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SYBA मराठ्यांचा इतिहास-2
SYBA मराठ्यांचा इतिहास-2
4.0 àñVmdZm 89
4.1 C{Ôï>o 90
4.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ 90
4.3 gmam§e 101
4.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX 102
4.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ 103
4.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ 104
7.0 àñVmdZm
"‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm d {dñVma' ¶m àH$aUm‘ܶo ‘wKb~mXemh Am¡a§JOo~mÀ¶m
{ZYZmZ§Va ‘wKb d ‘amR>m amOdQ>r‘ܶo gwê$ Pmbobo gÎmm§Va. àm‘w»¶mZo ‘wKbm§À¶m
H¡$XoVyZ emhÿamOm§Mr Pmbobr gwQ>H$m Am{U gwê$ Pmbobm gÎmmg§Kf©, emhÿamOm§Mo gÎmmJ«hU
Am{U ~mimOr {dídZmWm§Mm CX¶ d ˶m§Mr H$m‘{Jar, ~mimOr {dídZmWm§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va
~mOramdm§Mm noedo åhUyZ Pmbobm CX¶ Am{U ‘amR>mgÎmoMm CÎma d X{jUoV Pmbobm
{dñVma ¶m à‘wI ‘wÚm§À¶m AmYmao {ddoMZ H$ê$Z ‘amR>mgÎmoÀ¶m {dñVmamMm AmT>md KoVbm
Amho.
7.1 C{Ôï>o
Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXemhÀ¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§VaÀ¶m amOH$s¶ KS>m‘moS>tMm AmT>mdm KoUo. emhÿamOm§À¶m
gwQ>Ho$Z§Va ‘amR>çm§À¶m gÎmmg§KfmªMm ‘mJmodm KoUo. emhÿamOm§Mm {dO¶ Am{U gÎmmJ«hUmMr
dmQ>Mmb g‘OyZ KoUo. ‘amR>mamÁ¶mÀ¶m nwZñWm©nZoÀ¶m à{H«$¶oVrb ~mimOr {dídZmWm§Mo
¶moJXmZ d noedmB©À¶m CX¶mMr nmíd©^y‘r OmUyZ KoUo. n{hbo ~mOramd noedo Am{U
‘amR>mgÎmoÀ¶m {dñVmamMr ^y{‘H$m, YmoaUo d ‘mo{h‘m ¶m amOH$s¶ KS>m‘moS>tda àH$me
Q>mH$Uo,
Self-Instructional
Material 135
‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm
d {dñVma 7.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ
NOTES
7.2.1 N>ÌnVr emhÿ§Mr gwQ>H$m Am{U ‘hmamUr Vmam~mBªer g§Kf©
emhÿamOm§Mr ‘wKbm§À¶m H¡$XoVyZ gwQ>H$m
gZ 1689 ‘ܶo ‘amR>çm§Mr amOYmZr am¶JS> ‘wKbm§À¶m Vmã¶mV Joë¶mnmgyZ ¶ogy~mB©,
{edmOr (g§^mOrnwÌ) d N>ÌnVtÀ¶m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb AZoH$ 춳Vr ‘wKbm§À¶m H¡$XoV hmo˶m,
20 ’o$~«wdmar, 1507 amoOr Ah‘XZJa ¶oWo Am¡a§JOo~mMm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. ¶m KQ>Zo‘wio XmoZ
‘hÎdmÀ¶m KQ>Zm KS>ë¶m.
1. ‘wKb Am{U ‘amR>o ¶m§À¶mV gwê$ Agbobm g§Kf© Wm§~bm.
2. {XëbrMr JmXr {‘i{dʶmgR>r Am¡a§JOo~mÀ¶m dmagm§‘ܶo g§Kf© gwê$ Pmbm.
(emhZmXm ‘h§‘X AmÁO‘ - AmO‘emh ¶mZo Ah‘XZJa ¶oWo ¶oD$Z 14 ‘mM©,
1707 amoOr ñdV:bm ~mXemh åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo.) Amnbr gÎmm {ZYm}H$ H$aʶmgmR>r
AmO‘emh {XëbrÀ¶m amoImZo {ZKmbm AgVmZm H¡$XoV Agboë¶m emh§ÿMo H$m¶ H$am¶Mo
Agm àíZ AmOemhbm nS>bm. AmO‘emhMr N>mdUr Zo‘mS> àm§VmV ^monmiOdirb
Xmoamhm ¶m {R>H$mUr AgVmZm Pwpë’$H$maImZmÀ¶m AmJ«hmdê$Z AmO‘emhZo 8 ‘o, 1707
amoOr emhÿamOm§Zm H¡$XoVyZ ‘w³V$ Ho$bo. emhÿ§À¶m gwQ>Ho$~m~V Im’$sImZ Ago {b{hVmo H$s,
"{edmOr§Mm ZmVy amOm emhÿ ¶mO~amo~a Ppë’$H$maImZmMo Img Am{U K{Zð> g§~§Y hmoVo.
nydunmgyZM Vmo emhÿ§À¶m gd© H$ma^mamH$S>o AmñWmnyd©H$ bj XoV Ago. Pwpë’$H$maImZmZo
AmO‘emhbm {dZ§Vr H$ê$Z, emhÿ Am{U ˶mMo H$mhr gmo~Vr ¶m§Zm ‘w³V$ H$a{dbo.
emhÿamOm§À¶m gwQ>Ho$À¶m àg§Jr emhÿ Am{U AmO‘emhm ¶m§À¶mV EH$ H$ama Pmbm. ˶m‘ܶo,
emhÿ§Zm ‘wKbm§À¶m X{jUoH$S>rb gwä¶m§À¶m dgwbrMo A{YH$ma {Xbo Jobo. ˶mgmR>r, 1-
~mXemhr Vmã¶mV amhÿZ X{jUoV amÁ¶ H$amdo. àg§J nS>ob Voìhm ~mXemhMr ‘XV H$amdr.
‘wKbm§À¶m X{jUoH$S>rb ~wèhmUnya, ImZXoe, {dX^©, Jm|S>dZ, h¡Xam~mX d H$Zm©Q>H$ ¶m
ghm gwä¶m§V Mm¡WmB©, gaXoe‘wIr dgyb H$amdr. ¶ogy~mB© d BVa ‘§S>itZm ~mXemhH$S>o
Amobrg R>odmdo. ¶m H$amamÀ¶m gZXm ‘mJmdyZ nmR>{dʶmV ¶oVrb. B˶mXr VaVwXtMm
g‘mdoe hmoVm. B.g.1707 ‘ܶo emhÿ Am{U AmO‘emhm ¶m§À¶mV Pmbobm H$ama hm EH$m
AWm©Zo ‘amR>m amÁ¶mÀ¶m {dñVma à{H«$¶oMr Zm§Xr hmoVr, Ago åhQ>ë¶mg J¡a hmoUma Zmhr.
emhÿ Am{U Vmam~mB© g§Kf© :
g§^mOrnwÌ {edmOr (emhÿ) ¶mMr ‘wKbm§À¶m H¡$XoVyZ Pmbobr gwQ>H$m ho ‘amR>m
amÁ¶mVrb g§Kfm©Mo H$maU ~Zbo. ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmV emhÿ Am{U Vma~mB© Ago
nañna{damoYr {hVg§~§Y Agbobo XmoZ nj CX¶mbm Ambo. emh§ÿMo ‘hmaï´>mV AmJ‘Z hmoVmM
AZoH$ ‘amR>m gaXmam§Zr ˶m§Mo ñdmJV Ho$bo. ‘wKbm§{déÕ ~§S> H$aUmam ‘mohZqgJ amdi hm
Self-Instructional gd©àW‘ {~OJS> ¶oWo emh§yZm ¶oD$Z {‘imbm. emhÿ VmnrÀ¶m H$mR>r gwbVmZnya ¶oWo Ambo
Material 136 AgVmZm bm‘H$mZr ¶oWrb gwOZqgh amdi, A‘¥Vamd H$X‘~m§S>o, ~moH$sb, nwa§Xao, A~y
nm§S>o B˶mXr gaXma emhÿbm ¶oD$Z {‘imbo. Owb¡ 1707 n¶ªV emhÿ ImZXoemVM hmoVo. ‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñW-
¶m H$mbmdYrV nagmoOr ^mogbo, Zo‘mOr qeXo, h¡~Vamd qZ~miH$a, éñVw‘amd OmYd, m©nZm d {dñVma
{M‘UmOr Xm‘moXa B˶mXr ~bmT>ç gaXma emhÿamOm§g ¶oD$Z {‘imbo. Am°JñQ> 1707 ‘ܶo
emhÿ Ah‘XZJa ¶oWo Ambo. ˶mZ§Va emhÿ§Zr, "AmnUM ‘amR>m amÁ¶mMo dmag AmhmoV.' NOTES
Ago ˶m§Zr Kmo{fV Ho$bo. ¶m gw‘mamg gmVmam ho ‘amR>çm§Mo amOYmZr hmoVr. VoWyZM
‘hmamUr Vmam~mB© amÁ¶H$ma^ma nmhmV AgV. emhÿ§Zr ‘amR>mamÁ¶mÀ¶m dmagm~m~VMr
KmofUm Ho$ë¶m‘wio ˶m§Zr emhÿ§Zm {damoY H$aʶmMo R>a{dbo. emhÿ ho g§^mOramOm§Mo ‘wbJm
ZgyZ Vmo VmoV¶m Amho, Ago Vmam~mBªZr Omhra Ho$bo. ‘amR>çm§À¶m JmXrda Amnbm ‘wbJm
{edmOr (amOmam‘nwÌ) ¶mMmM h³H$ Amho. Agm Vmam~mBªMm Xmdm hmoVm. ˶m§À¶m ‘Vo
{edmOramOm§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$bobo ‘amR>m ñdamÁ¶ g§^mOr§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶y~amo~a d amOYmZr am¶JS>
‘wKbm§Zr KoVë¶mZ§Va g§nwï>mV Ambo. amOmam‘m§Zr ñdnamH«$‘mZo ZdrZ amÁ¶ g§nmXZ Ho$bo.
˶m‘wio ‘amR>mamÁ¶mda g§^mOr§Mm ‘wbJm emhÿ ¶mÀ¶mnojm amOam‘mMm ‘wbJm {edmOr
¶mMmM h³H$ Amho. ¶mdoir Vmam~mBªÀ¶m njmV naewam‘n§V à{V{ZYr, am‘M§Ðn§V A‘m˶
d YZmOr OmYd ¶m§gmaIr ‘mVã~a ‘§S>ir hmoVr. Vmam~mBªZr YZmOr OmYd ¶mÀ¶mH$S>o
goZmn[VnX {Xbo hmoVo. Vmam~mBªZr ‘amR>çm§À¶m ñdmV§Í¶¶wÕmV ‘wKb gÎmo{déÕ Omo g§Kf©
Ho$bm hmoVm. Vo nmhVm ‘amR>m amÁ¶mdarb Amnë¶m ‘wbmMm h³H$ gmoS>ʶmg ˶m V¶ma
Zìh˶m. ˶m‘wio ˶m§Zr emh§ÿMm amOJmXrdarb h³H$ A‘mݶ Ho$bm Am{U ˶m§Zm {damoY
H$aʶmMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo.
IoS>Mr bT>mB© :
(12 Am°ŠQ>m|~a, 1707) Am°ŠQ>mo§~a 1707 ‘ܶo emhÿ ZJabm AgVmZmM Vmam~mBªMo
g¡Ý¶ Amnë¶mda Mmb H$ê$Z ¶oV Amho ¶mMr ‘m{hVr ˶m§Zm {‘imbr. ˶m‘wio emhÿ§Zr
nwʶmÀ¶m X{jUog IoS> ¶m Jmdr OmD$Z Amnbm Vi R>moH$bm. emhÿ IoS> ¶oWo AgVmZm
Vma~mBªZr goZmnVr YZmOr OmYd ¶mg ’$m¡O KoD$Z emhÿ§da MmbyZ OmʶmMr Amkm
Ho$br. YZmOr~amo~a naewam‘ qÌ~H$hr ‘mo{h‘oV gm‘rb Pmbm. ¶m gaXmam§Zr IoS>n¶ªV
emh§ÿMm nmR>bmJ Ho$bm. IoS> ¶m {R>H$mUr à˶j ¶wÕ H$aʶmEodOr emhÿ§Zr Vmam~mBªMm
goZmnVr YZmOr OmYd ¶mbmM Amnë¶m njmV gm‘rb H$ê$Z KoVbo. ˶mZ§Va naewam‘
qÌ~H$mZo ñdV:À¶m {h‘Vrda H$mhr H$mi bT>m {Xbm. na§Vw ˶mMm {Q>H$md Z bmJë¶mZo
naewam‘n§Vm§Zm nam^d nËH$ê$Z niyZ Omdo bmJbo. dmagm g§Kfm©Vrb n{hë¶mM bT>mB©V
emhÿ§Zm {dO¶ {‘imbm. IoS>À¶m ¶m bT>mB©V {‘imboë¶m {dO¶mV namH«$‘mnojm ‘wËgÔo{Jar
‘hÎdmMr R>abr. IoS>À¶m bT>mB©V Vmam~mBªÀ¶m g¡Ý¶mbm nam^d nËH$amdm bmJbm. Va ¶m
{dO¶m‘wio emh§ÿMm AmË‘{dedmg dmT>bm.
emhÿ§Zr ñdamÁ¶mVrb ‘hÎdmMo {H$ëbo qOHy$Z KoVbo :
YZmOr OmYdm§gmaIm Pw§Oma goZmnVr emhÿ§À¶m JQ>mV gm‘rb Pmbm. ˶mÀ¶m ~amo~aM
I§S>mo ~ëbmi d ~mimOr {dídZmW ^Q> hohr emh§ÿH$S>o Ambo. emhÿamOm§Zr YZmOrg
goZmnVr nX {Xbo Va I§S>mo ~ëbmi ¶mg {MQ>[Ugr {Xbr. ˶mZ§Va emh§ÿZr AmH«$‘H$ YmoaU
ñdrH$mê$Z ñdamÁ¶mVrb ‘hÎdmMo {H$ëbo qOHy$Z KoʶmMo R>a{dbo.
emh§ÿZr gd©àW‘ amo{hS>m {H$ëbm Vmã¶mV KoVbm. ¶mdoir e§H$amOr Zmam¶U g{Md ho
amo{hS>çmda hmoVo. emhÿ Am{U Vam~mB© ¶m§À¶mVrb dmagmg§Kfm©‘wio g{Mdmbm Y³H$m ~gbm Self-Instructional
Material 137
‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm d ˶mZo AmË‘h˶m Ho$br. ˶mZ§Va emhÿ§Zr ˶mÀ¶m Hw$Qw>§~mMo gm§ËdZ H$ê$Z e§H$amOrMm
d {dñVma VmÝhm ‘wbJm - Zmamo e§H$a ¶mg g{MdnX {Xbo. amo{hS>çmÀ¶m àmßVrZ§Va emh§ÿZr VmaoUm,
amOJS>, am¶JS>,M§XZ-d§XZ ho {H$ëbo {O§Hy$Z KoVbo. ˶mZ§Va emh§ÿZr Amnbo bj amOYmZr
NOTES gmVmè¶mH$S>o di{dbo. Xaå¶mZÀ¶m H$mimV Vmam~mBªZr gmVmè¶mÀ¶m ajUmMr O~m~Xmar
naewam‘n§Vm§da gmon{dbr Am{U ñdV: nÝhmim {H$ëë¶mMm Aml¶ KoVbm. Aem n[apñWVrV
emh§ÿZr gmVmam {H$ëë¶mbm doT>m KmbʶmMr V¶mar Ho$br na§Vw gmVmè¶mMm {H$ëboXma eoI
{‘am ¶mZo emhÿ§À¶m Y‘H$sg Km~ê$Z ñdV: {H$ëbm emh§ÿÀ¶m Vmã¶mV {Xbm. emhyamOm§Zr
naewam‘n§V à{V{ZYr ¶mg H¡$X Ho$bo.
emh§ÿMm amÁ¶m{^foH$ :
emh§ÿZr gmVmaMm {H$ëbm qOHy$Z KoVbm. ˶mZ§Va ˶m§Zr 12 OmZodar, 1708 amoOr
ñdV:g amÁ¶m{^foH$ H$adyZ KoVbm. AmnU ‘amR>m amÁ¶mMo N>ÌnVr Pmë¶mMo g‘ma§^nyd©H$
Omhra Ho$bo Amnbo Aï>àYmZ ‘§S>i Omhra Ho$bo. ˶m‘ܶo, ~{hamon§V qnJio (‘moamon§V
qnJio ¶m§Mo nwÌ) - noedo, YZmOr OmYd - goZmnVr, Zmamo e§H$a - g{Md, am‘M§Ð nw§S>o
- ‘§Ìr, ‘hmXOr JXmYa- gw‘§V, A§~wamd hU‘§Vo - A‘m˶, hmoZmOr AZ§V- ݶm¶mYre,
‘wÒb ^Q> - n§{S>Vamd ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. nwT>o h¡~Vamd qZ~miH$amg gabîH$a åhUyZ
Zo‘bo.
emhÿamOm§Mm amÁ¶m{^foH$ Pmbm Agbm Var J¥hH$bh Q>mibm nm{hOo ¶m ^y{‘Ho$VyZ
emhÿ§Zr Vmam~mBªMr g‘OyV KmbʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm. ˶m§À¶m g‘mYmZmgmR>r dmaUm ZXrÀ¶m
X{jUog Agbobm àXoe - ˶mVrb {H$ëë¶m§gh Vmam~mBªMm ‘wbJm {edmOr Xþgam ¶m§À¶m
A{Yn˶mImbr amhrb Ago AídmgZ {Xbo. na§Vw Vma~mBªZr emhÿamOm§Mr ¶moOZm ’o$Q>miyZ
bmdbr. ˶m‘wio emhÿ§Zr dmagmàíZ eñÌ~imda gmoS>{dʶmMm {ZU©¶ KoVbm. ’o$~«wdmar
1708 ‘ܶo emhÿ§Zr nÝhmiçmbm doT>m KmVbm. na§Vw VËnyduM Vmam~mB© am§JUm {H$ëë¶mÀ¶m
Aml¶mbm {ZKyZ Joë¶m. ˶m‘wio emh§ÿZr nÝhmim, nmdZJS> d {demiJS> ho {H$ëbo
Vmã¶mV KoD$Z ‘mM© 1708 ‘ܶo am§Jʶmbm doT>m KmVbm. na§Vw emhÿ am§JʶmH$S>o ¶oV
AgVmZmM am‘M§Ðn§V A‘m˶m§À¶m gëë¶mZwgma Vma~mBªZr ‘mbdUH$S>o à¶mU Ho$bo.
