CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Review of Theories Literature

1. Online Learning

a. The Definition of Online Learning

The terms online learning and online learning are used to express the same

meaning. Online is a term in Indonesian, while online is a term in English. Accord

ing to Ally, Online learning is the use of the internet to access material, to interact

with material, instructors and other learners, to get support during the learning pro

cess with the aim of acquiring knowledge, creating understanding and to develop

from the learning experience. Online learning can be defined as an interaction bet

ween teacher and learner that is built into a network via a computer or other electr

onic device1.

According to Kasmir, that online learning for some people in Indonesia ma

y still be considered new, while in their daily lives without realizing that they hav

e been carrying out activities related to online activities. Online learning can be de

fined as an interaction between teacher and learner that is built into a network via

a computer or other electronic device.

According to Collins, Online Learning is defined as the creation and

proliferation of personal computers, the globalization of other human ideas and

actions, and the use of technology in exchanging ideas and providing access to

more people. Audio, video, computer, and network technologies are often

1
Ally, M. (2004). Foundations of Educational Theory for Online Learning. In Theory and
practice of online learning (pp. 15–44). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8299-3_8
combined to create diverse instructional delivery systems. The basic method for

uniting distance learning instructors with remote students is networking.

From several statements above that online learning can use social networki

ng applications so that the learning process can run effectively. Because the learni

ng process is not carried out face-to-face for that teachers and students can interact

well when processing online learning. Online learning during COVID-19 is one o

f the media used to achieve the teaching and learning process so that learning obje

ctives are achieved. and online learning must use a network/data quota or via the i

nternet so that the interaction between teachers and students goes well to carry out

the learning process. As we know in English learning there are 4 components that

must be conveyed, namely: writing, reading, speaking, and listening, where the te

acher must deliver the material using the media used during the learning process s

o that the material presented can be understood by students.

b. Characteristics of Online Learning

The following are the characteristics of Online Learning proposed by

Rudi and Riyana (2007): those are (1) the students' capture of learning material

does not depend on the instructor/teacher, because students construct their own

knowledge through teaching materials delivered through the website interface; (2)

the source of knowledge is everywhere and can be easily accessed by everyone.

This is due to the global nature of Internet media and can be accessed by anyone

connected to it; (3) Teachers / educational institutions function as mediators /

mentors; (4) Restructuring is needed for education system, curriculum, and

management policies that can support the utilization of Information and

Communication Technology for optimal education.

The above four characteristics are the factors that distinguish online

learning from normal learning activities. In online learning, the learner builds

knowledge through the learning materials provided through online learning, so the

learner's understanding of the material is no longer dependent on the instructor.

Online learning the sources of knowledge are distributed everywhere and are

easily accessible to everyone.

c. The Advantages of online learning

According to Empy dan Zhuang, there are several advantages of E-learnin

g, those are (1) Reducing costs. By using E-learning, we save time and money to r

each a learning place. With our E-learning can access from various locations and

places. (2)Flexibility of time, place and learning speed. By using E-learning, teac

hers can determine time to study anywhere. And students can study according to t

heir abilities each. In contrast to studying in the classroom, where all students lear

n and stopped at the same time. (3) Standardization and effectiveness of learning.

E-learning always have the same quality every time it is accessed and regardless

of mood teacher. E-learning is designed so that students can better understand usi

ng simulation and animation.

d. The disadvantages of online learning

There are several disadvantages of learning, those are (1) Students must ha

ve computers and internet access. (2) Student also must have computer skills with
the program, such as an internet browser, email, and office applications. (3) Good

internet connection, because it really needs it taking subject matter. (4) In the abse

nce of an existing routine in class, then students may stop learning or be confused

about learning activities and activities the deadline for assignments, which will ma

ke students fail. (5) Students will feel very away with the instructor. Since instruct

ors are not always there to help students, So that students must be disciplined and

do assignments independently without assistance instructor. (6) Students must als

o have writing skills and abilities good communication, because teachers and stud

ents do not meet face to face so allows misunderstanding in several ways2.

e. The Types of Online Learning

According to Haughey (1998), there are three possibilities in the

development of internet-based learning systems, namely as follows;

Web course, is the use of the internet for educational purposes, in which

students and instructors are completely separate and there is no need for face-to-

face contact. All teaching materials, discussions, consultations, assignments,

exercises, exams, and other learning activities are fully delivered via the internet.

In other words this learning model uses a distance system.

