives of competency standards or fields of study, for

example: science, social studies and religion)

d. Basic competency instructional objectives (goals for each activity) learning

process teach.

2. Educator

In Law Number 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System in

Chapter XI Article 39 concerning Educators and Education Personnel states that

educator is a professional staff in charge of planning and implementing the

23
Elfachmi Amin Kuneifi, Pengantar Pendidikan, (Jakarta, Erlangga, 2015), p.15

24
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process learning, assessing learning outcomes, conducting mentoring and training,

and conducting research and community service, especially for educators in

College. Arifin stated, when saying that educators are people who are entrusted

with not only make plans, carry out learning, assess, guide but also conduct

research and community service. From the opinion above. It can be concluded that

the educator is a person who has a responsibility in carrying out education.

3. Student

Students are human beings who have potential and experience

development from birth to death. One of the duties of educators is develop the

potential possessed by students, but as an educators must be able to develop and

have the potential of each students because in general the potential of students is

not the same but different.

4. Educational Interaction

In learning and teaching, there must be interaction between teacher and

students. This interaction can be asking question or answering. The most simple

interaction is by teacher delivering the material so the students can understand, or

interaction that can motivate students to learn. Those interaction is educational

interaction from teachet to students or otherwise.

5. Media, Method and Tool

Educational media is something used by an educator to be an intermediary

in the learning process while the method is a serves as a tool to achieve goals and

25
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educational tools are more directed towards anything that is used to achieve goals

such as objects, media, rules and punishment so that the purpose of education

itself can be achieved.

Brown revised the concept of learning terms by including methodological

and curricular terms, as well as the following information.:24

a. Methodology: broad teaching application (with the theoretical foundation

and related research).. Whatever factors you use to decide how to educate are

methodological.

b. Approach: views, hypotheses, ideas, concepts, and concerning the nature of

language and the nature of cognitive development, as well as their application in a

learning setting; all must be grounded on a strong theory..

c. Method: a set of guidelines in the classroom for achieving linguistic

objectives. The method that the teacher used will affect students’ interest in

learning. Method also related to material and in choosing method, teacher has to

consider type of material that suits the method.

d. Curriculum/syllabus: more detail set of implementing the learning subject.

Curriculum consist of goals, material in general lines and many more . while

syllabus has more specific term, such as purposes of certain subject, time

management, method and also steps in implementing the learning.

e. Techniques: one of a number of exercises, activities, and assignments

carried out in class to achieve learning objectives.

24
Nur Mukminatin, Methods of Language Teaching,
https://www.pustaka.ut.ac.id/lib/wp-content/uploads/pdfmk/MPBI5103-M1.pdf, ( diakses pada 20 Juni 2021,
pukul 19:28 ), p.5

26
 27

6. Educational materials

Based on the objectives to be achieved previously, the teacher must

determine the material the education that students will learn and the material must

be relevant. The material provided must be in accordance with educational goals

that contain values in accordance with the nation's view of life.

7. Environment

Wasty Soemanto suggests that the environment includes all materials and

stimulation inside and outside the individual, both physiological and

psychological as well as socio-cultural. In the world of environmental education,

it is very influential in success or failure of education. However, there are still

many people who have not realized that the environment also plays an important

role in the process learning so that people only rely on teachers in guiding

learners. The environment is very influential in developing the potential of a

student is the family environment, because family. This is the first madrasa that a

child will receive. other than family. The school environment is also influential in

developing one's potential. Not only that the community environment can also

influence behavior and abilities from a student. If students are born in a bad

environment then most likely these students will be affected to be not good too.

On the other hand, if the environment is good, students can be good too.

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3. English Teaching and Learning

Based on Dwi Haryati in Bahasa Inggris SMA, the characteristics of the

English language subjects as follows:25

Primarily, studying English concentrates on type or written form. Several

types of text such as narrative text which stuied in Junior High School will be

learnt again in Senior High School but in higher level of difficulties. Eventhough

it is the similar type of text, the vocabulary that they used will be different along

with grammar, but they still in connect.

Second, English classes aim to increase students' communicative skills in

personal and social, transactional, and practical discourse. This competency is

established via understanding that helps to guide students to be able to use written

English texts, coherently utilizing accurate and acceptable language structures,

regarding various of factual, theoretical, procedural, and thinking skills

knowledge, and instilling the worthy values of the nation's home, in the context of

the nation's home, school, and society.