Vmam~mBªMm goZmnVr {namOr KmoanS>o ¶mZo Zmamon§Vm§À¶m ‘XVrZo am§JʶmMm {H$ëbm bT>dbm.
nmdgm‘wio emh§ÿZm doT>m CR>dmdm bmJbm. ¶mM H$mimV 27 OyZ, 1708 amoOr dmaUoÀ¶m
H$mR>r dS>Jmd ¶oWo YZmOr OmYdmMm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm, hr ~mV‘r g‘Obr. ˶mZ§Va emhÿ§Zr
am§JʶmÀ¶m ‘mo{h‘oMr gyÌo nagmoOr ^mogbo ¶mÀ¶mH$S>o gmondyZ Vmo gmVmè¶mbm naV Ambm.
~hmXÿaemhg‘moa ‘amR>mamÁ¶mÀ¶m dmaemMr H¡${’$¶V :
Am¡a§JOo~Mm ‘wbJm emhAmb‘ ¶mZo {XëbrÀ¶m dmagm ¶wÕmV {dO¶ {‘idyZ ñdV:bm
"~hmXÿaemh' hm {H$Vm~ KoD$Z Vmo ‘wKb gm‘«mÁ¶mMm A{YnVr Pmbm. (Am¡a§JOo~
~mXemhÀ¶m ‘w˶yZ§Va AmO‘emh ¶mZo ñdV:bm ‘wKb ~mXemh åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo Agbo
Var ˶mbm CÎmaoV Joë¶mZ§Va dmagm ¶wÕmbm gm‘moao Omdo bmJbo. ˶mV OyZ 1707
‘ܶo AmO‘emh Am{U emhbm‘ ¶m§À¶mV bT>mB© hmoD$ ˶mV AmO‘emh ‘mabm Jobm.
¶m {dO¶mZ§Va emhAmb‘Zo ~hmXÿaemh hm {H$Vm~ YmaU H$ê$Z ‘wKb gm‘«mÁ¶mMr gyÌo
Amnë¶m hmVr KoVbr. X{jUoV ¶oD$Z ~hmXÿaemhZo H$m‘~j (Am¡a§JOo~mMm {Vgam ‘wbJm)
Self-Instructional ¶mMm h¡Xam~mXOdi nam^d H$ê$Z ˶mg R>ma Ho$bo. ¶m g§Kfm©V emh§ÿZr ~mXemhÀ¶m ~mOyZo
Material 138 bT>ʶmgmR>r Zo‘mOr qeXo ¶mg nmR>{dbo hmoVo.
B.g.1709 ‘ܶo ~hmXÿaemh Ah‘XZJa ¶oWo Ambm AgVmZm emhÿ§Mo à{V{ZYr JXmYa ‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñW-
àëhmX Am{U am¶^mZOr ¶m§Zr ~mXemhMr ^oQ> KoVbr Am{U X{jUoÀ¶m ghm gwä¶m§À¶m m©nZm d {dñVma
Mm¡WmB© Am{U gaXoe‘wIrÀ¶m gZXoMr ‘mJUr Ho$br. ¶mM doir Vma~mBªMm dH$sb ZJabm
~mXemhH$S>o ¶oD$Z ˶mZohr Vmam~mBªÀ¶mdVrZo gZXoMr ‘mJUr Ho$br. ¶mdoir Zì¶mZo dOra NOTES
Pmboë¶m ‘wZr‘ImZmZo Vmam~mBªMm nj ¶mo½¶ ‘mZbm. ˶mZwgma ~mXemhZo {ZU©¶ {Xbm. ¶m
{ZU©¶m‘wio ‘amR>çm§À¶m dmagm ¶wÕmbm A{YH$ ~i {‘imbo.
Self-Instructional
Material 146
~mOramdm§Mr ‘miì¶mMr ‘mJUr : ‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñW-
m©nZm d {dñVma
5 ‘mM©, 1736 amoOr ~mOramd Am{U O¶qgJ ¶m§Mr ^oQ> Pmbr. ¶mM dfr©
¶mXJmaImZmZo ~mOramdm§Mr ^oQ> KoVbr. ˶mÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ ~mOramdm§Zr ~mXemhH$S>o gd© NOTES
‘miì¶mMr Ohm[Jar {‘imdr, nÝZmg bmI én¶o IMm©g ÚmdoV. H$mer, à¶mJ, ‘Wwam
B˶mXr VrW©ñWmZo Am‘À¶m ñdmYrZ H$amdrV d X{jUoÀ¶m ghm gwä¶m§da gaXoenm§S>o åhUyZ
XmoZ Q>³Ho$$ Zdm H$a Amåhmg Úmdm Aem ‘mJʶm Ho$ë¶m. (~mOramdm§Zr ~mXemhH$S>o
Ho$boë¶m ¶m ‘mJʶm ~mOramdm§À¶m ‘hÎdmH$m§joda àH$me Q>mH$VmV.)
~mOramdm§Mr {Xëbrda ñdmar :
Zmoìh|~a 1736 ‘ܶo ~mOramd CÎmaoÀ¶m ñdmarda {ZKmbm. ˶mZo 80 hOmam§Mr ’$m¡O
Amnë¶m~amo~a KoVbr. ^obgm ¶oWo qeXo d hmoiH$a ~mOramdm§Zm ¶oD$Z {‘imbo. ˶m§Zm
~amo~a KoD$Z ~mOramdm§Zr ¶‘wZoÀ¶m ~mOyZo ~mXemhr ‘wbImV àdoe Ho$bm. ‘wKb ’$m¡Oobm
EH$[ÌV ¶oʶmnyduM ˶m§Mm nañna g‘mMma KoVbm. ’$Îmonya {eH«$s ¶oWrb ‘wKb ’$m¡Oobm
MwH$dyZ ~mOramd WoQ> {Xëbrbm Ambo. {XëbrVrb ‘wKb goZoer ~mOramdm§Mr Prb
Vbmdmda bT>mB© Pmbr. ˶mV ‘amR>m goZoZo ‘wKbm§Zm nam^yV Ho$bo.
{Xëbr dmM{dʶmgmR>r :
Zm{Xaemh ¶m VwH$s© ~mXemhZo {Xëbr qOHy$Z KoʶmgR>r ñdmar Ho$br. 13 ’o$~«wdmar,
17539 amoOr ‘wKb goZoZo ˶mÀ¶mda H$Zm©içmÀ¶m Vimdê$Z hëbm Ho$bm. na§Vw ˶mV
‘wKbm§MrM hmZr Pmbr. Zm{XaemhZo ~mXemh ‘h‘yXemh, {ZOm‘, gmXVImZ ¶m gdmªZmM
H¡$X H$ê$Z {Xëbrda ñdmar Ho$br. 7 ‘mM©, 1739 amoOr ˶mZo {Xëbr {O§Hy$Z ^¶§H$a
ñdê$nmMo A˶mMma Ho$bo. 100 H$moQ>tMr byQ> Ho$br d Vmo BamUbm naV Jobm. Zm{XaemhÀ¶m
ñdmarMr ~mV‘r emhÿamOm§Zm g‘Oë¶m‘wio nmVemhr dmM{dʶmgmR>r ~mOramdm§g VmVS>rZo
{XëbrH$S>o admZm Ho$bo. na§Vw ~mOramd ~wèhmUnyaOdi Ambm AgVmZmM Zm{Xaemh naV
Joë¶mMr ~mV‘r ˶m§Za {‘imbr.
X{jUoVrb ‘mo{h‘m
H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb gÎmm {dñVma :
Am¡a§JOo~À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va H$Zm©Q>H$mV gmXþëbm ImZ hm ‘wKb A{YH$mar gÎmm JmOdrV
hmoVm. VgoM H$Zm©Q>H$mV ga’$moOr ^mogbo, JwÎmrH$a ^mogbo d BVa qhXÿ amÁ¶H$V} Ago
XmoZ JQ> hmoVo. gmXþëbmImZ H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb Zdm~m§À¶m ‘XVrZo qhX§ÿZm N>iV hmoVm. Aem
n[apñWVrV {ZOm‘ X{jUoV ¶oV Amho, Aer dmVm© emhÿamOm§Zm g‘OVmM emhÿamOm§Zr
H$Zm©Q>H$ ‘mo{h‘oMo Am¶moOZ Ho$bo. gZ 1725-26 d 1726-27 Aem XmoZ ‘mo{h‘m
H$mT>ë¶m. N>ÌnVr {edmOramOm§Zr qOH$bobm àXoe {‘i{dUo, V§OmdaÀ¶m ga’$moOramOm§g
gmhmæ¶ H$aUo, nw§S> nmioJma d gmXþëbmImZ ¶m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aUo B˶mXr CÔoe R>odyZ
H$Zm©Q>H$ ‘mo{h‘oMo Am¶moOZ Ho$bo Jobo. noedo ~mOramd d ’$ÎmoqgJ ^mogbo ¶m§Mr ‘mo{h‘ogmR>r
Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br. ¶m ‘mo{h‘oV à{V{ZYr, qÌ~H$amd Xm^mS>o, gwbVmZOr qZ~miH$a gaXmam§Mm Self-Instructional
Material 147
‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm g‘mdoe hmoVm. ~amo~a 50,000 nÝZmg hOmam§Mr ’$m¡O hmoVr. gZ 1725- 26 ‘ܶo
d {dñVma ~mOramdm§Zr {MViXþJm©Mr ‘mohr‘ nyU© Ho$br. ¶m ‘mo{h‘oV ~mOramdm§Zr WH$boë¶m I§S>ʶm
dgyb Ho$ë¶m. gm|YoH$am§Zr emhÿamOm§Mo dM©ñd ‘mݶ H$ê$Z I§S>Ur XoʶmMo ‘mݶ Ho$bo.
NOTES ˶m~Xë¶mV ‘amR>çm§Zr ˶m§Mo ajʶmMo ‘mݶ Ho$bo. gZ 1726- 27 ‘ܶo lra§JnÅ>UMr
ñdmar hmVr KoVbr. ¶mdoir ~mOramd gm|Xo, bú‘oída ¶m ‘mJm©Zo ~oXZya ¶oWo nmohMbo. ¶m
‘mo{h‘oV ~mOramdm§Zr JwÎmr, gyanya, H$ZH$Xþ>J©, {MViXwJ©, JXJbú‘oída, ¶oWrb à‘wIm§Zr
~mOramdm§Mr ^oQ> KoD$Z ‘amR>mamÁ¶mg I§S>Ur XoʶmMo ‘mݶ Ho$bo. VgoM ~mOramdm§Zr
¶m ‘mo{h‘oV 21 bmIm§Mr I§S>Ur Jmoim Ho$br. ˶mMdoir {ZOm‘mZo H$moëhmnyaÀ¶m
g§^mOramOmÀ¶m ‘XVrZo nwʶmda ñdmar Ho$br. ˶m‘wio ~mOramdm§Zm naV ¶mdo bmJbo.
~mOramdm§À¶m H$m‘{JarMo ‘y붑mnZ :
‘amR>mamÁ¶mMm noedo ¶m Zm˶mZo ~mOramdm§Zr gZ 1720-1740 ¶m H$mbmdYrV
gVV drg df} A{dlm§V n[al‘ H$ê$Z AZoH$ ‘mo{h‘m H$mTy>Z ‘amR>m gm‘«mÁ¶mMm {dñVma
Ho$bm. {ZOm‘mgma»¶m ‘wËgÔr d YyV© eÌybm ˶mZo Zm‘moha‘ Ho$bo. nmoVw©JrO Am{U {gÔr
¶m§À¶m CnX²ì¶mnm§Zm H$m¶‘Mm Amim KmVbm. {Xëbrn¶ªV YS>H$ ‘mê$Z CÎmaoV XheV
{Z‘m©U Ho$br. aOnwVm§er ñZoh àñWm{nV H$ê$Z Amnë¶m amOH$maUmV ˶m§Mo ghH$m¶©
KoʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm.
7.3 gmam§e
‘amR>m amÁ¶mMr nwZñWm©nZm d {dñVma ¶m àH$aUm‘ܶo emhÿamOm§Mr ‘wKbm§À¶m H¡$XoVyZ
Pmbobr gwQ>H$m Am{U ‘amR>m amÁ¶mV gwê$ Pmbobo dmagm ¶wÕ ¶m§Mm ‘mJmodm KoVbobm
Amho. N>ÌnVr emhÿamOm§À¶m nwZñWm©nZoV d ‘amR>mamÁ¶mÀ¶m {dñVmamMr ¶moOZm ¶mVrb
noedo ~mimOr {dídZmWmMm gh^mJ ñnï> Ho$bobm Amho. ~mOramdm§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©Vrb
‘amR>mgÎmoÀ¶m {dñVmamMo AmH«$‘H$ YmoaU Am{U ‘amR>mgÎmoÀ¶m {dñVmamMm ‘mJmodm KoVbm
Amho. noedo ¶m Zm˶mZo ~mOramdm§Zr Ho$bobr H$m‘[Jar, ˶mZo A§VJ©V d ~mhç eÌy§er
Ho$bobm g§Kf© d ~mOramdm§À¶m H$m‘{JarMo ‘y붑mnZ Ho$bobo Amho.
Self-Instructional
Material 150
~mimOr ~mOramd noedo Am{U
nm{ZnVMm aUg§J«m‘
~mimOr ~mOramd
àH$aU 8 : ~mimOr ~mOramd noedo Am{U noedo Am{U...
aMZm
8.0 àñVmdZm
8.1 C{Ôï>o
8.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ
8.2.1 ~mimOr ~mOramd D$’©$ ZmZmgmho~ noedo
8.2.2 nm{ZnVMo {Vgao ¶wÕ : H$maUo Am{U n[aUm‘
8.2.3 ‘amR>çm§À¶m nam^dmMr H$maUo
8.3 gmam§e
8.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX
8.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
8.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
8.0 àñVmdZm
‘amR>m amÁ¶mÀ¶m A{YH$mam~m~V {dMma Ho$bm Va Ago {ZXe©Zmg ¶oVo H$s, emhÿamOm§À¶m
gÎmmJ«hUmZ§Va emhÿamOm§Zr Aï>àYmZ ‘§S>i ñWmnZ Ho$bo. na§Vw ^¡adn§V qnJio ¶m§Zm
Hw$bm~H$a Am§J«o ¶m§Zr H¡$X Ho$ë¶mZ§Va emh§ÿZr ~mimOrMo H$V©¥Ëd, gÎmmJ«hUmÀ¶m H$mimVrb
˶mMo ¶moJXmZ {dMmamV KoD$Z gZ 1713 ‘ܶo ~mimOrbm noedonX {Xbo. ~mimOrÀ¶m
‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va Vo nX ˶mMm namH«$‘r d ‘wËgÔr nwÌ ~mOramd ~miOr ¶mg {Xbo. ~mOramdm§Zr
‘amR>m gÎmoMm Ho$bobm {dñVma Am{U ˶mZo A§VJ©V d ~mhç eÌy§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV Ho$bm hmoVm.
¶m gd© ~m~r {dMmamV KoD$Z N>ÌnVr emhÿamOm§Zr {X. 25 OyZ, 1740 amoOr ~mimOr
~mOramd D$’©$$ ZmZmgmho~ ¶m§Zm noedonX {Xbo Jobo.
~mOramdm§À¶m à^mdmZo ‘amR>mamÁ¶mbm noedmB©Mo ñdê$n àmßV Pmbo hmoVo. nwUo ho ‘amR>m
amÁ¶H$ma^mamMo H|$Ð ~Zbo hmoVo. ZmZmgmho~m§Zr noedo nXmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. ˶mdoir
noeì¶m§À¶m O~m~Xmè¶m dmT>ë¶m hmo˶m. ‘ܶ ‘hmamï´> Am{U CÎma H$moH$U hm ^mJ
noeì¶m§À¶m à˶j dM©ñdmImbr ‘moS>V hmoVm. ImZXoe, ‘midm, ~w§XobI§S> ¶m àm§VmVyZ
Mm¡WmB© dgyb H$aʶmMm A{YH$ma noeì¶m§ZmM {‘imbm hmoVm. ‘amR>m ‘§S>im‘ܶo gdmªnojm
A{YH$ g¡Ý¶ noeì¶m§Odi hmoVo. ˶m§Mo Am{W©H$ A{YH$mahr ‘moR>o hmoVo. N>ÌnVr emh§ÿÀ¶m
dVrZo eÌwnjmer ¶wÕ dm Vh H$aʶmMm A{YH$ma noeì¶m§H$S>oM hmoVm. EH$m AWm©Zo
noedonmXmg d¡^d d gm‘϶© àmßV Pmbo hmoVo.