Web centric course, is the use of the internet that combines distance

learning and face-to-face (conventional). Some material is delivered via the

internet, and some through face-to-face. Its functions are complementary. In this

model the instructor can give instructions to students to learn the material through

the web that has been made. Students are also given directions to look for other

2
Effendi, Empy. & Hartono Zhuang. E-Learning Konsep dan Aplikasi.2005.
sources from relevant websites. In the face-to-face session, students and

instructors discuss more about the findings of the material that has been learned

through the internet.

Web enhanced course, is the use of the internet to support the

improvement of the quality of learning carried out in class. The function of the

internet is to provide enrichment and communication between students and

teachers, fellow students, group members, or students with other sources.

Therefore, the role of the instructor is to master the technique of finding

information on the internet, guiding students to find and find sites that are relevant

to learning materials, present material through the web that is interesting and

desirable, serving guidance and interesting web communication and interest,

providing guidance and communication via the internet, and other skills needed.3

f. Type application of online learning:

According to Ima Frafika Sari (2020 there are some types of Platforms

used by teachers in teaching through online learning. Those are Edmodo,

wahatsapp group, seesaw, sway, zoom, email, google classroom, Schoology,

ClassDojo, Show My homework, Surveymonkey in-app surveys, SmartSurvey

and Blogs.

Edmodo is a global application in education to help learners with some res

ources needed. It was founded on all educators in this era (into the 21st century).

This application use for teachers, lecturers, students, and parents.

3
Haughey, M. dan Anderson, T. Networking Learning: The Pedagogy of the Internet. Montreal:
Cheneliere/ McGraw-Hill. 2005
 Whatshapp group it is about the text, video call, and voice message. Using

it, educators can be easy in online learning. WhatsApp also allows for messages a

nd calls on both desktop and mobile devices.

SeeSaw It is the application learning for English language or another in su

pporting students, teachers, lecturers, and families with remote learning.

Sway is a new app from Micros oft office in making learning more easily

with interactive reports, personal stories, presentations, and more. Besides, this ap

plication has many features in texting and picture It stars by adding your text and

pictures. Sway application is more modern and useful in educators

Zoom is an application provides in a video and web conferencing. Zoom

Webinars are a special feature with up to 500 attendees. The Basic Zoom Features

are with up to 500 participants, can be viewed at a later time, can use their

desktops during a webinar, and can allow the information about your attendees.

Email or electronic mail is webinar use used features in the Internet. It can

use to send and receive messages with an email address, anywhere in the world.

Google Classroom Is a mixed learning application that is done online and

can be used free of charge. Google Classroom is also a Google creation product

that is integrated with drive, Gmail, hangout, calendar, and YouTube and

calendar.

Schoology is one of the web pages with social web forms that have an

interesting strategy in combining subject matter knowledge with social networks,

making it easy to use. With schoology, the problem of learning is easy to access..

like studying in class

ClassDojo connects with teachers, students, and parents in classroom

communities. It can use for sharing the photos, videos, announcements, and Class

Story. Besides, that application can translate more 30+ languages.

Show My homework it is a learning platform for students at home. This

platform has many features that proper with students, teacher, and parents. In this

Application the students will be supporting with homework reports with good

quality and frequently when at home, then it is easy for online students.

Surveymonkey in-app surveys it uses for the show in teaching and

learning, conferences, in retail stores, or even on the street. Using Surveymonkey

in-app surveys can help the teaching and learning process more effective in

creating something, managing, monitoring, and analyze. This app should not use

Wi-Fi, and then it can use in mobile device in learning.

SmartSurvey it is a simple form in the research project. Using it, can

create the data in reporting tools. It can use for business, government, students,

and collector data, etc. It can use for online collecting data.

Blogs It is the updated website for informal or conversation style with

goals by communities. Using a blog, the teacher can use it for sharing the material

in teaching and learning process. Moreover in English Language Learning, the

teacher can use it for sharing the material.

 2. Learning

a. Definition of Learning

According to Rusman explains learning is a process of interaction

between teachers and students, both interaction directly such as face to-face

activities or not directly, namely by using various learning media 4. Learning is

basically the interaction between students and the learning environment to achieve

learning objectives, namely changes in behaviour (knowledge, attitudes, and

skills).

With regard to these three terms, namely teaching and learning; Prof.Dr.

Chaedar Alwasilah, M.A provides the following restrictions:

1) Study is a reflection of a student's personality system tha shows

behavior related to a given task.