Third, the learning of each type of text is aimed toward developing students'

ability to use it and carry out the activities connected with their life as an aspect of

their surroundings. As a result, texts are categorized into three forms: (1) social

functions, (2) content framework, and (3) verbal components, which are all

chosen and determined dependent on the circumstances in which they are used.

Furthermore, the knowledge types for learning each text include (1) relevant

25
Dwi Haryati, et al, Bahasa Inggris SMA (Jakarta : Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Atas, 2018),
p.15

28
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knowledge related to the topic of communication, (2) procedural knowledge

related to scientific steps and learning and learning processes, and (3) conceptual

information related to social functions, text structure, and text language elements.

To carry out a competency analysis and develop class achievement index,

teachers should pay attention to the above-mentioned characteristics of English

language subjects, as well as study the characteristics of students by developing

the main values of characters, namely religious, nationalist, independent, mutual

cooperation, and integrity, as well as developing 21st Century skills related to

critical thinking skills and Collaboration Skills (Collaboration Skills). According

to the characteristics of Basic Competencies, creative (Creativities Skills) and

communication skills (Communication Skills) are required.

4. Implementation

The term "implement" is derived from the Latin "implere," which means to

accomplish or carry out.26 In implementing something, it must has a purpose to

accomplish or a thing to carry out. Implementation online learning means that

online learning is the thing to conduct. It means that implementation has it’s own

practioners, making the rule or policy related to it. 27 Regarding to the

implementation of online learning, there are several advantages :28

26
David H. Peters, et al, Implementation Research: What It Is and How To Do It, Research Method and
Reporting, 2013, p.2
27
ibid
28
Valentina Arkorful, and Nelly Abaidoo, The Role of e-Learning, The Advantages and Disadvantages of It’s
Adoption in Higher Education, International Journal of Education and Research, Vol 2 No 12, 2014, p.401

29
 30

1. Flexible

Online learning allows the participants or students access the material or

lesson in any condition, any time, anywhere as long as they have internet

connection or they already downloaded them as offline access. Also, it is flexible

in case of material and sources which teacher can get the material from anywhere

such as web, blog, youtube and other journals that spread all over the internet.

2. Effective and Efficient

Related to the flexibility above, it makes teaching and learning more

efficient since both of them, students and teachers, can access the lesson from

separated place with separated time. More over, there are more sources of learning

that teacher can used. Besides, online learning will reduce the cost of education,

like buying books, now you get an electronic books or online books, getting more

learners without thinking about the buildings and other infrastructures.

3. Provide more Opportunities

With the use of online learning, all students from around the world can get

a chance to join the class without requiring them to come to certain place. They

can join it online by only using smartphone or laptop to study.

Implementation procedures are purposeful and precise enough so that

independent observers may recognize the presence and strength of the "particular

set of actions" associated with implementation.29 The purpose of implementing

29
Dien L. Fixsen, et al. Implementation Research : A Synthesis of the Literature. (Florida: FMHI
Publication, 2005) .p.5

30
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online learning was to let the school runs even if it is in Covid-19 situation which

push Indonesia to carry this online learning out. To support this learning,

government has distribute free internet quota to all students started form

kindergarden students up to college students.30

B. Review of Related Research

To make sure the originality of the idea in this study, the researcher will

present several previous studies that have relevance with this kind of study the

researcher conducted.

First, thesis written by Sri Hariyati entitled “An Analysis of Online

English Learning in the Covid-19 Pandemic at Senior High School” 31. This

research was aim to analyze how is teacher’s perception and how are students’

perceptions of online English learning in the Covid-19 Pandemic. Moreover, her

thesis did not mention which media that the students used during English e-

learning. This thesis also analyzes students’ motivation beside perception only.

Second, thesis written by Irhas Rahmat Syarif by the title “The

Implementation of Distance Learning in English Language Teaching at SMAN 1

Wangon”32. This thesis talked about how the teacher implements the English

online learning at SMAN I Wangon. In addition, the researcher also talked about

the difficulties that the teachers found during online course. The research finding

30
Kemendikbud, Bantuan Kuota Internet Tahun 2021, https://kuota-belajar.kemdikbud.go.id/, (diakses pada
24 Januari 2022 pukul 15:06)
31
Sri Hariyati, “An Analysis Of Online English Learning In The Covid-19 Pandemic At Senior High
School”, Tesis Sarjana Pendidikan, (Medan: Universitas Muhamadiyah Sumatera Utara, 2020)
32
Irhas Rahmat Syarif, The Implementation Of Distance Learning In English Language Teaching At SMAN
1 Wangon, Tesis Sarjana Pendidikan, (Wangon : Perpustakaan Universitan Islam Negeri Purwokerto, 2020)

31
 32

that several issues that makes the teacher hard to do the distance learning are

internet network, lack skills of ICT, and lack of communication.