‘amR>m gÎmoMo gm‘϶o ¶m àH$aUm‘ܶo ZmZmgmho~ noedo ¶m§Mo A§Jr Agbobo JwU, Self-Instructional
˶m§Mr {dMmagaUr ¶mMm {dMma H$amd¶mMm Amho. noedo nXmg àmßV Pmbobo ‘hÎd, Material 153
~mimOr ~mOramd noeì¶m§Mo gm‘϶©, g¡Ý¶ d AW© gm‘϶©, n{hë¶m ~mOramdm§Mm Xamam ¶m nmíd©^y‘rda
noedo Am{U... ZmZmgmho~m§Zr ñdrH$mabobo gÎmm{dñVmamMo YmoaU, CÎma d X{jUoV Ho$boë¶m ‘mo{h‘m,
{ZOm‘, {gÔr, nmoVw©JrO ¶m§À¶mdarb ‘mo{h‘m ¶m§Mr ‘m{hVr ¿¶mdm¶Mr Amho. ‘amR>çm§Mo
NOTES A§VJ©V amOH$maU, ˶mVrb noedm Am{U ‘amR>m ‘§S>imVrb gaXma ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Y,
hr ~m~hr noedmB©Mm B{Vhmg nmhVmZm {dMmamV KoVbr Amho. ZmZmgmho~ noedo ¶m§À¶m
H$ma{H$Xr©V KS>bobr Am{U ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmda XÿaJm‘r n[aUm‘ H$aUmar KQ>Zm
åhUOo 1761 Mo nm{ZnVMo ¶wÕ hr hmo¶. ˶m~m~VMr ‘m{hVr àñVwV àH$aUmV ¿¶mdm¶Mr
Amho.
8.1 C{Ôï>o
emhÿamOm§À¶m H$mimVrb amOnX, Aï>àYmZ ‘§S>i d noedonX ¶m§Mo ñdê$n g‘OyZ KoUo,
ZmZmgmho~ noedo ¶m§À¶mH$mimVrb ‘amR>m ‘§S>imMr pñWVr Am{U gaXmam§Mo AmngmVrb
g§~§Ym§da àH$me Q>mH$Uo. ZmZmgmho~m§Zr CÎma d X{jUoV H$mT>boë¶m ‘mo{h‘m, ˶m§Mo ñdê$n
d ¶emn¶e ¶m§Mm ‘mJmodm KoUo. ‘amR>çm§À¶mM A§VJ©V eÌy d ˶m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aVmZm
ñdrH$mabobo YmoaU g‘OyZ KoUo. ‘amR>çm§Mo {ZOm‘, {gÔr, nmoVw©JrO ¶m naH$s¶ gÎmm§er
Agboë¶m g§~§Ym§da àH$me Q>mH$Uo. nm{ZnVÀ¶m ¶wÕmMm Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñï>rZo ‘mJmodm KoUo.
‘amR>m gÎmoMo gm‘϶© ¶m àH$aUm‘ܶo àm‘w»¶mZo ~mimOr ~mOramd D$’©$$ ZmZmgmho~ NOTES
noedo ¶m§À¶m H$a{H$Xr©V KS>boë¶m KS>m‘moS>tMm ‘mJmodm KoVbm Amho. ˶m‘ܶo àm‘w»¶mZo
ZmZmgmho~m§Zr gÎm{dñVmamgmR>r hmVr KoVboë¶m ‘mo{h‘m, CÎma d X{jUoVrb ‘amR>çm§À¶m
eÌy§à‘mUoM ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmVrb A§VJ©V H$bh d eÌy ¶m§Mm KoVbobm g‘mMma ¶m§da
àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. ZmZmgmho~m§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©Vrb ‘hÎdmMr KQ>Zm åhUOo nm{ZnVMo
¶wÕ. nm{ZnVda ñdmar H$aʶm‘mJrb noeì¶m§Mr ^y{‘H$m d ‘mo{h‘oMo CXoe, ‘mo{h‘oMr
dmQ>Mmb, ‘mo{h‘oVrb ‘hÎdmÀ¶m KQ>Zm ¶m§da àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. nm{ZnVMr ‘mohr‘,
AãXmbrer ‘amR>çm§Zr Ho$bobo ¶wÕ Am{U nam^dmV Pmbobo ZwH$gmZ ¶m~m~V ‘m{hVr KoD$Z
¶m ¶wÕmMo n[aUm‘ d nam^dmMr ‘r‘m§gm Ho$bobr Amho.
Self-Instructional
Material 168
‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm
‘amR>m gÎmoMr
àH$aU 9 : ‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm nwZñWm©nZm
NOTES
aMZm
9.0 àñVmdZm
9.1 C{Ôï>o
9.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ
9.2.1 Wmoabo ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Mr H$m‘{Jar
9.2.2 Zmam¶Uamd d gdmB© ‘mYdamd noedo Am{U ~ma^mB©
9.2.3 aKwZmWamd Am{U ~ma^mB© g§Kf©
9.3 gmam§e
9.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX
9.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
9.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
9.0 àñVmdZm
nm{ZnVÀ¶m nam^dmZ§Va {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m à{VHy$b n[apñWVrV ‘amR>mamÁ¶mMr
O~m~Xmar ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Zr à^mdrnUo {Z^mdbr. ˶m§Zr {eñVrÀ¶m, H$m¶©j‘VoÀ¶m
d H$V¥©ËdmÀ¶m Omoamda AZoH$ AmìhmZm§Zm g‘W©nUo Vm|S> XoD$Z ‘amR>m amÁ¶mbm nydr©Mo d¡^d
{‘idyZ {Xbo. ‘mYdamdm§À¶m AH$mbr ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va aKwZmWamdm§Mr noedonX {‘i{dʶmMr
‘hÎdmH$m§jm Am{U H$Q>H$mañWmZo ¶mV Zmam¶Uamd noedo ¶m§Zm noedonXma H$m‘ H$aVmZm
AZoH$ AS>MUr Amë¶m. VgoM aKwZmWamdm§Zr noedo nX {‘i{dʶmÀ¶m H$mañWmZmV
Zmam¶Uamdm§Mr h˶m H$a{dbr. ¶m KS>m‘oS>tMm ‘mJmodm KoVbm Amho. Zma¶Uamdm§Mr h˶m
Am{U ˶mZ§Va {Z‘mU Pmboë¶m n[apñWVrV ~ma^mB© ‘§S>i Am{U aKwZmWamd ¶m§Mo g§~§Y
d g§Kf©, gdmB© ‘mYdamdm§Mo gÎmmJ«hU Am{U ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmV B§J«Om§Mm hñVjon
¶m§Mm ‘mJmodm KoVbm Amho.
9.1 C{Ôï>o
Wmoabo ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Mo H$m¶© d H$V©wËdmMm ‘mJmodm KoUo. n[apñWVr OmUyZ KoUo,
‘mYdamdm§À¶m AH$mbr {ZYZm‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmbobr n[apñWVrMm AmT>mdm KoUo. Zma¶Uamd
noedo ¶m§Mo nXJ«hU Am{U ˶m§À¶m g‘moaMr AmìhmZo g‘OyZ KoUo. Zma¶Uamdm§À¶m h˶oZ§Va
{Z‘m©U Pmbobr n[apñWVr Am{U ~ma^mB© ‘§S>imÀ¶m ¶moJXmZmMm ‘mJmodm KoUo. ~ma^mB©
Am{U aKwZmWamd ¶m§À¶mVrb g§Kfm©V B§J«Om§Mm ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmVrb hñVjonmda Self-Instructional
àH$me Q>mH$Uo. Material 171
‘amR>m gÎmoMr
nwZñWm©nZm 9.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ
NOTES
9.2.1 Wmoabo ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Mr H$m‘{Jar
Wmoabo ‘mYdamd noedo :
~mimOr ~mOramd D$’©$ ZmZmgmho~ ¶m§Mr nËZr JmonrH$m~mB© ¶m§Zm {dídmgamd,
‘mYdamd, ¶ed§Vamd, ‘moaoída d Zmam¶Uamd Aer nmM An˶o Pmbr. ˶m§n¡H$s ¶ed§V
d ‘maoída ho AënH$mimVM ‘¥Ë¶y nmdbo. {dídmgamd gXm{edamd^mD$ ¶m§À¶m g‘doV
nm{ZnVÀ¶m ‘mo{h‘oda Jobo. VoWoM ˶m§Mm Jmoir bmJyZ ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. ZmZmgmho~ noeì¶m§À¶m
{ZYZmZ§Va ‘mYdamd ho d¶mÀ¶m gmoimì¶m dfr© noedo Pmbo. ‘mYdamdm§Mm OÝ‘ 16
’o$~«wdmar, 1745 amoOr e{Zdmar gmdZya ¶oWo Pmbm. ˶mdoir ZmZmgmho~ ‘mo{h‘oÀ¶m
dmQ>oda gmdZyabm hmoVo. gmdZyaÀ¶m Zdm~mg§~§Yr {b{hboë¶m "{XboaO§Jr' ¶m nwñVH$mV
‘mYdamdm§À¶m OÝ‘g§~§YmZo Agm CëboI ¶oVmo H$s, " ~mb ~mb§{VUrg gdUyamg R>oD$Z
AmnU IwÔ ’$m¡OogwÕm {ZKmoZ Jobo. Zdm~ gmho~m§Zr ~mb§{VUrMo d ‘wbmMo Mm§Jë¶m arVrZo
g§ajU H$ê$Z H$mhr {Xdgm§Z§Va ˶m§g C§Mr dñÌnmÌ XoD$Z d ‘wbmMo A§Jmda Odmhra
d ‘moVMo Xm{JZo R>oD$Z ~amo~a bmoH$ dJ¡ao XoD$Z nwʶmg admZm Ho$bo.' 20 Owb¡, 1761
amoOr ‘mYdamdm§Zm Vmam~mBªÀ¶m g§‘VrZo d N>ÌnVr am‘amOo ¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z gmVmè¶mÀ¶m
Xa~mamV noedmB©Mr dñÌo {‘imbr. {ZiH§$R> ‘hmXod D$’©$$ Am~m nwa§Xao ¶m§Zm ‘wVmbrH$sMr
d gImam‘~mny ~moH$sb ¶m§Zm {XdmU[JarMr dñÌo XoʶmV Ambr. ¶mdoir amKmo~mXmXm
ho ‘mYdamdm§~amo~a hmoVo. gZ 1761 Vo 1772 ¶m H$mimV gw‘mao AH$am df} ‘amR>m
gm‘«mÁ¶m§Mo noedo åhUyZ ‘mYdamdm§Zr H$m‘{Jar Ho$br.
‘mYdamdm§g‘moarb AmìhmZo :
‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Zr noedonXmMr dñÌo ñdrH$mabr Vmo H$mb amOH$s¶Ñï>çm A{Ve¶
A§XmYw§XrMm hmoVm. nm{ZnVÀ¶m nam^dm‘wio ‘amR>mgÎmobm ‘moR>m hmXam ~gbm hmoVm.
AãXmbrZo {Xëbr gmoSy>Z A’$Jm{UñWmZbm OmVmZm {XëbrÀ¶m ~mXemhrda AbrJm¡ha
VWm Xþgam emhAmb‘ ¶m§Mr à{Vð>mnZm Ho$br hmoVr. Va JmPrCÔrZbm dOranX {Xbo
hmoVo. na§Vw ˶mMo ~mXemher nQ>V Zgë¶mZo emhAmb‘Zo gyOmCÔm¡bm ¶mbm dOra nXmda
Zo‘bo hmoVo. CÎmao‘ܶo OmQ>, amo{hbo, ~w§Xobo, aOnyV ¶m§Zr ‘amR>çm§Zm CÎmaoVyZ hmQ>{dʶmMm
M§J ~m§Ybm hmoVm. CÎmaoà‘mUoM X{jUoVhr ‘amR>çm§Zm ’$maer AZwHy$b n[apñWVr ZìhVr.
h¡Xam~mXÀ¶m {ZOm‘AbrZo gZ 1762 ‘ܶo Amnbm ^mD$ gbm~VO§J ¶mbm Xÿa H$ê$Z
ñdV: h¡Xam~mXÀ¶m {ZOm‘mÀ¶m JmXrda ~gbm hmoVm. ˶mbmhr ‘amR>mamÁ¶mV {Z‘m©U
Pmboë¶m ApñWa n[apñWVrMm ’$m¶Xm ¿¶m¶Mm hmoVm. B§J«Om§Zmhr H$moH$UmV àdoe H$am¶Mm
hmoVm.
‘mYdamd EH$m nÌmV Agm CëboI H$aVmV H$s, "{ZOm‘Abr d h¡Xa ZmB©H$ XmoZ eÌy
‘moR>o; ¶mIoarO B§JaoO h~er ¶mMmhr noM H$moH$Uàm§Vo. Eogo {Vhoar noMm‘wio Xm¡bV ‘amR>r
Self-Instructional g§H$Q>mV Amho.' ¶m{edm¶ ‘moR>o g§H$Q> J¥hH$bhm‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmbo hmoVo. ‘mYdamdm§Mm
Material 172
MwbVm ¶mbm noedo ìhm¶Mo hmoVo. Vmo A˶§V ‘hÎdmH$m§jr Agë¶mZo ‘mYdamdm§Zm ~mOybm ‘amR>m gÎmoMr
gmê$Z AmnUM noedonX {‘i{dʶmMm ˶mZo KmQ> KmVbm hmoVm. na§Vw ‘mYdamdm§Mm EH$ nwZñWm©nZm
gëbmJma ~ZyZ ˶mbm amhmdo bmJbo hmoVo. ‘mYdamdm§Zm ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aʶmEodOr ˶mZo
{Za{Zamir H$maUo H$mTy>Z ˶m§À¶mer g§Kf© H$aʶmMo YmoaU A§JrH$mabo hmoVo. NOTES
ZmJnyaH$a ^mogbo ¶m§Zm Va gmVmè¶mÀ¶m JmXrMr hmd gwQ>br hmoVr. gm‘«mÁ¶mMm
[aVm I{OZm, AZw^dr 춳VrMr dmUdm, eÌy§Mm gwigwimQ> Aem à{VHy$b n[apñWVrV
‘mYdamdm§Zr noedonXmMr gyÌo hmVr KoVbr hmoVr.
‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm :
nm{ZnVÀ¶m nam^dm‘wio ‘amR>mamÁ¶mMr Or XþamdñWm Pmbr hmoVr ˶mVyZ ‘mJ©
H$mT>ʶmgmR>r d ‘amR>mamÁ¶mMr nwZñWm©nZm H$aʶmgmR>r ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Zr X{jUoVrb
eÌy§Mm g‘mMa KoUo d ˶m§Zm nm¶~§X KmbʶmgmR>r ‘mo{h‘m§Mo Am¶moOZ Ho$bo. ˶m‘ܶo
CÎmaoVrb ‘mo{h‘m, X{jUoVrb ‘mo{h‘m d A§VJ©V eÌy§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aʶmgmR>r à¶ËZ Ho$bo.
Self-Instructional
Material 178
B§J«O d {gÔr {déÕ ‘mohr‘ : ‘amR>m gÎmoMr
gÎmoda ¶oVmM OmZodmar 1773 ‘ܶo B§J«Om§À¶m H$madm¶m§Zm Amim KmbʶmgmR>r nwZñWm©nZm
Zmam¶Uamdm§Zr qÌ~H$ {dZm¶H$ ¶mg gagw^m ho nX XoD$Z ˶mbm B§J«Om§{déÕÀ¶m ‘mo{h‘oda
nmR>{dbo. qÌ~H$ {dZm¶H$mZo H¥$îUmOr Ywin ¶mÀ¶m ‘XVrZo B§J«Om§Zm {dO¶XþJm©nmgyZ ‘mJo NOTES
hQ>{dbo. ¶mM H$mimV O§{Oè¶mÀ¶m {gÔrZo am¶JS> {O§H$ʶmMo à¶ËZ Ho$bo hmoVo. ˶mdoir
Zmam¶Uamdm§Zr ’$m¡O nmR>dyZ am¶JS> {H$ëbm Amnë¶m {Z¶§ÌUmImbr AmUbm. 18 ‘mM©,
1773 amoOr Aßnm h[a ¶mZo noed|À¶mdVrZo am¶JS> Vmã¶mV KoVbm.
Zmam¶Uamdm§g‘moarb Am{W©H$ g‘ñ¶m :
noedo H$mimV ‘amR>çm§Mo amOH$aU Am{U Am{W©H$ g‘ñ¶m ho EH$ g‘rH$aUM ~Zbo
hmoVo. ñdV: ‘mYdamd noedohr Am{W©H$ g‘ñ¶o‘wio h¡amU Pmbo hmoVo. ¶m~m~VMr qMVm
˶m§Zr Amnë¶m ZD$ H$b‘r ‘¥Ë¶wnÌm‘ܶohr 춳V Ho$br hmoVr. ˶mV "Xm¡bVrMo H$O©'
{ZdmaʶmÀ¶m g§X^m©V {b{hbo hmoVo. Zmam¶Uamd gÎmoda Ambo Voìhm Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr
IynM T>mgmibr hmoVr. ZmoH$am§Mo d {enm¶m§Mo nJmahr doioda H$aUo eŠ¶ ZìhVo.
B§J«Om§Mm hñVjon :
Amnë¶m amOH$maUmV B§J«Om§Mm hñVjon hmoUma Zmhr ¶m~m~V ‘mYdamd noedo gmdYmZ
hmoVo. na§Vw ‘mYdamdm§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va AënmdYrVM B§J«OmZr R>mUo, dgB©, {dO¶XþJ©, aËZm{Jar
B˶mXr {R>H$mUm§da hëbo gwê$ Ho$bo. B§J«Om§Mo dmT>Vo AmH«$‘U hr ZmamUamdm§nwT>o EH$ Zdr
g‘ñ¶m C^r am{hbr.