2) Teaching is a reflection of the teacher's personality system that acts

pr ofessionally.

3) Learning is the social system where teaching and learning takes

place.

According to Hamalik (1983:21) learning is defined as the form of growth

or change of individuals which is stated by new behaviour as the result of

experiences and practice. He adds that the sample of behaviour is: changing from

unknowing to knowing, appearing some new understanding, changing in attitude,

skill, emotion and etc.5 According to Jeff Cobb learning is the lifelong process of

transforming information and experience into knowledge, skills, behaviours, and

attitude.
4
Rusman, Model- model Pembelajaran: Mengembangkan Pr ofesionalisme Guru.2010.
5
Hamalik, Umar. Metodologi Belajar dan Kesulitan-kesulitan Belajar. 1983. Jakarta : Tarsito
 According to Brown that there are seven components in definition of

learning, those are:

1) Learning is acquiring or getting

2) Learning is retention of information or skill

3) Retention implies storage system, memory, cognitive organization

4) Learning involves active, conscious focus and acting upon events outside

and inside the organism

5) Learning is relatively permanent, but subject to forgetting

6) Learning involves some forms of practice, perhaps reinforce practice

7) Learning is a change in behaviour.6

According to Omrod learning will carry out a change to students. The

change does not only relate to the knowledge improvement, but also from as

aptitude, skill attitude, meaning, pride, interest, and the character adapting.

Learning may be defined as the process by which behaviour originates or is

altered trough training or experience.7

According to Karissha Gayle (2009:78) that learning is a process af

mental, physical and spiritual development. Development is advancing and

growth. Development is proof that learning has taken place. One has to apply him

or herself to a given situation and or context in order for leaning to occur.

From the description above, the researcher conclude that learning is an

active process from learning activities skills is writing, reading, listening,

6
Brown, Douglas. Prinsip Pembelajaran Dan Peengajaran Bahasa. 2008. Jakarta: Person
Education
7
Ormrod, J. E. Human learning (3rd ed.)1999. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall
speaking, and the others. In learning to interactive relationship of activities

between students and teachers and other learning environments to lead to expected

behavioural changes, and that is the nature of learning.

3. Teaching English

a. Definition of teaching English

According to Tomlinson, teaching is used to refer to anything done by

materials developers or teachers to facilitate the learning of the language 8. This

could include the teacher standing in front of the classroom explaining the

conventions of direct speech in English; it could include textbook providing

samples of language use and guiding learners to make discoveries for them, it

could include textbook inviting learners to reflect on the way they have just read a

passage or it could the teacher providing the language a learner need whilst

participating in a challenging task. Education consists of teaching and learning.

Teaching is a process involves the teaching learning process, (Yusuf, 2009:4).

According to Mulyasa, explains that teaching is an interaction process done by

students and the environment in order that the human/student behaviour changes

to be better.9

According to Hamalik, In teaching process, there will involve the

interaction between people, material, facilitates, tools, and the procedure that all

of them are influence each other in getting the teaching goal.10 According to
8
Tonmlinson, B. Material Development in Language Teaching. 1998. Australia: Cambridge
University press
9
Mulyasa, E. Implementation Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan: Kemandirkian Guru dan
Kepals Sekolah. 2010. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara
10
Hamalik, Oemar. Proses Belajar Mengajar.2004. Jakarta: PT. Bumi Aksara
Stephen N. Elliot Teacher act as Curriculum facilitator and not Curriculum

planners. It can be conclude that teacher as the canter of education is faced by a

number of decisions to be made in the classroom. 11 As a manager classroom, a

teacher must control the student in determining what the students supposed to do

and acquire. The respond abilities of teacher in managing favourable atmosphere

and media to support learning are important.

Based on definitions above, it can be concluded that teaching is interactive

process between teacher and student. The teacher helped the student to learn, give

materials, and providing anything to know or understand. Teacher can teach by

use combine of art, science and skill.

b. Component of teaching

In teaching process, there are some components of teaching, the

components are:

The objective, Objective is the goal of education that interprets from the

vision, mission, owned by an institution (Sanjaya, 2010:10). According to

Hamalik, the objective is a goal which will be reached after do the teaching

process. Therefore, this is important as a component of teaching.

The students or participant, Students or participants are human being

without way any limitation and certain characteristic. In the other world, all of

human being is a student without limited by time and place (Aziz, 2003). In

teaching learning process, the learners have significant roles. Nowadays, students

11
Elliott, Stephen, N., & Gresham, F. Social skills intervention for children. Behavior Modification.
Sage Publication. 1993.
are demanded to be more active and innovative in learning process. The learners

should actively look for meaning and try to find regularity and order to the events

of the world in the absence of full complete information.