Third, journal by Tathahira and Sriayu entitled “The Implementation of

Online Learning During Covid-19 Pandemic: English Teachers’ Perceptions at

Senior High Schools in South Aceh”. 33 It is talking about English teachers’

perception about implementation of English online learning during Covid 19

pandemic in South Aceh. In the conclusion, it found that WhatssApp is the main

application used during online learning. Internet connection, scarcity of smart-

phone owner and also less interaction between teacher and students lead to follow

the problems of English online learning. Besides, they can overcome those

problems by printing out the assignments, less works and gave the task earlier.

Next, journal from Perta Rasia Dewi with title “The Implementation of

Online Learning in Efl Classroom: Its Opportunities and Drawbacks Perceived by

Teachers and Students”.34 This research was conducted in SMPN 32 OKU with 7 th

grade students and English teacher, and it was found that in their perception,

online learning was flexible, fast and effective method. The lack of online

learning were lask of interactions, more possibility of plagiarism and cheathing.

Moreover, journal written by Refika Andriani and friends entitled “EFL

Students’ Difficulties in Online Learning during Pandemic Covid-19”. 35 This

33
Tathahira and Sriayu, The Implementation of Online Learning During Covid-19 Pandemic: English
Teachers’ Perceptions at Senior High Schools in South Aceh, Indonesian Journal of Curriculum and
Educational Technology Studies, Vol 8 No 2 2020
34
Perta Rasia Dewi, The Implementation of Online Learning in Efl Classroom: Its Opportunities and
Drawbacks Perceived by Teachers and Students, Jurnal Penelitian Guru Indonesia,Vol 6 No 3 2021
35
Refika Andriani, et al, EFL Students’ Difficulties in Online Learning during Pandemic Covid-19, Studies
and Perspectives in English Language Teaching, Vol 8 No 2 2021

32
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research conducted in University of Lancang Kuning with first semester of

English Educational Department as the subject of research. It said that online

learning needs well preparation, start from educators, students, institution and

government, with mentally and physically readiness.

Another journal by Mutiara Ayu and Zakiyah Farhanah Pratiwi, by title

“The Implementation of Online Learning in English Language Teaching during

Pandemic: The Teachers’ Voice”.36 This research was focusing on how teachers

used application of Rumah Belajar in MAN 2 Bandar Lampung. Mutiara and

Zakiyah found that Rumah Belajar application can cover teachers’ needs in

teaching and learning during pandemic. Eventhough Rumah Belajar can be the

effective way of LMS, it still needs more practice and training given to the

teachers, so it can be used maximally.

Last, the research by Nurhidayah with title “The Implementation of Online

Learning by English Lecturers in Teaching Writing Skill at English Department of

Lancang Kuning University”37. This research talked about the implementation of

online learning in teaching skills. It focused on teaching the writing skill at

English Department of Lancang Kuning University. The result is that the learning

did not up to reality or did not stick to the plan. The lecturer found it hard to give

the spesific materials to the students. And the students unwilling to give the

question in the learning process.

36
Mutiara Ayu and Zakiyah Farhanah Pratiwi, The Implementation of Online Learning in English Language
Teaching during Pandemic: The Teachers’ Voice, Jounal of Research on Language Education, Vol 2 No 2
2021
37
Nurhidayah, The Implementation of Online Learning by English Lecturers in Teaching Writing Skill at
English Department of Lancang Kuning University, Tesis Sarjana Pendidikan, (Riau: Universitas Lancang
Kuning, 2020)

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C. Conceptual Framework

Conceptual framework of the implementation of English online learning a

case study at SMAN 1 Akabiluru Lima Puluh Kota District :

Online Learning

Online Teaching and

Learning at SMAN 1
Akabiluru

English Online
Learning

Figure
Online Learning 2.1 at
Policy Implementation of English
SMAN 1 Akabiluru Online Learning at SMAN 1
Akabiluru

Obstacles Faced during Online Solution Related to Obstacles at

Learning at SMAN 1 Akabiluru SMAN 1 Akabiluru

Conclusion

34