ZmJnyaH$a ^mogbo ¶m§Mo dmagm àH$aU :
ZmJnyaMm Hw$b‘wI˶ma OmZmoOr ^mogbo ¶mMm ‘o 1772 ‘ܶo ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. ˶mZ§Va
‘wYmoOr Am{U gm~mOr ¶m§À¶m‘ܶo gÎmogmR>r g§Kf© gwê$ Pmbm. ¶m g§Kfm©V Zmam¶Uamdm§Zr
gm~mOrMr ~mOy KoVbr Va aKwZmWamdm§Zr ‘wYmoOrg nmqR>~m {Xbm. ‘wYmoOrMm nj KoD$Z
aKwZmWamdm§Zr CKS> CKS> H$madm¶m gwê$ Ho$ë¶m. ˶m‘wio Zmam¶Uamdm§Zr ˶m§À¶mda ZOa
R>odbr.
à^y§Mo àH$aU :
Zmam¶Uamdm§À¶m H$mimV à^y§À¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ EH$m gm‘m{OH$ àíZmZo dmXi {Z‘m©U
Ho$bo hmoVo. nwʶmVrb ~«h²‘d¥§XmZo à^y§Zm doXmo³V H$‘} H$aʶmMm A{YH$ma Zmhr Agm {ZU©¶
{Xbm hmoVm. ¶m {ZU©¶mbm Zmam¶Uamd {damoY H$ê$ eH$bm Zmhr. ˶m‘wio à^y bmoH$m§‘ܶo
ZmamOr {Z‘m©U Pmbr. ¶m gd© àíZm§‘wio Zmam¶Uamdm§g‘moa AZoH$ ñdê$nmMo noM {Z‘m©U
Pmbo.
noedo Zmam¶Uamdm§Mr h˶m :
Zmam¶Uamdm§g noedonX {‘imë¶mZ§Va {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m amOH$s¶, Am{W©H$ d
gm‘m{OH$ n[apñWVrÀ¶m nmíd©^y‘rda e{ZdadmS>çmV Zmam¶Uamd noeì¶m§Mr h˶m Pmbr.
¶m àg§JmMm ‘mJmodm KoVm Ago {XgyZ ¶oVo H$s, ZmZmgmho~m§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va noedo nXmda
AmnbmM A{YH$ma Amho, Ago aKwZmWamdm§g dmQy> bmJbo hmoVo. ˶m‘wio ‘mYdamdm§À¶m Self-Instructional
Material 179
‘amR>m gÎmoMr H$mimV amKmo~mXmXmZo AZoH$ à¶ËZ Ho$bo na§Vw ‘mYdamdm§À¶m {ZJ«hr YmoaUm‘wio ˶mbm ¶e
nwZñWm©nZm Ambo Zmhr. ˶m‘wio ‘mYdamdm§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va noedonX {‘i{dʶmgmR>r amKmo~mZo à¶ËZ Ho$bo.
˶mV ZmJnyÀ¶m ^mogbo àH$aUmdê$Z Zmam¶Uamdm§Zr XmXmg H¡$X Ho$bo hmoVo. ˶m‘wio {MSy>Z
NOTES XmXmZo Zmam¶Uamdm§g g§ndyZ noedonX {‘i{dʶmMm ‘mJ© ñdrH$mabm. Zmam¶Uamdm§À¶m
IwZmMo H$mañWmZ aMyZ H$m¶©dmhr Ho$br Jobr. amKmo~mXmXmMr gÎmm {‘i{dʶmMr Agwar
‘hÎdmH$m§jm ho ZmamUamdm§À¶m IwZmMo EH$ à~i H$maU ~Zbo. noeì¶m§Mr Am{W©H$
XþamdñWm ho Xþgao ‘hÎdmMo H$maU hmoVo. ˶mH$mimV e{ZdmadmS>çmV AZoH$ JmaXr Zmoarg
hmoVo. gwajm Xbm‘ܶo H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m ¶m JmaÚm§Mo nJma WHy$ bmJë¶m‘wio ˶m§À¶m‘ܶo
Ag§Vmof {Z‘m©U Pmbm hmoVm. ‘h§‘X ¶wgw’$, ~hmXÿaImZ, gw‘oaqgJ d IaH$qgJ ho JmaÚm§Mo
Mma à‘wI hmoVo. JmaÚm§‘Yrb Am{W©H$ Ag§VmofmMm ’$m¶Xm KoD$Z aKwZmWamdm§Zr ˶m§Zm
Zmam¶Uamdm§À¶m H$Q>m‘ܶo gm‘rb H$ê$Z KoVbo. ˶mM~amo~a nwʶmVrb ~«h²‘d¥§X Am{U
à^y ¶m§À¶m‘ܶo {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m Ym{‘©H$ d gm‘m{OH$ àíZm§‘wio Ag§Vmof {Z‘m©U Pmbm
hmoVm. ¶m~amo~aM EH$ ‘hÎdmMo H$maU åhUOo Zmam¶Uamdm§Mo d¶, AZw^d, ‘wËgÔo[Jar
d namH«$‘ ¶m gd© ~mOyZo Zma¶Uamd H$‘Hw$dV hmoVo. ˶m‘wio noeì¶m§Mr h˶m H$aʶmMo
YmS>g Ho$bo Jobo.
noedo Zmam¶Uamdm§{déÕ H$mañWmZo :
Zmam¶Uamdm§Zr aKwZmWamdm§g H¡$XoV R>odë¶m‘wio amKmo~mXmXm XþImdbo d ˶m§Zr
ZmamUamdm§g H¡$X H$ê$Z ñdV: H$ma^ma H$aʶmgmR>r H$mañWZo gwê$ Ho$br. ¶m H$Q>mV
^dmZamd à{V{ZYr, gImam‘ h[a, gImam‘~mny ~moH$sb, qMVmo {dÇ>b d Vwiçm ndma
¶m§Mm gh^mJ hmoVm. Vwiçm ndmamZo JmaÚm§À¶m à‘wIm§Zm n¡emMr bmbyM XmI{dbr.
H$ma^mè¶m§Zr ˶m§À¶mer VrZ bmIm§Mm H$ama H$ê$Z {Xbm. H$Q>mÀ¶m ¶moOZoZwgma 30
Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1773 amoOr XþnmaÀ¶m àhar e{Zdma dmS>çmV Zmam¶Uamd noedo {dlm§Vr KoV
AgVmZm gw‘mao nmMeo bmoH$ dmS>çmV Kwgbo. JmaÚm§Zr Zmam¶Uamdm§a hëbm Ho$bm. ˶mV
BÀN>mam‘n§V T>oao ho ‘ܶo Amë¶mZo ‘mabo Jobo. XodKamV Agbobm Zmamo~m ’$mQ>H$ ¶mbm
noedo g‘OyZ R>ma Ho$bo Jobo. ˶mZ§Va IaH$qgJ, gw‘oaqgJ d Vwiçm ndma ¶m§Zr noeì¶m§Mm
nmR>bmJ Ho$bm. ñdV:Mm ~Mmd H$aʶmgmR>r Zmam¶Uamdm§Zr aKwZmWamdm§À¶m XmbZmH$S>o
Ymd KoVbr. ˶mdoir amKmo~mXmXm nyOoV ‘½Z hmoVo. Zmam¶Uamdm§Zr amKmo~mXmXm ¶m§Zm ~mMmd
H$aʶmMr {dZ§Vr Ho$br. ˶mMm H$mhrhr Cn¶moJ Pmbm Zmhr. MmnmOr {Q>ioH$a d Zmamo~m
’$mQ>H$ ho ZmamUamdm§À¶m ‘XVrg YmdyZ Ambo AgVmZm JmaÚm§Zr ˶m§Zmhr R>ma ‘mabo.
Vwiçm ndmamZo Zmam¶Uamdm§g Yabo d gw‘oaqgJmZo VbdmarMo dma H$ê$Z Zmam¶Uamdm§g
R>ma Ho$bo. ¶m àH$aUmV EH§$Xa gmV ~«m÷U, EH$ hþOè¶m, EH$ ZmB©H$, XmoZ Hw$U{~Zr d
EH$ Jm¶ R>ma ‘mabr Jobr. IwZmÀ¶m àH$aUmZ§Va aKwZmWamdm§Zr ’$S>mda ¶oD$Z ^dmZamd
à{V{ZYrÀ¶m ‘XVrZo {R>H${R>H$mUr Amnbo nhmao ~g{dbo. ¶m àH$mamZ§Va XmXm ñdV:
JmaÚm§Mo H¡$Xr ~Zbo. JmaÚm§Zr aKwZmWamdm§H$S>o nwa§Xa, ZJa d gmï>r ho VrZ {H$ëbo d ~{jg
åhUyZ nmM bmI én¶o ‘m{JVbo. Am{U hr a³H$‘ {‘imbr Zmhr Va A{b~hmXÿa ¶mg
noedo H$aʶmMr Y‘H$s {Xbr. ^dmZamd à{V{ZYr ¶m§À¶m ‘ܶñVrZo nmM bmI én¶o XoD$Z
JmaÚm§Mm àíZ gmoS>{dbm. Zmam¶Uamdm§À¶m IwZmÀ¶m àH$mam‘wio nwʶmV d ‘amR>mamÁ¶mV
d¡’$ë¶ d CÛoJmMr ^mdZm ngabr. gImam‘~mny, ~m~yOr ZmB©H$, ZmZm’$S>Urg B˶mXr
Self-Instructional ‘wËgÚm§Zr aKwZmWamdm§Mm {ZfoY Ho$bm.
Material 180
Am¡Q> KQ>Ho$Mo noedo aKwZmWamd : ‘amR>m gÎmoMr
nwZñWm©nZm
aKwZmWamdm§Zr Amnbm ‘wbJm A‘¥Vamd ¶mg gmVmè¶mg N>ÌnVtH$S>o nmR>dyZ noedmB©Mr
dñÌo AmUdbr. Amnë¶m ZmdmMm {e³H$m Ho$bm. ˶mVyZ N>ÌnVr am‘amOm§Mo Zmd dJibo. NOTES
AmioJmdr noedmB©À¶m dñÌm§Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. 31 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1773 amoOr aKwZmWamdm§Zr
ñdV:g noedo åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo. Zmam¶Uamdm§À¶m IwZmMr Mm¡H$er H$aUmè¶m am‘emñÌr
à^wUo ¶m§Zr aKwZmWamdm§Zm Xmofr R>a{dbo d XohX§S>mMr {ejm R>moR>mdbr. na§Vw gÎmm§Y
Pmboë¶m aKwZmWamdm§Zr am‘emñÌr à^wUo ¶m§Zm ݶm¶mYre nXmdê$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$bo. ‘amR>m
amÁ¶mVrb ApñWaVoMm ’$m¶Xm KoD$ H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb àXoemV h¡XaAbrZo hëbo gwê$ Ho$bo.
aKwZmWamdm§Zr h¡XaMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aʶmgmR>r H$Zm©Q>H$mMr ‘mohr‘ hmVr KoVbr. H$Zm©Q>H$
‘mo{h‘ogmR>r aKwZmWamdm§Zr nwUo gmoS>bo, hr g§Yr gmYyZ ZmZm ’$S>Urg d BVa ‘wËgÚm§Zr
˶mÀ¶m {daoYmV H$mañWmZ C^o Ho$bo.
~ma^mB© ‘§S>imMm H$ma^ma :
aKwZmWamd H$Zm©Q>H$mÀ¶m ‘mo{h‘oda Joë¶mMo nmhÿZ noedmB©Vrb ‘wËgÚm§Zr EH$
¶moOZm AmIbr. ˶m‘ܶo IwZr aKwZmWamdm§Mr noedonXmdê$Z hH$mbnÅ>r H$amdr Am{U
Zmam¶Uamdm§À¶m dmagmÀ¶m ZmdmZo ‘wËgÚm§Zr amÁ¶mMm H$ma^ma nmhmdm. Ago R>a{dʶmV
Ambo. ¶m ¶moOZobm "~ma^mB©Mo H$mañWmZ' ¶m ZmdmZo g§~moYbo Jobo. ¶m ¶moOZoMo ‘w»¶
gyÌYma ZmZm ’$S>Urg d gImam‘~mny ~moH$sb ho hmoVo. ˶m§À¶m{edm¶, ‘hmXOr qeXo,
VwH$moOr hmoiH$a, h[an§V ’$S>Ho$, qÌ~H$amd noR>o, ~m~yOr ZmB©H$, ^dmZamd à{V{ZYr,
‘mamo~m ’$S>Urg, ‘mbmoOr KmoanS>o, amñVo d nQ>dY©Z ¶m Xhm gaXmam§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
Zmam¶Uamdm§Mr h˶m Pmbr ˶mdoir ˶mMr nËZr J§Jm~mB© hr JamoXa hmoVr {Vbm gwa{jV ñWir
ZodyZ R>odm¶Mo. aKwZmWamdm§Mm nam^d H$amd¶mMm. Am{U J§Jm~mBªÀ¶m hmoUmè¶m nwÌmÀ¶m
dVrZo noedmB©Mm H$ma^ma Mmbdm¶Mm, Ago ~am^mBªZo R>a{dbo. ‘wËgÚm§Zr J§Jm~mB©bm nwa§Xa
{H$ëë¶mda gwa{jV R>odbo Am{U 17 OmZodmar, 1774 amoOr ‘amR>oemhrÀ¶m H$ma^mamMr
gyÌo Amnë¶mH$S>o KoVbr. ‘amR>m gm‘«mÁ¶mVrb hr EH$ ‘moR>r H«$m§Vr hmoVr. aKwZmWamd
CÎmaoH$S>o nbm¶Z H$arV AgVmZm BH$S>o ‘amR>m amÁ¶mV nwa§Xa {H$ëë¶mda Zmam¶Uamdm§Mr
nËZr J§Jm~mB© 18 E{àb, 1774 amoOr àgyV Pmbr. {Vbm ‘wbJm Pmbm. ¶m ‘wbmMo
Zmd ‘mYdamd Zmam¶Uamd D$’©$ "gdmB© ‘mYdamd' Ago R>odʶmV Ambo Am{U d¶mÀ¶m
Mmirgmì¶m {Xder 28 ‘o, 1774 amoOr ˶mbm ‘amR>mamÁ¶mMm noedo åhUyZ Kmo{fV
H$aʶmV Ambo.
9.3 gmam§e
¶m àH$aUm‘ܶo ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§À¶m noedonXmÀ¶m H$ma{H$Xr©Vrb ‘hÎdmÀ¶m
amOH$s¶ KS>m‘moS>tda àH$me Q>mH$bobm Amho. B.g.1761 ‘ܶo Pmboë¶m nm{ZnVmVrb
‘amR>çm§À¶m XméU nam^dmÀ¶m nmíd©^y‘rda ‘mYdamdm§Zr Amnbm namH«$‘ d ‘wËgÔo[JarÀ¶m
Omoamda ‘amR>m gm‘«mÁ¶mMo Ho$bobo nwZéÁOrdZ hr ~m~ ‘mYdamdm§Mo ‘hÎd ñnï> H$aVo.
Ad¿¶m AH$am dfmªÀ¶m Aën H$ma{H$Xr©V ‘mYdamdm§Zr Ho$boë¶m H$m‘[JarMm ‘mJmodm
Kobobm Amho. VgoM ‘mYdamdm§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m n[apñWVrMm ‘mJmodm KoVbm
Amho. ˶m‘ܶo aKwZmWamdm§Mr ‘hÎdmH$m§jm, Zmam¶Uamdm§Mo noedo nX Am{U ˶m§Mr h˶m
Am{U ˶mZ§Va ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmMo ~bbobo ñdê$n, ‘amR>çm§Mm A§VJ©V H$bh,
~ma^mB© Am{U ˶m§Mo ¶moJXmZ ¶mda àmH$e Q>mH$bm Amho. aKwZmWamdm§Mr gÎmm{nnmgyd¥Îmr
‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmV B§JOm§Mm {eaH$md H$gm Pmbm ¶mMm ‘mJmodm KoVbm Amho.
Self-Instructional
Material 182
‘amR>m gÎmoMr
9.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX nwZñWm©nZm
NOTES
ZmZmgmho~m§Mo dmagXma : ~mimOr ~mOramd D$’©$ ZmZmgmho~ nËZr JmonrH$m~mB©
¶m§gr An˶o nmM, {dídmgamd (OÝ‘ 22 Owb¡, 1742 amoOr Jwédmar), ‘mYdamd
(OÝ‘ 16 ’o$~«wdmar, 1745 amoOr e{Zdmar gmdZya ¶oWo) ¶ed§Vamd (OÝ‘ 13
Am°JñQ>, 1748 amoOr Pmbm. hm ~mbnUrM dmabm.), ‘moaoída (OÝ‘ 5 gßQ>|~a,
1750 amoOr Pmbm. 1751 ‘ܶo ¶mMm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm.), Zmam¶Uamd (11 Am°JñQ>,
1755 amoOr Pmbm. ‘mYdamd d a‘m~mB© ¶m§Zm An˶ Zgë¶mZo ‘mYdamdm§À¶m
‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va Zmam¶Uamd noedo Pmbo.)
{ZOm‘ : {ZOm‘ Cë‘wëH$ Ag’$OZhm, hm X{jUoVrb {ZOm‘mÀ¶m gÎmoMm
g§ñWmnH$. hm ‘wKbm§Mm X{jUoH$S>rb gw^oXma. àm‘w»¶mZo H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb {dOmnya
d h¡Xam~mX ¶m gwä¶m§da ˶mMm à^md hmoVm. hm ‘wKbm§Mm àemgH$s¶ A{YH$mar
hmoVm. ˶m§Mm g§~§Y H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb Zdm~m§er hmoVm.