The teacher, in the teaching learning process, teacher not only

doing/holding the teaching process technically, but also realizing his/her work and

responsibility as well as possible (Gulo, 2008). Therefore, the electiveness of the

teaching learning process based on the teacher roles. The success of teaching is

also based on teacher quality. Michael in his book entitled The Process and

Experience in the Language Classroom argues some teacher roles in the

classroom, namely: (1) Teacher as coordinator and facilitator (2) Teacher as

manager and organizer (3) Teacher as instructor (4) Teacher as investigator and

researcher

c. Teaching four skill of English

Language teaching aims to improve student’s four skills of listening,

speaking, reading and writing, and also to improve the ability of vocabulary

mastery and good grammar. The final expectation is to let the pupils‟ be able to

implement the language in the real life. So, the students need to know all the

abilities of the four skills. According to Brown there are some principles of micro

skill of listening, speaking, reading and writing:

1) Listening

a) Discriminate among the distinctive sounds of English.

 b) Recognize reduced forms of words and English stress pattern, words

in stressed and unstressed position, rhythmic structures, intonation

contours and their roles in signalling information.

c) Distinguish word boundaries, recognize a core of words and interpret

word order patterns and their significance.

d) Process speech containing pause, errors, correction and other

performance variable.

e) Recognize communicative function of utterance according to

situations, participants and goals.

f) Use facial kinesics, body language, and other non verbal clues to

decipher meaning

2) Speaking

a) Produce differences English phonemes and allophonic variant.

b) Produce English stress pattern, words in stressed and unstressed

position, rhythmic structures, intonation contours and their roles in

signalling information.

c) Use an adequate number of lexical unit (words) to accomplish

pragmatic purposes.

d) Use grammatical word classes (nouns, verbs, etc), systems word

order, patterns, rules, and elliptical forms.

e) Accomplish appropriately communicative function according to

situations, participants and goals.

f) Use facial features, kinaesthetic, body language, and other non

verbal clues along with verbal language to convey meaning

3) Reading

a) Discriminate among distinctive graphemes and orthographic

pattern of English.

b) Recognize a core of words and interpret word order patterns and

their significance.

c) Recognize grammatical word classes (nouns, verbs, etc), systems,

patterns, rules, and elliptical forms.

d) Recognize the communicative functions of written texts according

to form and purpose.

e) Distinguish between literal and implied meanings.

f) Develop and use a battery of reading strategies such as scanning

and skimming, detecting discourse markers, guessing the meaning

of words from context and activating schemata for the

interpretation of text.

4) Writing

a) Produce graphemes and orthographic patterns of English.

b) Produce an acceptable core of words and use appropriate word

order patterns.

c) Use acceptable grammatical systems, patterns and rules.

d) Use theoretical forms and conventions o written discourse.

e) Appropriately accomplish the communicative function of written

text according to form and purpose.

f) Develop and use a battery of writing strategies such as accurately

assessing the audience’s interpretation, using prewriting device,

 writing with fluency in the first drafts, using paraphrase and

synonym, soliciting peer and instructor feedback and using

feedback for revising and editing.12

A. Relevant of Study

The study that is related to this research as follows:

The first research is Srihariyati (2020) an analysis of online English

learning in the covid-19 pandemic at senior high school, the research of

result for researcher this study was applied descriptive qualitative design.

The technique of analyzing data researcher used three steps, there are: 1)

data reduction, 2) data display, 3) conclusion/verification. The findings

from the data analysis, teacher give positive perception to online English

learning, the process of learning English is easier with online learning but

online English learning cannot makes the English process more effective

in achieving the learning objectives. Students also give positive perception

to online English learning, the process of learning English is easier with

online learning and online English learning can foster students’

independent learning attitudes but they found problems in implementing

online English learning, so that online English learning can not to be

developed.

The second research is Nurhasnah (2020) A study of online English

learning models in the middle of covid-19 pandemic, The positive impact

is that students can study anywhere, anytime, without, any restrictions,

12
Brown, G. and Edmondson, R. Asking questions, in E. Wragg (ed.), Classroom Teaching Skills.
2008. London: Routledge
space, time, and place of study while the negative impact is that students

find it difficult to understand the material provided by the teacher or

lecturer, unstable internet networks, run out of internet quota, collection

too fast a task. The online learning models used during the Covid-19

pandemic are the google classroom application, online meeting application

(zoom), whatsapp, google classroom and whatsapp application, google

classroom and zoom application, google classroom application, whatsapp

and zoom. And good online learning is material that is presented using a

video or zoom application so that students can more easily understand the

material explained by the lecturer.