Z~m~ : ‘wKb gm‘«mÁ¶mV gw^o Am{U gwä¶mMo Cn{d^mJ Ho$bobo AgV. ¶m
Cn{d^mJmÀ¶m à‘wI àemgH$s¶ A{YH$mè¶mg Zdm~ Ago åhUV. bîH$ar
ì¶dñWm ho ˶mMo à‘wI H$m‘ hmoVo.
h¡XaAbr : B.g. 1761 À¶m gw‘mamg åh¡gyaÀ¶m amOH$maUmV h¡XaAbrMm
CX¶ Pmbm. h¡XaZo åh¡gyaMm amOm H¥$îUamO ¶mg H¡$X H$ê$Z gÎmm hmVr KoVbr.
X{jUoÀ¶m amOH$maUmV ‘mYdamdm§À¶m H$mimV hm EH$ ‘amR>çm§Mm Zdm eÌy åhUyZ
nwT>o Ambm. B§J«Om§er g§Kf© H$amUmam {Q>ny gwbVmZ ¶mMmM nwÌ hmoVm.
noedmB©Vrb gmS>oVrZ emhUo : gImam‘~mny ~moH$sb (‘mYdad noedo ¶mMm
{XdmU), {dÇ>b gw§Xa ({ZOm‘mMm {XdmU), XodmOrn§V (OmZmoOr ^mogbo ¶mMm
H$ma^mar), ZmZm’$S>Udrg (AYm© emhUm)
‘mYdamdm§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶wnÌmVrb ZD$ H$b‘o (ZD$ H$b‘~§Xr)
1. Xm¡bVrg H$O© Ombo Amho Vo dmamdo.
2. H$moH$UmV d XoemV BOmao Omhë¶mZo a¶Vog gwI Zmhr. ˶mg ~maH$mBªZr emoY
H$ê$Z dmOdr Agob Vo ZrQ> H$ê$Z àOm nmbZ H$amdo.
3. lr. H$mgr -à¶mJ hr XmoÝhr ñWio gaH$mamV ¶mdrV
4. ‘mVwlrMm (Jmo{nH$m~mB©) H$mgr¶mÌm H$amd¶mMm hoVy Amho. gwbrVm Ombog nma
nmS>mdr.
5. ^mD$gmho~mMr {H$¶m ‘mK‘mgr nma nmS>mdr. H$miw~mB© (nmd©Vr~mB©) (gVr) OmD$V
AWdm amhÿV.
6. H$mgrMo ~«m÷Umg dfm©gZo {nT>rOmV AmhoV. ˶mà‘mUo nmdVr H$arV OmdrV. 7-
lr. H$mgrg ~«m÷U ^moOZ. XmoZ bj X{jUm. Xa Amgm‘rg AmR> ‘mUo.
8. XmXmgmho~ (aKwZmWamd) ¶mg nmM bjmMr OhmJra {Zdi bmdyZ Úmdr. WmoS>r
~hþV A{YH$ ‘m{JVë¶mg XoD$Z ‘Or© amImdr. - {ZXmZr gmVbjmnmdoVmo Ohm[Jar
Self-Instructional
XoD$Z ‘Or© amIy ˶mnojm ˶m§Zr OmñV ‘mJy Z¶o.
Material 183
‘amR>m gÎmoMr 9. lmdU‘mg Y‘m©Xm¶ (X{jUm) nwT>o MmbV Amë¶mà‘mUo nmM bjmMr Xm¡bVamhon¶ªV
nwZñWm©nZm Mmbdmdr. AZw‘mZ H$ê$ Z¶o. (S>m°. ‘YwH$a Hw$bH$Ur©, ZmZm ’$S>Urg Am{U
‘amR>r amÁ¶ àemgZ)
NOTES
~ma^mB© : Zmam¶Uamdm§À¶m h˶oZ§Va ‘amR>mamÁ¶mV aKwZmWamdm§Zr Ho$boë¶m
H¥$˶mÀ¶m {damoYmV Or à{V{H«$¶m C‘Q>br ˶mMo amOH$s¶ d gm§[KH$ ê$n åhUOo
~ma^mB© ‘§S>i. ¶m g§KmV ~mam gXñ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. ˶mV, ZmZm ’$S>Urg,
gImam‘~mny ~moH$sb, ‘hmXOr qeXo, VwH$moOr hmoiH$a, h[an§V ’$S>Ho$, qÌ~H$amd
noR>o, ~m~yOr ZmB©H$, ^dmZamd à{V{ZYr, ‘mamo~m ’$S>Urg, ‘mbmoOr KmoanS>o, amñVo
d nQ>dY©Z ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
‘amR>ogaXmam§Mr Zdr ’$ir : ‘mYdamdm§À¶m H$mimV àm‘w»¶mZo ~«m÷U gaXmam§Mm
CX¶ Pmbm. ˶mV, qÌ~H$amd noR>o, h[an§V ’$S>Ho$, Jmoniamd nQ>dY©Z, {~Zrdmbo,
H$mZS>o, AmZ§Xamd Ywiwn, ZmZm ’$S>Udrg B˶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
gwaVoMm Vh : ‘amR>mamÁ¶mÀ¶m CÎmamYm©Vrb EH$ ‘hÎdmMr KQ>Zm åhUyZ 1775
À¶m gwaVoÀ¶m VhmMm CbboI Ho$bm OmVmo. hm Vh gwaVoMo B§J«O Am{U aKwZmWamd
¶m§À¶m‘ܶo 6 ‘mM©, 1775 amoOr gwaV ¶oWo Pmbm. aKwZmWamdm§À¶m ñdmWr©d¥Îmr‘wio
B§J«Om§Zm ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmV hñVjon H$aʶmMr g§Yr {‘imbr.
Self-Instructional
Material 184
‘amR>m gÎmoMr
9.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ nwZñWm©nZm
NOTES
1.AmoH$ à.J., noedo KamʶmMm B{Vhmg, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo Xþgar Amd¥Îmr,
1991
2. Hw$bH$Ur© A.am., Iao J.h. (g§nm.) ‘amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg, I§S> 1 Vo 3, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b
àH$meZ nwUo, 1984
3. gaXogmB© Jmo. g. {~«{Q>e [a¶mgV, Ho$. {^. T>dio, ‘w§~B©, 1958 Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr
4. gmohZr {da{MV d Xoenm§S>o, Hw$bH$Ur© (g§nm.) noeì¶m§Mr ~Ia, Xoe‘wI àH$meZ
nwUo.
Self-Instructional
Material 185
Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U
‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV
Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U
àH$aU 10 : Xþgao ~mOramd noedo Am{U ‘amR>m ‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV
NOTES
gÎmoMm AñV
aMZm
10.0 àñVmdZm
10.1 C{Ôï>o
10.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ
10.2.1 ‘hmXOr qeXo d ZmZm ’$S>Udrg
10.2.2 ‘amR>m -B§J«O g§Kf©
10.2.3 Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U ‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV
10.3 gmam§e
10.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX
10.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
10.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
10.0 àñVmdZm
‘amR>çm§À¶m CÎmaoVrb gÎmm{dñVmamÀ¶m à{H«$¶oV d ‘amR>çm§Zm {Xëbr Xa~mamV ‘hÎd
àmßV H$ê$Z XoUmè¶m ‘hmXOr qeXo Am{U ˶m§Mo ¶moJXmZ ¶m~m~V {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho. Wmoabo
‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§À¶m H$mimV CX¶mbm ¶oD$Z nwT>o ‘amR>çm§À¶m A§VJ©V d ~mhç gÎmm§À¶m
amOH$s¶ KS>m‘oS>r§Mm H|$Ðq~Xÿ R>abobo ‘wËgÔr ZmZm ’$S>Urg ¶m§À¶m ¶moJXmZmMm ‘mJmodm
KoVbm Amho. Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U ‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV ¶m àH$aUm‘ܶo aKwZmWamdm§Mr
noedo nX {‘i{dʶmMr ‘hÎdmH$m§jm Am{U ~ma^mBªZr ˶mbm Ho$bobm {damoY, ‘amR>çm§À¶m
amOH$maUmVrb B§J«Om§Mm hñVjon. ¶m~m~VMm ‘mJmodm ¿¶m¶Mm Amho. ¶mM H$mimV
Pmbobm ‘amR>m - B§J«O g§Kf© hm Xoeì¶mnr H$gm Pmbm? ¶mMm ‘mJmodm KoVmZm X{jUoVrb
{ZOm‘, h¡Xa ¶m§gma»¶m gÎmm§Zr ‘amR>çm§À¶m ~mOyZo KoVbobm gh^mJ Am{U ˶m§Zr B§J«Om§er
{Xboë¶m bT>çmda àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. gdmB© ‘mYdamdm§À¶m AH$mbr ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va {Z‘m©U
Pmboë¶m gÎmm g§Kfm©V Xþgao ~mOramd noedo Am{U ‘hmXOrMr, Xm¡bVamd qeXo, ¶edV§amd
hmoiH$a ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Y OmUyZ KoVbm Amho. Xþgè¶m ~mOramdm§Mm B§J«Om§er Ambobm
g§~§Y Am{U ‘amR>mamÁ¶mMr {dZmemH$S>o gwê$ Pmbobr dmQ>Mmb g‘OyZ KoVbr Amho. ‘amR>o
Am{U B§J«O ¶m§À¶mVrb ¶wÕo Am{U ‘amR>m gÎmoMm {dZme ¶mda àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho.
Self-Instructional
Material 187
Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U
‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV 10.1 C{Ôï>o
NOTES ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmV noedo H$mimV Vbdma ~hmÔa åhUyZ ‘hmXOr qeXo ¶m§Mo d
‘waã~r amOH$maUr ZmZm ’$S>Urg ¶m§À¶m H$m¶m©Mr ‘hVr OmUyZ KoUo. ‘amR>m Am{U B§J«O
¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Y Am{U g§Kf© OmUyZ KoUo. gdmB© ‘mYdamdm§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©Vrb ¶wÕmMo
ñdê$n d B§J«Or gÎmoer X{jUoH$S>rb gÎmm§Zr {Xbobm g§Kfm©Mo ñdê$n g‘OyZ KoUo. Xþgao
~mOramd noedo ¶m§Mo gÎmmJ«hU, ‘amR>çm§Mo A§VJ©V amOH$maU, ¶mMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ
~mOramd Am{U B§J«O ¶m§À¶mVrb g§Kf© Am{U ‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV ¶mVrb KS>m‘moS>tMm
‘mJmodm KoUo.
~mimOr D$’©$ ZmZm ’$S>Urg ¶m§Mr d§emdi ZmZm ’$S>[UgmMo "^mZy' ho KamUo ‘yiMo
H$moH$UmVrb doimg ¶oWrb. ^mZy§H$S>o doimg ‘hmOZH$s hmoVr.
(1) kmV ‘yi nwéf ‘hmXOr ¶m§g
(2) 2.1 Zma¶U 2.2 h[a 2.3 am‘M§Ð 2.4 ~bd§V D$’©$ ~mimOr
2.4 ~bd§V D$’©$ ~mimOr ¶m§g
3.1 OZmX©Z nËZr épŠ‘Ur~mB© ¶m§g
~mimOr D$’©$ ZmZm (¶m§Zm ’$S>[Ugr {‘imë¶mZo ˶m§Zm ’$S>Urg ¶m
Cn ZmdmZoM g§~moYbo OmD$ bmJbo.)
Self-Instructional
Material 195
Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U ‘hmS> H$mañWmZ :
‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV
‘hmS>‘ܶo amhÿZ ZmZmZo ‘amR>m amÁ¶mÀ¶m {damoYmV H$Q>H$mañWmZo gwê$ Ho$br. B.g.
NOTES 1796 Mm nmdgmim ZmZmZo ‘hmS> H$mañWmZmMr OwiUr H$aʶmV IM© Ho$bm. qeXo,
{ZOm‘, B§J«O, {Q>ny, ^mgbo, hmoiH$a, {gÔr, gmVmaH$a d H$moëhmnyaMo N>ÌnVr ¶m à‘wI
e³Vrer AZoH$ H$ama ZmZmZo Ho$bo. ˶mgmR>r ZmZmZo nmʶmgmaIm n¡gm AmoVbm. ZmZmMo
eoH$S>mo hñVH$ ¶m H$mañWmZmMr C^maUr H$aʶmV am̧{Xdg InV hmoVo. ¶m H$mimV
ZmZmZo da CëbopIboë¶m gÎmm§Mo bîH$ar gmhmæ¶ g§nmXZ Ho$bo. ˶m‘wio qeX|Zmhr ZmZmÀ¶m
¶moOZog nmqR>~m XoUo ^mJ nS>bo. Zmoìh|~a 1796 ‘ܶo ZmZm ‘moR>çm àm{Vð>oZo nwʶmV
Ambm. ¶mZ§Va gmVmaÀ¶m N>ÌnVr§H$Sy>Z noedo nXmMr dñÌo ‘mJ{dʶmV Ambr Am{U 5
{S>g|~a, 1796 amoOr Xm¡bVamd Am{U ZmZm ¶m§Zr ~mOramdm§Zm noedo nXmda ~g{dbo. ZmZm
’$S>Urg nwÝhm ~mOramdm§Mm H$ma^mar Pmbm. nwT>o gO}amd YmS>Jo (Xm¡bVamdmMo gmgao) d
Xm¡bVamd qeXo ¶m§Zr ZmZmg ‘oOdmZrgmR>r Amnë¶m N>mdUrV ~mobmdbo Am{U H¡$X Ho$bo.
ZmZmg AQ>H$ Pmë¶mZo nwʶmV AamOH$ ‘mObo. ˶m‘wio ~mOramdm§g nwÝhm ZmZmMr gwQ>H$m
H$amdr bmJbr.
Xm¡bVamd qeXo - ¶ed§Vamd hmoiH$a g§Kf© :
ZmZm’$S>[UgmÀ¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va Xm¡bVamd qeXo Am{U gO}amd KmQ>Jo ¶m§Zr ZmZmÀ¶m
JmoQ>mVrb bmoH$m§Zm Ymaoda Yabo. Xm¡bVamdmZo naewam‘^mD$ nQ>dY©ZmMr Ohm{Jar Zï>
H$ê$Z Vr gO}amd KmS>Jo ¶m§Zm ~hmb Ho$br. A‘¥Vamdmbm H¡$X H$ê$Z dgB©À¶m {H$ëë¶mda
nmR>{dbo. ¶m H¥$˶m§‘wio ~mOramdmbmhr ñdV:À¶m ajUmMr H$miOr dmQy> bmJbr.
~mOramdm§Zr ˶mbm 790 bmI én¶o {Xbo ˶m‘wio Xm¡bVamd qeXo Zmoìh|~a 1840 ‘ܶo
Xm¡bVamd CÎmaoH$S>o Jobm. H$maU ¶ed§Vamd hmoiH$amZo CÎmaoV qeX|À¶m àXoem‘ܶo Yw‘mHy$i
KmbʶmV gwédmV Ho$bobr hmoVr. ˶m‘wio qeXo Am{U ¶ed§Vamd hmoiH$am‘ܶo AQ>rVQ>rMm
g§Kf© gwê$ Pbm.
¶ed§Vamd hmoiH$am§Mm nwʶmdarb hëbm Am{U dgB©Mm Vh :
BH$S>o X{jUoV ¶edVamdmMm ^mD$ {dR>moOr noeì¶m§À¶m àXoemda hëbo H$arV hmoVm.
˶mMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aʶgmR>r ~mOramdm§Zr ‘mM© 1801 ‘ܶo goZmnVr ~mny JmoIbo ¶mg
nmR>{dbo. {dR>moOrMm nam^d H$ê$Z ˶mbm H¡$X H$ê$Z AmUbo. ~mOramdm§Zr {dR>moOrbm
nwʶmV hÎmrÀ¶m nm¶mImbr XoD$Z R>ma ‘mabo. ˶m‘wio Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1801 ‘ܶo ¶ed§Vamd
hmoiH$a nwʶmda Mmb H$ê$Z Ambm. ˶mZo Amnbm nwʶmV Vi R>moH$bm. ~mOramdm§Zm
Agwa{jV dmQy> bmJë¶mZo ˶mZo àW‘ qghJS>Mm Z§Va am¶JS>mMm Aml¶ KoVbm. AIoarg
B§J«Om§Mm Aml¶ KoʶmMo R>a{dbo. 31 {S>g|~a, 1802 amoOr dgB© ¶oWo ~mOramdm§Zr B§J«O
à{V{ZYr H$Z©b ŠbmoO ¶mÀ¶m~amo~a Vh Ho$bm.
dgB©Mm Vh :
( 31 {S>g|~a, 1802) bm°S>© dobñbr JìhZ©a OZab åhUyZ ^maVmV Amë¶mZ§Va ˶mZo
V¡ZmVr ’$m¡O ¶m g§H$ënZoMm AmYma KoD$Z EVÔoer¶ gÎmmda dM©ñd {Z‘m©U H$aʶmMo YmoaU
Self-Instructional ñdrH$mabo. g§ajUmÀ¶m Ñï>rZo Cn¶w³V$ Agbobr hr ¶moOZm ^maVr¶ Xþ~©b amÁ¶H$˶mªZm
Material 196
nd©Ur dmQ>br. H$mhtZr ñdIwfrZo Va H$mhtZr ZmBbmOmZo ñdrH$mabr. nwʶmdarb Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U
¶med§Vamd hmoiH$amÀ¶m g§H$Q>mnmgyZ gwajm {‘i{dʶmgmR>r Xþgao ~mOramd noedo ¶m§Zr ‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV
31 {S>g|~a, 1802 amoOr H$Z©b ŠbmoO ¶mÀ¶m~amo~a Ho$boë¶m dgB©À¶m VhmZwgma V¡ZmVr
’$m¡OoMr AQ> H$~yb Ho$br. NOTES
10.3 gmam§e
àñVwV àH$aUmÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ CÎma noedmB©Vrb amOH$s¶ KS>m‘moS>r§Mm ‘mJmodm
KoVbobm Amho. ‘hmXOr qeXo d ZmZm ’$S>Urg ¶m§À¶m H$m‘{JarMm ‘mJmodm KoVbm Amho.
˶m‘ܶo gÎmm d g§nÎmr ¶mgmR>r Ho$bm Jobobm g§Kf©, nañnam§Vrb {hVg§~§Y, ¶wÕ d Vh
¶mda àH$me Q>mH$bobm Amho. ˶m‘ܶo gdmB© ‘mYdamd, ~ma^mB© ‘§S>i, aKwZmWamd
¶m§À¶mVrb A§V:g§~§Y, ˶mH$mimV Pmbobo ¶wÕ Am{U ˶mMo ñdê$n OmUyZ KoʶmMm
à¶ËZ Ho$bm Amho. Xþgè¶m ~mOramdm§Mo gÎmmJ«hU, ˶mVrb AW©H$maU, ZmZm ’$S>[Ugm§Mr
^y{‘H$m Am{U dM©ñddmXmMo ñdê$n ¶mdahr àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. ~mOramd Am{U ‘amR>o
gaXma ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Y, ~mOramdm§À¶m H$mimV KS>boë¶m {d{dY KQ>Zm§Mm ‘mJmodm KoVbm
Amho. ‘amR>m Am{U B§J«O ¶m§À¶mV Pmbobo Xþgao d {Vgao ¶wÕ ¶m§Mm AmT>mdm KoVbm Amho.
‘amR>mamÁ¶mÀ¶m {dZme H$m Pmbm ¶mÀ¶m H$maU‘r‘m§goda àmH$e Q>mH$bm Amho.
aMZm
11.0 àñVmdZm
11.1 C{Ôï>o
11.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ
11.2.1 H|$Ðr¶, àm§[VH$ d ñWm{ZH$ àemgZ
11.2.2 ‘amR>m ‘§S>i
11.2.3 noedoH$mbrZ àemgZ
O‘rZ‘hgyb nÕVr, bîH$ar
àemgZ, ݶm¶ ì¶dñWm,
nmobrg d Vwé§J ì¶dñWmnZ
11.3 gmam§e
11.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX
11.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
11.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
11.0 àñVmdZm
noedoH$mbrZ àemgZì¶dñWm ¶m àH$aUmV VËH$mbrZ àemgZ ì¶dñWoÀ¶m ñdê$nmMm
‘mJmodm KoD$Z {edH$mbrZ àemgZì¶dñWm Am{U noedoH$mimVrb àemgZì¶dñWm ¶mVrb
gmå¶ d H$mimZwê$n hmoV Jobo ~Xb, ¶m§~m~V ‘m{hVr ¿¶md¶mMr Amho. noedoH$mbrZ
àemgZ ì¶dñWm ho N>ÌnVtÀ¶m àemgZ ì¶dñWoV H$mbmZwê$n ~Xb H$ê$Z {Z‘m©U Pmbobr
ì¶dñWm hmoVr .¶m àemgZ ì¶dñWoVhr amOm åhUOo N>ÌnVr, ˶mMo Aï>àYmZ ‘§S>i,
~mimOr {dídZmWmÀ¶m H$ma{H$Xr©V ñWmnZ H$aʶmV Ambobo ‘amR>m ‘§S>i qH$dm ‘amR>m
g§KamÁ¶ hr g§H$ënZm d ˶mZwgma Amdí¶H$ Agbobr àemgZì¶dñWm; ñdamÁ¶, Mm¡WmB©,
gaXoe‘wIr ¶m§À¶m dgwbrgmR>r H$aʶmV Ambobr ì¶dñWm ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. VgoM
Zì¶m àemgZ ì¶dñWoV noeì¶m§Mo ñWmZ A{YH$ma d ˶mÀ¶m ‘XVrgmR>r AgUmar BVa nXo
¶m§Mmhr g‘mdoe hmoVm.
noedoH$mbrZ àemgZ ì¶dñWoMo ñdê$n nmhVm ˶m‘ܶo H|$Ðr¶ àemgZ, àm§[VH$
àemgZ, ñWm{ZH$ àemgZ ¶m{edm¶ O‘rZ‘hgyb noedoH$mbrZ ݶm¶ ì¶dñWm, nmobrg
¶§ÌUm, g¡Ý¶ì¶dñWm B˶mXr {df¶rhr ‘m{hVr ¿¶mdm¶mMr Amho.
Self-Instructional
Material 205
noedoH$mbrZ àemg-
Zì¶dñWm 11.1 C{Ôï>>o
NOTES {edH$mbrZ àemgZ ì¶dñWoMm ‘mJmodm KoUo. noedo H$mimVrb gm‘«mÁ¶ {dñVamÀ¶m
à{H«$¶oV àemgZ ì¶dñWoV Pmbobo ~Xb g‘OyZ KoUo. H|$Ðr¶, àm§[VH$ d ñWm{ZH$
àemgZmV H$mbmZwê$n Pmboë¶m ~Xbm§Mm ‘mJmodm KoUo. noedoH$mbrZ àemgZ ì¶dñWoVrb
O‘rZ‘hgyb, ݶm¶ì¶dñWm, Vwé§J d nmobrg àemgZ, g¡Ý¶ì¶dñWm ¶m§Mm ‘mJmodm KoUo.
{edH$mbrZ àemgZì¶dñWm Am{U noedoH$mbrZ àemgZì¶dñWm ¶mVrb ~Xb g‘OyZ
KoUo.
Self-Instructional
Material 206
11.2.1 noedoH$mbrZ H|$Ðr¶, àm§{VH$ d ñWm{ZH$ àemgZ noedoH$mbrZ àemg-
Zì¶dñWm
noedoH$mbrZ H|$Ðr¶ àemgZ : noedoH$mbrZ H|$Ðr¶ àemgZmVhr N>ÌnVr hm amÁ¶mMm
à‘wI hmoVm. Aï>àYmZ ‘§S>imVrb ‘w»¶àYmZmMo (noedm) ‘hÎd dmT>bo hmoVo. H$ma^mamMr NOTES
gyÌo hiyhiy ˶m§À¶mH$S>o g§H«${‘V Pmbr hmoVr. noeì¶m§À¶m ‘XVrbm "g{Md' Ago. ˶mÀ¶m
H$m¶m©b¶mbm "g{Mdmb¶' qH$dm "hþOwaXßVa' qH$dm "’$S>' Ago åhUV. ¶m H$m¶m©b¶mV
IoS>oJmdmVrb ‘hgwbr H$mJXnÌo, A{YH$m趧Mr H$mJXnÌo, R>odbr OmV AgV. hr gd©
H$mJXnÌo "’$S>Urg' ñdV: VnmgV Ago. Zì¶m noeì¶m§Mr Zo‘UyH$ hmoVmZm N>ÌnVr ñdhñVo
˶mbm ‘mZmMr dñÌo XoV AgV. VgoM ˶mMm H$ma^mar d ’$S>Urg ¶mMrhr Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br
OmV Ago. ¶m~m~VMo AZoH$ CëboI ¶oVmV.
Self-Instructional
Material 212
n|T>mar : noedoH$mbrZ àemg-
Zì¶dñWm
noedoH$mbrZ ‘amR>m g¡Ý¶mMm EH$ AZm{YH¥$V nmoQ>^mJ åhUyZ n§oT>mè¶m§Mm CëboI
Ho$ë¶mg OmV Ago. no§T>mar ho bîH$amMoM EH$ A§J hmoVo. ˶m‘ܶo àm‘w»¶mZo ‘wpñb‘m§MmM NOTES
^aUm Ago. Vo ~hþVH$ê$Z nR>mU AgV. n|T>mè¶m§Zm bîH$am~amo~a amhʶmMr nadmZJr
gaH$maH$Sy>Z ¿¶mdr bmJo. ˶m§Zm Xa nmbm‘mJo 5 én¶o gaH$mamV ^amdo bmJV. ¶m H$amamda
˶m§g nadmZJrMr T>mb XoʶmV ¶oB©. ‘raImZ d hgZImZ ‘wbVmZr C’©$ n|T>mar ¶m§Mo
CëboI ¶oVmV. n|T>mar bîH$am~amo~a {’$aV d eÌyÀ¶m ‘wbImMr byQ>‘ma H$ê$Z nmoQ> ^arV.
bT>mB©V eÌyMm nam^d hmoD$ Vmo niV gwQ>bm åhUOo ˶m§Mr N>mdUrMr byQ> gaH$maMo g¡Ý¶
H$ar. ˶m H$m‘r g¡Ý¶mbm n|T>mè¶m§Mr ‘XV hmoV Ago. n§T>mè¶m§Zr bwQ>rV hÎmr, nmb»¶m,
ZJmam, {ZemUo dJoao gmnS>ë¶mg Vo gaH$mamV Úmdo. hmM gaH$maMm no§T>mè¶m§nmgyZ hmoUmam
’$m¶Xm. ~mH$sMr byQ> n|T>mè¶m§Zm {‘iV Ago. hm n|T>mè¶m§Mm ’$m¶Xm Ago.
ݶm¶ì¶dñWm :
noedoH$mbrZ ݶm¶ì¶dñWm hr àm‘w»¶mZo XmoZ ^mJm§V {d^mJbobr hmoVr. ˶mV, H|$Ðr¶
ݶm¶XmZ ì¶dñWm d àm§[VH$ ݶm¶XmZ ì¶dñWm ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
H|$Ðr¶ ݶm¶ì¶dñWm amOm qH$dm N>ÌnVr :
H|$Ðr¶ ݶm¶XmZ ì¶dñWo‘ܶo gmVmaMo N>ÌnVr hm ݶm¶XmZ à{H«$¶oVrb gdm}ÀM
A{YH$ma hmoVm. ˶mÀ¶m ‘XVrbm Y‘©g^m, n§{S>Vamd d H$mPr ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Ago.
noedo :
N>ÌnVr emhÿamOm§À¶m {ZYZmZ§Va ‘amR>mamÁ¶mMm H$ma^ma noeì¶m§H$S>o Joë¶m‘wio
ݶm¶XmZ à{H$¶oV noedo ho gdmo©ÀM R>abo. "N>ÌnVr'Zm Xþ涑 ñWmZ àmßV Pmbo. n{hë¶m
VrZ noeì¶m§Zr ‘Orbg d JmoVg^m ¶m§À¶m ‘XVrZo ݶm¶XmZmMo H$m‘ Ho$bo. emhÿ‘hmamOm§À¶m
‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va noeì¶m§Zr Amnë¶m A{YH$mamV ‘Orbg EodOr n§Mm¶V nÕVr AmUbr. ݶm¶XmZ
à{H$¶oV noeì¶m§g {XdmU qH$dm ’$S>Urg ‘XV H$arV Ago. VmoM gd© àH$aUm§Mm {ZH$mb
bmdrV Ago. noedo H$mimV ݶm¶XmZmgmR>r ‘w»¶ ݶm¶mYremMr Zo‘UyH$ H$aVr AgV.
ݶm¶XmZmÀ¶m H$m‘~m~V ¶mkd늶ñ‘¥VrV Agm CëboI ¶oVmo H$s, "amOmZo ñdV: ݶm¶
Úmdm. nU amÁ¶H$ma^mamnwT>o ݶm¶ Xoʶmg amOmbm ’w$agV Zgob Va ˶mZo Y‘©emñÌ
OmUUmam ݶm¶mYre Zo‘mdm. ˶mÀ¶m ‘XVrbm gä¶ åhUOo n§M AgmdoV. Vo Y‘©k, doXk d
g˶dmXr Zo‘ʶmV ¶mdo. Aem n§Mm§À¶m gmhmæ¶mZo ݶm¶mYremZo ݶm¶ Úmdm. amOmZo ˶mg
AZwgê$Z Anamܶmbm emgZ H$amdo. am‘emñÌr à^wUo ho noedmB©Vrb à{gÕ Ý¶m¶mYre
hmoVo.' ~mimOr ~mOramd D$’©$ ZmZmgmho~ noedo ¶m§Zr B.g. 1751 ‘ܶo am‘emñÌr à^wUo
¶m§Mr emñÌr ‘§S>irV Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br hmoVr. ˶m gmbr am‘emñÌr à^wUo ¶m§Zm amoO‘wam
XrS>‘mhr 40 Mmirg én¶o à‘mUo {‘iy bmJbm. Wmoabo ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Zr am‘emñÌr
à^wUo ¶m§g ݶm¶mYremMo H$m‘ gm§{JVbo d nmbIr {Xbr. ˶mg nmbIrMr Zo‘UyH$
gmbmMr 1000 EH$hOma én¶o A{YH$ {‘iy bmJbr. B.g.1780 ‘ܶo ZmZm ’$S>Urgm§Zr
˶m§Zm XmoZ hOma én¶o OmVrg VZIm d EH$ hOma én¶o nmbIrg IM©, EH$hOma én¶o
lmdU‘mg X{jUm d Xgè¶mMm nmofmI Xoʶmg gwédmV Ho$br. gZ 1789 ‘ܶo am‘emñÌr Self-Instructional
Material 213
noedoH$mbrZ àemg- à^wUo ¶m§Mm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. ˶mZ§Va Aæ¶memñÌr ¶m§À¶mH$S>o ݶm¶mYremMo H$m‘ XoʶmV
Zì¶dñWm Ambo. noeì¶m§Mo ݶm¶mYre Aæ¶memñÌr ¶m§Mr Zo‘UyH$ Pmbr ˶mdoir ݶm¶Im˶mMo H$m‘
AdmT>ì¶ hmoVo. ‘w»¶ ݶm¶mYrem§H$Sy>Z Vo CaH$Uo eŠ¶ ZìhVo. ˶m‘wio nwUo ehamVrb
NOTES Mm§Jë¶m XmZVrMo d {Z:ñn¥h bmoH$ {ZdSy>Z H$mTy>Z ZmZm ݶm¶mMr H$m‘o ˶m§À¶mH$S>o XoV
AgV. ˶m‘wio ‘w»¶ ݶm¶mYrem{edm¶ H$mhr gaXmam§Zm d à{V{ð>Vm§Zmhr ݶm¶XmZmMo
A{YH$ma noeì¶m§Zr {Xbo hmoVo. ݶm¶mYremÀ¶m H$MoarV am‘emñÌr à^wUo ¶m§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©V
˶m§À¶m hmVmImbr A‘rZ d XßVXma ho A{YH$mar hmoVo. ݶm¶à{H$¶oVrb H$m¶m©b¶rZ
O~m~Xmar A‘rZ d XßVaXma ¶m§À¶mH$S>o Ago. nwamì¶m§Mr Mm¡H$er H$aʶmMo H$m‘hr hoM
H$arV AgV.
n§MmB©V :
noedmB©‘ܶo ݶm¶XmZ H$aUmar ‘hÎdmMr g§ñWm åhUOo "n§MmB©V' hr hmo¶. JmdmJmdm§V
XodKodrg§~§Yr H$moUr nmQ>bmH$S>o {’$¶m©X Zoë¶mg Vmo àW‘ dmXr-à{VdmXrMr g‘OyV ñZohr
¶m Zm˶mZo H$ê$Z nmhr. ˶m§Mo Z O‘ë¶mg Vmo n§MmB©V ^adyZ {VÀ¶m‘m’©$V V§Q>çmMm
{ZH$mb bmdrV Ago. n§MmMr g§»¶m nmMmhÿZ H$‘r Zgo. H$YrH$Yr hr g§»¶m nÝZmgmn¶ªV
OmV Ago. nmQ>rb d ‘m‘boXma dJ¡a|{edm¶ V§Q>o gmoS>{dʶmgmR>r gaH$mamVyZ ݶm¶mYre
Zo‘obo OmV AgV. ‘w»¶ ݶm¶mYre nwʶmV amhmV AgV. IQ>ë¶mMr VnmgUr H$aʶmgmR>r
nwîH$i doim n§MmIoarO ݶm¶mYre d ˶m§À¶m hmVmImbMo Xþgao emñÌr gaH$maV’©o$ ~gV
AgV. ݶm¶XmZ à{H$¶oV n§Mm¶VrV nmQ>bmMr ^y{‘H$m ‘hÎdmMr hmoVr. nmQ>bmH$S>o ݶm¶
{‘iV Zmhr Ago dmQ>ë¶mg ‘m‘boXma, gw^oXma, ݶm¶mYre d eodQ>r noedo ¶m§À¶mH$S>o
ݶm¶mgmR>r XmX ‘mJVm ¶oV Ago.
~«÷g^m :
~«÷g^m åhUOo {dÛmZ ~«m÷Um§Mr g^m qH$dm Y‘©g^m hmo¶. ˶m‘ܶo Y‘m©{YH$mar
hm à‘wI Ago. ˶mbm ݶm¶XmZmÀ¶m H$m‘mV ‘XV H$aʶgmR>r ‘r‘m§gH$, nwam{UH$,
emñÌr, n§{S>V d Y‘©emñÌmV {ZnyU Abobo {dÛmZ B˶mXtMm g‘mdoe Ago. ~«÷g^oV
Y‘m©{YH$mè¶mgh H$‘rVH$‘r nmM gXñ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Ago. Aem àH$maMr ݶm¶g^m
Zm{eH$, n¡R>U, dmB©, H$mer B˶mXr§gma»¶m {VW©joÌr AgV. ¶m g^oV Y‘©emñÌmer
g§~§[YV H$mhr àíZ CnpñWV Pmë¶mg ¶m g^oV H$ÁOo XmIb Ho$bo OmV Ago. qH$dm
~«÷g^m ~mobmdbr OmV Ago. ¶m g^oV emñÌmW© {H§$dm Y‘©J«§Wm§À¶m AmYmao ݶm¶XmZ Ho$bo
OmV Ago. JwÝhoJmam§Zm àm¶píMÎm, n[aH«$‘m, ewÕrH$aU B˶mXtgma»¶m {ejm gwZmdë¶m
OmV AgV.