The third is Ima frafika Sari (2020), Online learning for English

language teaching, this research elaborated the definition of Online

Learning and the online learning application in English Language

Teaching. The methodology of research uses qualitative research in

explaining the Online Learning Application for English Language

Teaching. This research is still lacking research in online learning for

English Language Teaching; therefore, it significant to be done. The

finding of the research is followed: First, online learning is the worldwide

technologies that use the web, e-mail, new groups and texts, audio, and

video conferencing. Online learning is always connected to the internet. It

can use for long-distance or not in one place. The students can use in

certain conditions “distance learning”.

The fourth is Yulia Firza Safira, Muhamad S ofian Hadi, & Zaitun

(2021), an analysis of English language teaching activities during covid-19

pandemic at SMP Purnama Jakarta, this study was led to know the

activities of English teaching during the COVID19 pandemic at SMP

Purnama Jakarta. This study utilized a qualitative descriptive method,

while the information assortment methods utilized interviews, observation,

and documentation. Interviews were led with an English teacher who

teaches at SMP Purnama Jakarta, while polls were given to a few students

at SMP Purnama Jakarta. The subjects of this investigation were an

English teacher and a few students at SMP Purnama Jakarta. The

outcomes show that learning during the pandemic is way different from

the regular learning (in-person) that was done before the COVID-19

pandemic. The distinction that can be seen is that the instructional

framework, which was initially up in-person, turned out to be totally

internet or technology-based by utilizing Google Meet, Google

Classrooms, WhatsApp, YouTube, and other applications.

The fifth is Minkhatun Nakhriyah1, & Muhammad Muzakky2

(2021), Online Teaching Learning during Covid-19 Outbreak: Teacher’s

Perception at Junior High School of Fathimatul Amin Jakarta, Teaching

and learning take place outside the classroom through the application of

technology. Next this study aims to explore teacher’s views on the

implementation of online teaching and learning. This study used a

descriptive qualitative citation. Thirty-three teachers participated in this

study. The questionnaire was made to investigate the teacher’s perception.

Based on the results it shows that teachers think teaching materials are

becoming more interactive through a variety of online teaching platforms

such as Zoom Google Meeting Google Class and WhatsApp. Then

teleconferencing improves teacher’s skills as well as their confidence as

they can present teaching materials and classroom activities creatively.

That said teachers face a number of challenges when teaching online.

Firstly it is difficult for teachers to interact with students because they tend

to e passive during video conferencing. Then some students have poor

internet connection. Finally students lack motivation to study such as

frequent absences and late submission of assignments.

Previous research have similarities with this research is where they

all use media in education while online learning. However, this research is

slightly different from above research where this research online English

teaching and learning during pandemic covid-19 at junior high school 4

Ampek Nagari, there are several differences from the research above,

namely the online media platform used during the teaching and learning

process and researcher finding how teachers carried out online learning

activities during the covid-19 pandemic.

B. Conceptual Framework

This the research focuses on analyzing how the teacher’s and stude

nt’s of online English learning in the covid-19 pandemic at junior high sc

hool.This online learning of use Android computers, one of the applicatio

ns needed by teachers and students during the online learning process. This

study was conducted to describe how teachers can teach in the English

learning process using online media, so that students can understand the

online learning process during the covid19 period.

 In the middle of this pandemic, how teachers and students build go

od relationships when the online learning process is ongoing, especially in

online learning , there is a learning group, of course the teacher must be a

ble to provide supportive lessons, especially when learning English so that

students don't feel bored because the government has provided facilities ed

ucation so that teachers and students can take advantage of the online lear

ning system that has been provided by the government so that teachers and

students can learn without boundaries of time and space.

In the process of learning English at SMPN 4 Ampek Nagari in

Covid-19, the teacher uses several English skills that are often used,

namely speaking and writing. Online learning using a platform that is

often used by teachers, namely wahtsapp, because this platform students

can understand using the application in online learning. In this study,

researchers also looked at how students responded to online learning with

the methods applied by teachers at the school.

English Learning

Online Learning
Platform Online Learning

(WhatsApp)

The activity English

Teaching and Learning