Om{Vg^m :
Om{Vg^m qH$dm Om{Vn§MmB©V hr à˶oH$ OmVrMm ñdV§Ì Ago. OmVrg§~§YrMo V§Q>o
˶m ˶m OmVtÀ¶m à‘wImH$S>o OmV AgV. ˶m à‘wIm§Zm ‘ohoVa Ago åhUV, gm‘m{OH$
{Z¶‘m§Mo Cëb§KZ, ê$T>r-na§nam§Mo Cëb§KZ, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ dmaemMo àíZ, {ddmh{df¶H$ àíZ
B˶mXt~m~V Om{Vg^oV ݶm¶XmZ Ho$bo OmV Ago. g‘mO~{hîH¥$Vr, Om{V^moOZ, X§S> Aem
ñdê$nmV {ejm gwZmdë¶m OmV AgV.
Self-Instructional
Material 214
JmoVg^m : noedoH$mbrZ àemg-
Zì¶dñWm
‘amR>oH$mbrZ ݶm¶ì¶dñWoV JmoVg^obm ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ hmoVo. emhÿamOm§n¶ªV JmoVg^m
ApñVËdmV hmo˶m. B.g. 1750 Z§Va JmoVg^oMo ‘hÎd H$‘r hmoD$Z ˶mMr OmJm n§MmB©VrZo NOTES
KoVbr. JmoVg^m d n§Mm¶Vr ¶m§Zm ݶm¶XmZ à{H«$¶oV ‘hÎd hmoVo. n§Mm§Zm ’$m¡OXmar d
{XdmUr Aer XmoÝhr àH$maMo IQ>bo Mmb{dʶmMm A{YH$ma Ago. n§Mm¶VrÀ¶m {ZH$mbmg
gaH$maMr ‘§Owar ¿¶mdr bmJo. Aer ‘§Owar XoVmZm gaH$ma njH$mam§H$Sy>Z ZOa åhUyZ ~arM
‘moR>r a³H$‘ KoV AgV. ݶm¶XmZmMm IM© ^mJ{dʶmgmR>r eoaUr qH$dm haH$s d JwÝhoJmar,
X§S> ¶m ñdê$nmV a³H$‘ dgyb Ho$br OmV Ago.
gmjr nwamdo :
ݶm¶XmZ H$aVmZm dmXr Am{U à{VdmXr Amnbr ~mOy ‘m§S>rV AgV. ˶mgmR>r
{Za{Zamiçm àH$maMo nwamdo XmIb Ho$bo OmV AgV. ˶mV ‘mZdr gmjrXmam§À¶m O~mݶm,
H$mJXnÌm§Mo nwamdo, gmXa Ho$bo OmV AgV.
{Xì¶ :
ݶm¶XmZ H$aVmZm Á¶m {R>H$mUr ‘mZdr gmj, H$mJXmonÌr nwamdm AnyU© Agob
{H§$dm ˶m§Mm A^md, Agob Aem doir dmXr- à{VdmXr ¶m§Zm {Xì¶ H$amdo bmJV
Ago. noedoH$mbrZ ݶm¶XmZ à{H$¶oV adm{Xì¶, Ap½Z{Xì¶, EoaUr {Xì¶, dmVrMr {H«$¶m,
enW{H«$¶m, ZXr {Xì¶, ~bo^§S>mam, ~obamoQ>r B˶mXr {Za{Zamiçm àH$maMr {Xì¶o Ho$ë¶mMo
CëboI H$mJXnÌm§VyZ ¶oVmV. ho {Xì¶ àm‘w»¶mZo J«m‘XodVm, ZXrH$mR>Mr Y‘©joÌo ¶m {R>H$mUr
H$arV AgV.
JwÝhoJmam§Zm {ejm :
{Za{Zamiçm JwÝhçm§gmR>r doJdoJiçm {ejm XoʶmMo H$m‘ ñdV: noeì¶mÀ¶m hmVImbr
gw^oXma d gaXma H$arV AgV. ˶mbm amOmMr ‘mݶVm bmJV Ago. {ejoMo àm‘w»¶mZo
VrZ àH$ma hmoVo.
1. {XdmU X§S> (amOX§S>): hr {ejm XoʶmMo H$m‘ ñdV: noedo H$arV.
2. XodX§S> : XodX§S> ¶mbmM àm¶píMÎm Ago åhUV. JwÝhçmMo ñdê$n nmhÿZ Y‘©emñÌ,
ê${T>na§nam, g‘mO{Z¶‘, ¶mZwgma ¶mo½¶ Vr {ejm {Xbr OmV Ago.
3. Om{VX§S> : g‘mO{Z¶m‘m§Mo Cëb§KZ Ho$ë¶mg Om{Vg^m Or {ejm XoV Ago {Vbm
Om{VX§S> Ago åhQ>bo OmB©. {ejo‘ܶo ^anmB©, JwÝhoJmar, àm¶píMÎm, Om{V~{hîH¥$Vr,
‘mb‘ÎmoMr OßVr B˶mXtMm g‘mdoe Ago. JwÝhoJmam§Zm ~§XrImZm, AmX~ImZm
¶mV R>odrV AgV. ~è¶mMXm Vwé§J åhUyZ {H$ëë¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ H$arV AgV. ˶mV
JwÝhoJmam§À¶m Amhma-{dhmamMo JwÝhoJmamZwgma {Z¶‘ R>a{dbobo AgV.
nmobrg d Vwé§J ì¶dñWmnZ :
noedoH$mimV g§nyU© amÁ¶mV ñdV§Ì nmobrgImVo AmT>iV Zmhr. amOYmZr d H$mhr
eham§‘ܶo H$moVdmbr ImVo Ago. JmdnmVirda nmQ>rb hm em§VVm, gwì¶dñWm d g§ajUmMo Self-Instructional
Material 215
noedoH$mbrZ àemg- H$m‘ H$arV Ago. ˶mÀ¶m ‘XVrbm JmdmVrb BVa dVZXma AgV. ‘mboXma, gagw^oXma,
Zì¶dñWm naJʶmMo A{YH$mar ¶m§À¶mH$S>o {XdmUr H$m‘m~amo~aM ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m g§ajUmMo d ‘mb‘Îmm
ajUmMo H$m‘ gmon{dʶmV Ambo hmoVo. Mmoar, bwQ>‘ma qH$dm Aem§VVm {Z‘m©U Pmë¶mg
NOTES gaH$ma qe~Xr, {eboXma, gZXr߶mXo ¶m§À¶m Zo‘UwH$m H$arV.
H$moVdmbr ImVo :
noedoH$mbrZ nmobrg àemgZmV amOYmZr d BVa ‘hÎdmÀ¶m ehamÀ¶m gwajogmR>r
em§VVm d g§ajUmgmR>r H$moVdmbr Im˶mMr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br hmoVr. nwʶmMr H$moVdmbr hm
noedmB©‘ܶo A{YH$mamMm d ‘hÎdmMm hþÔm hmoVm. Wmoabo ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Zr B.g.
1764 ‘ܶo nmobrgImVo ñWmnZ H$ê$Z ˶mda H$moVdmbmMr Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br. n{hë¶m
H$moVdmbmMo Zmd ~mimOr Zmam¶U Ho$VH$a. H$mJXnÌm§‘YyZ nwUo ehamVrb {Za{Zamiçm
H$mimVrb H$moVdmbm§À¶m Zmdm§Mo CëboI ¶oVmV. ˶mV hgZ ImZ, ~mimOr Zmam¶U
Ho$VH$a, {Ja‘mOr H$moVdmb, ~m~wamd am‘, OZmX©Z h[a, Ho$edamd ~ëbmi Ho$VH$a,
Kmeram‘ gmdimXmg, ~mimoOr dmgwXod Omoer, am‘M§Ð ~ëbmi, am‘M§Ð ‘hmXod Xm‘bo,
AmßnmOram‘ ~id§Vamd, {dR>moOr Jm¶H$dmS>, Ym|S>mo ~m~mOr, AmZ§Xamd H$mer B˶mXtMm
g‘mdoe hmoVm. AmZ§Xamd H$mer ¶m§Mr H$maH$sX© B.g. 1775 nmgyZ 1778 n¶ªV Pmbr.
˶mZ§Va nwT>o Kmeram‘ H$moVdmb ¶mMr H$maH$sX© gwê$ Pmbr. Kmeram‘ H$moVdmb ¶mMm
nJma {XQ>çmgwÕm gmbmMm 621 ghmeo EH$drg én¶o hmoVm. ˶mÀ¶m hmVmImbr ‘wOy‘Xma,
’$S>Urg d XßVaXma Ago VrZ A{YH$mar AgV. ˶m gdmªMm {‘iyZ gm{bZm 640 ghmeo
Mmirg én¶o nJma hmoVm. Kmeram‘mÀ¶m A‘bmImbr gd© nwUo ehamH$[aVm 1113 nmobrg
{enmB© hmoVo. Xþgè¶m ~mOramdm§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©V H$moVdmbr ‘H$˶mZo Xoʶmg gwédmV Pmbr.
nwʶmÀ¶m H$moVdmbrMm A§‘b nwUo ehamÀ¶m a¶VonwaVmM Ago. lr‘§Vm§Mo dmS>o, nmJm, ¶mH$S>o
H$moVdmbmMm g§~§Y Zgo. nwUo ehamV ‘w»¶ MmdS>çm nmM hmo˶m. ˶m‘ܶo, gmo‘dma, doVmi,
Am{XVdma, Zmam¶U noR> ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. ¶m nmM MmdS>çm§da nhmè¶mH$[aVm à˶oH$s
XmoZà‘mUo Xhm Bg‘ AgV. nwUo ehamVrb H$moVdmbm§H$S>o ’$m¡OXmar d {XdmUr Ago ~hþVoH$
A{YH$ma AgV. H$moVdmbm§H$S>o Or H$m‘o gmon{dbobr AgV ˶mV, ehamMr ImZogw‘mar
H$aUo d {heo~ R>odUo, {Za{Zamiçm nmVirdarb V§Q>o gmoS>{dUo, OwJma IoiUmè¶m§H$Sy>Z
X§S> dgyb H$aUo. A{VH«$‘Uo, amÌr ehamMm ~§Xmo~ñV R>odUo B˶mXr H$m‘m§Mm g‘mdoe
Ago. ehamV amÌr JñV KmbʶmgmR>r nWHo$ {’$aV AgV. amÌr AH$amZ§Va àOog ehamV
{’$aʶmg ‘ZmB© Ago. nhmQ>o Mma dmOë¶mnmgyZ ehamV {’$aʶmg nadmZJr hmoVr. ˶mgmR>r
Vmo’$m§Mo ~ma H$mT>bo OmV AgV. ˶mÀ¶mg‘moa Mmoar, ~X’o$br, OmaH$a‘, ‘ÚnmZ, dJ¡ao
‘w»¶ JwÝho ¶oV AgV. ¶m gd© IQ>ë¶m§Mm {ZH$mb H$moVdmbm‘m’©$V hmoV Ago. VËH$mbrZ
H$mJXnÌm§VyZ nwUo ehamVrb AZoH$ H$moVdmbm§À¶m H$m‘mMo CëboI ¶oVmV. ˶mV, ˶m§À¶m
H$m‘mMo ñdê$n, ˶m§Zm ‘XV H$aUmao H$‘©Mmar, H$moVdmbmMo A{YH$ma d H$V©ì¶o, ˶m§Mo
doVZ d ˶m§Zm {‘iUmam ‘mo~Xbm B˶mXr§~m~VMr ‘m{hVr {‘iVo.
nwUo eha ho amOYmZrMo eha Agë¶m‘wio ¶m ehamÀ¶m H$moVdmbmg {deof ‘hÎd
àmßV Pmbobo hmoVo. nwʶmVrb H$moVdmb hm à˶j noeì¶m§Zm O~m~Xma Ago. ˶mÀ¶m
‘XVrgmR>r {eboXmam§Mr nWHo$ AgV. ‘XVrgmR>r {Za{Zamio A{YH$mar d godH$ AgV.
˶mV, ’$S>Urg, XßVaXma, H$maHy$Z, ߶mXo ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Ago.
Self-Instructional
Material 216
H$moVdmbmg dm{f©H$ 300 VrZeo én¶o, ’$S>[Ugmg 200 XmoZeo én¶o, XßVaXmamg noedoH$mbrZ àemg-
150 {XS>eo én¶o , H$maHw$Zmg 125 EH$eon§Mdrg én¶o, ߶mXo Xa‘hm 5 én¶o {‘iV Zì¶dñWm
AgV. H$moVdmbmg 300 én¶o dm{f©H$ doVZm~amo~aM V§Q>o gmoS>{dʶmÀ¶m ‘mo~Xë¶mV
haH$s d JwÝhoJmar, nmQ>Xm‘mMm gìdm én¶m d eobm dOZ-‘mnm§da {e³Ho$$ ‘maʶmÀ¶m NOTES
‘mo~Xë¶mV n¡go {‘iV AgV. H$moVdmbmg Á¶m {Za{Zamiçm ‘mJmªZr CËnÝZ {‘iV Ago,
˶mV, haH$s d X§S>, JwÝhoJmar, nmQ>Xm‘, H$O©Mm¡WmB©, ~Q>N>nmB©, ZOa, OwJmar~Ôb X§S>
¶m ‘w»¶ ~m~r AgV. H$moVdmbrMm {heo~ ‘{hݶmbm gaH$mabm gmXa H$amdm bmJV
Ago. nwʶmà‘mUo BVa bhmZ‘moR>çm ehar H$moVdmb AgV. amOo {dÇ>b {edXod ¶m§g
Ah‘Xm~mXoMr H$moVdmbr gm§{JVbr hmoVr. OwÝZa ¶oWrb H$moVdmbr am‘M§Ð {edmOr ¶mg
gm§JyZ V¡ZmV gm{bZm VrZeo én¶o H$ama Ho$br. éñVw‘ImZ qÌ~H$H$a ¶mÀ¶mH$S>o H$g~o
qÌ~H$ ¶oWrb H$moVdmbr hmoVr.
bhmZ‘moR>r ehao gmoS>ë¶mg BVa ‘wbImÀ¶m ~§Xmo~ñVmgmR>r ‘m‘boXma, H$‘m{dgXma
¶m§À¶m hmVmImbr {e~§Xr Ago. ~§Xmo~ñVmÀ¶m Ñï>rZo {H$ëë¶mMm Cn¶moJ ‘moR>m hmoVm.
{H$ëë¶mdarb {e~§Xr ^modVmbÀ¶m Q>mnyMo g§ajU H$ar. ¶mÌm àg§Jr amÁ¶mV Aem§VVm,
X§Jo, Y‘Yy‘ Aem àg§Jr qe~Xr nmR>dyZ em§VVm àñWm{nV Ho$br OmV Ago. ¶m~m~VMo
AZoH$ CëboI ¶oVmV. ¶mÌmàg§Jr {H$ëë¶mdarb {e~§Xr ˶m ˶m Jmdr nmR>{dʶmV ¶oB©.
gmVmam àm§Vr nmb ¶m Jmdr nm¢f ‘mgr I§S>mo~mMr OÌm ‘moR>r ^aVo. "{VOH$[aVm gmVmè¶mÀ¶m
{H$ëë¶mdê$Z 40, d§XZ {H$ëë¶mn¡H$s 40 d M§XZ {H$ëë¶mn¡H$s 50, aIdmbXma d
˶mIoarO 25 amD$V nmR>{dʶmV Ambo.' "‘m¡OogwHo$Uo naJUm Mm§XdS> ¶oWo ZagmoOr OmYd
¶mZo Y‘Yy‘ ‘m§S>br hmoVr. ˶mMm ~§Xmo~ñV nmQ>br- Hw$bH$Ur© ¶mg 25 ߶mXo XoD$Z
˶m§OH$Sy>Z H$a{dbm.' "ImZXoemV MmirgJmd, e|XþUu ¶m ~mOyg {^ëbm§Mm CnÐd Pmbm
hmoVm. ˶m§À¶m ~§Xmo~ñVmgmR>r JmdmoJmd {^ëb -nÅ>r ~gdyZ Vmo dgyb H$ê$Z Xoe‘wI d
Xoenm§S>o ¶m§Zr ì¶dñWm R>odmdr Ago R>abo. ImZXoemn¡H$sM naJUo amdoa, Aeoa, gmdXo,
MmonS>o B˶mXr {R>H$mUMo O‘rZXma H$moir d {^ëb {‘bm’$s hmoD$Z d JmdJÝZm ‘mb
OmiyZ gaH$mamMr ZwH$gmZr H$arV hmoVo. Var ˶m gdmªMr dVZo OßV H$ê$Z dVZmMr
H$‘m{dgr ‘mYdamd {dídZ ¶mg gm§JʶmV Ambr. '
11.3 gmam§e
àñVwV àH$aUm‘ܶo noedoH$mbrZ àemgZ ì¶dñWoMm ‘mJmodm KoVbm Amho. {edH$mbrZ
àemgZì¶dñWm Am{U noedoH$mbrZ àemgZì¶dñWm ¶m§Vrb ^oX ñnï> Ho$bobo AmhoV.
‘wbH$s àemgZ, ‘hgyb àemgZ, ݶm¶ àemgZ, bîH$ar àegZ ¶m§Mm ‘mJmodm KoD$Z
noedoH$mimVrb ~Xbm§da àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. àemgZmVrb {d{dY A{YH$mar, ˶m§Mr
H$m‘o, ˶m§Zm {‘iUmao doVZ d gw{dYm ¶mda àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho.
aMZm
12.0 àñVmdZm
12.1 C{Ôï>o
12.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ
12.2.1 noeH$mbrZ g‘mOOrdZ
12.2.2 gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ
12.2.3 Am{W©H$ OrdZ
12.3 gmam§e
12.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX
12.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
12.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
12.0 àñVmdZm
noedoH$mbrZ g‘mOOrdZmMm ‘mJmodm KoVmZm VËH$mbrZ g‘mOì¶dñWoVrb JmdJmS>çmMo
ñWmZ, g‘mOmVrb X{bVm§Mr pñWVr, ñÌr-OrdZmVrb {d{dY g‘ñ¶m ¶m§~m~V ‘m{hVr
¿¶mdm¶mMr Amho. VËH$mbrZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmVrb {d{dY gU-CËgd, ¶mÌm-OÌm,
Ym{‘©H$ gU-g‘ma§^ ¶mda nH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. VËH$mbrZ Am{W©H$ OrdZmVrb
{Za{Zamiçm KQ>H$m§Mm ‘mJmodm KoVbm Amho.
12.1 C{Ôï>o
gVamì¶m d AR>amì¶m eVH$m§Vrb g‘mOOrdZmMm ‘mJmodm KoUo. noedo H$mbrZ
g‘mOOrdZmVrb ~Xbm§Mm ‘mJmodm KoUo. VËH$mbrZ ñÌr OrdZmdarb n[aUm‘ OmUyZ KoUo.
JmdJmS>çmVrb {Za{Zamiçm KQ>H$m§À¶m Am{W©H$ OrdZmMm ‘mJmodm KoUo. noedoH$mbrZ
Am{W©H$ OrdZmMm ‘mJmodm KoUo. noedoH$mimVrb Am{W©H$ OrdZmVrb {d{dY ~m~tMm
Aä¶mg H$aUo.
nwÌ OÝ‘moËgd :
qhXþY‘© d g‘mOmV ñÌr-nwéf Agm ^oX H$ê$Z nwÌ OÝ‘mbm {deof ‘hÎd {Xbo
Jobo hmoVo. BVHo$M Zìho Va nwÌ OÝ‘mMm AmZ§XmoËgd gmOam H$arV AgV. ˶m àg§Jr
‘moR>çm à‘mUmV XmZY‘© H$arV AgV. ˶mV dñÌ, Ab§H$ma, Jm¶r, KmoS>o, hÎmr B˶mXtMo
dmQ>n H$arV AgV. nwÌ OÝ‘mÀ¶m AmZ§Xm{à˶W© amKo~mXmXmZo gmIam dmQ>ë¶m, dmO§Ìr,
H$U©H$ar d JwT>çm KoD$Z Ambobo ‘hma ¶m§Zm BZm‘o {Xbr. nwÌ OÝ‘mÀ¶m AmZ§Xm{Z{‘Îm
H$mhr H¡$Úm§Zmhr gmoSy>Z XoV AgV. I§Sy> - g§Vy ¶m em{haZo aMboë¶m nmodmS>çmV, gdmB©
‘mYdamdm§À¶m OÝ‘moËgdm{Z{‘Îm AmZ§XmoËgd Ho$bm hmoVm, Agm CëboI ¶oVmo.
OmVH$ H$‘© :
hm g‘ma§^ àm‘w»¶mZo ‘wbJr n{hë¶m§Xm ~mim§VnUmgmR>r Amnë¶m d{S>bm§À¶m Kar
OmVo. ˶mdoir nwÌ OÝ‘mZ§Va gmOam H$arV AgV. ˶mZ§Va g‘ma§^mg Amboë¶m nwamo{hVmbm
X{jUm XodyZ g‘ma§^ g§nV Ago. {edmOr§À¶m OÝ‘mZ§Va, "hm gm‘϶©dmZ ‘wbJm ¶m
bmoH$s Abm¡{H$H$ H$m‘o H$arb, åb|ÀN>m§Mm {ZßnmV H$arb d Amnbr {H$Vr© ngadrb, gd©
Xoe Amnë¶m namH«$‘mZo qOHy$Z hm ~hÿV H$min¶ªV ‘hmamOm hmoB©b', Ago OmVH$ g^oV
Á¶mo{Vfm§Zr dV©{dbo hmoVo.
Zm‘H$aU :
‘wbmÀ¶m OÝ‘mZ§Va Xhmdm {Xdg Vo ~mamdm {Xdg ¶mXaå¶mZ Zm‘H$aU g‘ma§^
H$arV AgV. Xhmì¶m qH$dm ~mamì¶m {Xder ‘wbmÀ¶m ‘mVm{n˶m§Zr Amnë¶m BÀN>oZwgma
‘wbmMo Zmd R>odyZ gd©Ìm§g H$idmdo. ~«m÷Um§Zm ^moOZ XodyZ g§Vwï> H$amdo. ‘J ˶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z
Amerdm©X ¿¶mdm., Ago CëboI gyÌJ«§WmV ¶oVmV. J§Jm~mB© àgyV Pmbr ...AH$amì¶m
{Xder Zm‘H$aU Pmbo. g‘ma§^ ‘moR>mM Pmbm. hobH$aUr ~m¶H$m§Zm bwJS>r, MmoiIU
{Xbo. nwʶmVrb Xhm hOma ~m¶H$m§Zm MmoiIU {Xbo.
CnZ¶Z :
¶m g‘ma§^mMo CnZ¶Z, d«V~§Y, ‘w§O, ‘m¢Or~§YZ B˶mXr Zmdm§Zr CëboI ¶oVmV.
ewÐm§IoarO ~«m÷U, j{̶ d d¡í¶ ¶m VrZ dUmªV OÝ‘boë¶m§Zm CnZ¶ZmMm A{YH$ma
hmoVm. d¶mÀ¶m gmV Vo ~mam dfmªn¶ªV CnZ¶Z H$amdo Ago gyÌJ«§Wm§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. d«V~§Y
g‘ma§^ d {dYr ¶mMo {ddoMZ dm.dm. Iao ¶m§Zr A[YH$ma ¶moJ ¶m J«§WmV Ho$bobo Amho.
NÌnVr {edmOramOm§Zm amÁ¶m{^foH$mnydr© d«V~§Y g§ñH$ma H$amdm bmJbm hmoVm. gdmB©
‘mYdamdm§À¶m ‘w§OrMm g‘ma§^ 21 Am°JñQ>,> 1779 amoOr ‘moR>çm WmQ>mZo nma nS>bm hmoVm.
CnZ¶Z g‘ma§^mg H$nS>çm§Mm Amhoa H$aʶmMr àWm hmoVr.
Self-Instructional
Material 229
noedoH$mbrZ {ddmh :
g‘mOOrdZ
{ddmh hm qhXÿ Y‘m©Vrb An[ahm¶© Agm g§ñH$ma ‘mZbm OmV Ago. ¶m g§ñH$mam‘wio
NOTES ñÌr Am{U nwéf ¶m§Zm J¥hñWml‘mV àdoe H$aʶmMo ñdmV§Í¶ {‘iV Ago. ‘Zw d ¶mkd늶
¶m ñ‘¥{V J«§Wm§‘ܶo b½ZmMo AZoH$ àH$ma gm§{JVbobo AmhoV. ˶mV - ~«h²‘, Xod,
Amf©, àmOn˶, Agya, J§Yd©, amjg, {nemÀM ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. qhXÿ Y‘©emñÌmV
{ddmhmg§~§Yr {d{dY {dYr d {Z¶‘ gm§{JVbobo AmhoV. J¥hçgyÌmV {ddmh hmo‘ d
Jwhàdoer¶ hmo‘ ho XmoZM {dYr gm§{JVbobo AmhoV. {ddmh hmo‘mV ¶oUmao {dYr åhUOo
hmo‘, nmUrJ«hU, bmOmhmo‘, Ap½ZàX{jUm, AídmamohZ, gßVnXr Am{U Y«wdXe©Z ¶m§Mm
g‘mdoe hmoVm. J¥hàdoer¶ hmo‘mV J¥hàdoe hmo‘, dYybm CnXoe Am{U XodVoMr àmW©Zm
¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. {ed^maVmV emhOr d {OOm~mB© ¶m§À¶m {ddmhmMm CëboI ¶oVmo.
emhÿ Am¡a§JOo~mÀ¶m H¡$XoV AgVmZm Am¡a§JOo~mZo emhÿ ‘hmamOm§Mm {ddmh qhXy na§naoà‘mUo
H$adyZ KoVbm hmoVm. N>ÌnVr emhÿ ‘hmamOm§Mr ‘wbJr JOam~mB© {hÀ¶m b½ZmgmR>r Xhm bj
én¶o IM© bmJbm hmoVm. hm b½Z g‘ma§^ ‘moR>çm WmQ>mZo nma nS>bm hmoVm. gdmB© ‘mYdad
noedo ¶m§Mm dmL²{ZeM¶ hmoD$Z ~mimOr ~{haamd WÎmo ¶m§Mr H$ݶm dYy åhUyZ R>a{dbr.
‘mK ‘{hݶmV H¥$îUmOr WÎmo ¶m§Mo Kar nwʶmVM b½Z g‘ma§^ H$aʶmMo R>abo.
AjV g‘ma§^ :
AjV g‘ma§^ hm {ddmh gmohiçmVrb EH$ ‘hÎdmMm g‘ma§^ ‘mZbm OmV Ago. ¶m
g‘ma§^mV àW‘ J«m‘XodVm, Bï> XodVm, Hw$bXodVm ¶m§Zm AjV XoD$Z Z§Va BVam§Zm AjV
XoV AgV. lr‘§Vm§Mr AjV {‘adUyH$ ‘moR>çm bì¶mOå¶m{Zer {ZKV Ago. ‘ܶ‘ d Jar~
KamVrb bmoH$m§À¶m AjVm Á¶mÀ¶m ˶mÀ¶m EonVrà‘mUo {ZKV AgV. {ddmhm{Z{‘ÎmmZo
XodH$ ñWmnZm, ZdarMr Cï>r hiX, AmhoamMm g‘ma§^, gr‘m§V nyOZ, Vob’$i, ê$IdV,
‘YwnH§${dYr, H$ݶmXmZ, {ddmh hmo‘, nm{UJ«hU, damV B˶mXr g‘ma§^ Ho$bo OmV AgV.
¶m H$mimV amjg {ddmh, Agya [ddmh, {df‘ {ddmh B˶mXr àH$ma AmT>iyZ ¶oV.
gaXma Amßnmgmho~ {ZnmUH$a ¶m§À¶mdarb nmodmS>çmV, ˶mÀ¶m amjg {ddmhmMo dU©Z
¶oVo. ‘amR>oH$mimV ~mb{ddmhmMr àWm hmoVr. ¶mV ‘wbrMo d¶ H$‘mb AmR> Va ‘wbmMo d¶
H$‘mb Mm¡Xm Ago. amOo, noedo B˶mXr amÁ¶H$˶mªÀ¶m KamVrb b½ZmgmR>r gaXmam§H$Sy>Z
b½ZnÅ>r; gm{h˶, godm d n¡em§À¶m ñdê$nmV dgyb Ho$br OmV Ago. ˶m~m~VMo CëboI
VËH$mbrZ gmYZm§VyZ ¶oVmV.
A§Ë¶oï>r àoVmdarb g§ñH$ma :
‘mZdr OrdZmVrb EH$ ‘hÎdmMm g§ñH$ma åhUOo A§Ë¶g§ñH$ma hmo¶. qhXy Y‘u¶m§V
‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va ‘mZdr earamMr VrZ àH$mam§Zr {dëhodmQ> bmdbr OmV Ago. ˶mV XhZ, X’$Z
d {dgO©Z ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. ~«m÷U d VËg‘ d[að> dJm©V XhZ {dYr H$arV AgV,
Va BVa OmVt‘ܶo X’$Z{dYr Ho$bm OmB©. gmYy -g§Ý¶mer ¶m§Mr àoVo nmʶmV {dg[O©V
Ho$br OmV. ‘amR>oH$mbrZ ‘hmamï´>mV qhXÿ§à‘mUoM BVa Y‘©n§Wm§Mo bmoH$hr amhmV hmoVo. Vo
˶m§À¶m Ym{‘©H$ na§naoZwgma ‘¥Vm§darb g§ñH$ma H$arV AgV. Ago VËH$mbrZ gmYZm§Vrb
CëboIm§dê$Z {XgyZ ¶oVo. qbJm¶V n§WmV ~gboë¶m pñWVrV àoVmMo X’$Z H$arV AgV.
Self-Instructional erI n§WmV àoV XhZmg Zoʶmnydr© àoVmbm ñZmZ KmbyZ Y‘©{dhrV nmofmI MT>{dV AgV.
Material 230
qhXÿ§à‘mUoM Vo àoVmMo XhZ H$arV. nmaer g‘mOmV ‘¥VXoh KamV ñdÀN> Ho$boë¶m ImobrV noedoH$mbrZ
R>odV AgV Z§Va ~wéOmVrb dVw©imH$ma {R>H$mUr - em§VrHy$n - ‘¥VmMm Z½Z Xoh R>odbm g‘mOOrdZ
OmV Ago. ˶mdoir nwamo{hV Ym{‘©H$ ‘§Ì åhUV. ‘¥Ë¶ynydr© Am{U Z§Va XmZY‘© H$arV
AgV. ¶m àg§Jr ~«m÷Um§Zm X{jUm XoʶmgmR>r n¡gm qH$dm dñVy XoV AgV. ¶m àg§Jr NOTES
~«m÷Um§Zm ^y{‘XmZ Ho$ë¶mMohr CëboI ¶oVmV.
A§Voï>r - CÎmaH$m¶© :
CÎmaH$m¶m©gma»¶m Xþ:IX àg§Jr XþIdQ>çmMo Amhoa H$aʶmMr àWm hmoVr. d¡Ú~§Yy§Mo
dS>rb aKwZmW^Q> 10 OmZodmar, 1743 amoOr dmabo Voìhm Voamì¶m {Xder Á¶m§Zr XþIdQ>çmMo
Amhoa Ho$bo, ˶m§Mr ¶m{X d¡Ú XßVamV {‘iVo.
gVràWm :
‘amR>oH$mimV nVr {ZYZmZ§Va gVr OmʶmMr àWm hmoVr. ‘hmamï´>mV gVamdo eVH$ Vo
EH$mo[Ugmdo eVH$ ¶m H$mbmdYrV gVr àWoMm ‘moR>m àgma Pmbm hmoVm, Ago VËH$mbrZ
gVrÀ¶m Xodiçm, d¥§XmdZo, ñV§^ ¶m§dê$Z {XgyZ ¶oVo. Y‘©emñÌmZo ~«m÷Um§Zm gVr Omʶmg
~§YZ KmVë¶mZo gVr OmUmè¶mV ~«m÷Um§Mo à‘mU H$‘r hmoVo. na§Vw ~«m÷Um§Mm ‘amR>çm§À¶m
amOH$maUmV àdoe hmoD$Z Vo gÎmmYmar ~Zë¶mZo BVam§Zm AmXe© KmbyZ XoʶmÀ¶m CÔoemZo
˶m§Zr gVr àWobm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. ˶m‘wio ‘amR>o gaXma Hw$Qw>§~mVrb AZoH$ pñ̶m,
godH$, Xmgr Amnë¶m gaXmam~amo~a gVr Joë¶mMr AZoH$ CXmhaUo VËH$mbrZ gmYZm§VyZ
{‘iVmV. amOo, gaXma, gmdH$ma ¶m§À¶m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb AZoH$ pñ̶m gVr Joë¶mMr CXmhaUo
{‘iVmV. na§Vw amÁ¶H$V©o noedo ¶m§À¶m KamVrb a‘m~mB© - (Wmoabo ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Mr
nËZr) AÝZnyUm©~mB© -({M‘mOr AmßnmMr nËZr) ¶m§Mm AndmX dJiVm Xþgao H$moUr gVr
Joë¶mMo AmT>iV Zmhr. gVrÀ¶m gmohiçmMo dU©Z Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmodmS>o, VËH$mbrZ gmYZo
B˶mXr§‘YyZ ¶oVo. VgoM "ewÕr‘¶wI' qH$dm "ewÕrVÎd' ¶m J§«WmV gVrdm {dYr gm§{JVbobm
Amho. EImXr ñÌr gVr OmVmZm BVa pñ̶m gVrMm àgmX åhUyZ gm¡^m½¶dmZ, IU,
~m§JS>çm, Hw§$Hy$ B˶mXr XoV AgV. ~«mh²‘Um§Zm XmZ {Xbo OmV Ago.
Ho$ednZ :
‘amR>oH$mbrZ g‘mOmV nVr {ZYZmZ§Va ghJVZmbm n¶m©¶ åhUyZ Ho$ednZmÀ¶m
‘mJm©Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmV Ago. {dYdoMm H$M~§Y nVrÀ¶m ~§YZmg H$maUr^yV hmoVmo,
Aer g‘OyV Agë¶mZo nVrÀ¶m {ZYZmZ§Va nËZrMo Ho$g nVrÀ¶m edm~amo~a OmirV
AgV. noedoH$mimV ZmJPmar Odi {dYdm pñ̶m§Mm Ho$ednZ {dYr hmoV Ago. ¶m
{dYrgmR>r EH$ n§Mm, EH$ nmVi, EH$ IU, EH$ ‘{U‘§JigyÌ,OmoS>dr, {déAm B˶mXr
gm{h˶ AmUmdo bmJV Ago. ˶m àg§Jr ~«mh²‘Umg Jm¶r, n¡go, gmoZo, Ab§H$ma B˶mXr
XmZ åhUyZ XoV AgV. Oa EImÚm {dYdoZo Ho$g H$mT>bo Zmhr Va {Vbm Om{V~{hîH¥$V
H$arV AgV. H$Yr-H$Yr ˶m§Zm {ejmhr Ho$br OmV Ago.
Self-Instructional
Material 231
noedoH$mbrZ ‘amR>oH$mbrZ Ym{‘©H$ -CËgd d gU - g‘ma§^
g‘mOOrdZ
NOTES Xod -XodVm§Mo OÌm, ¶mÌm d CËgd :
‘amR>oH$mimV Xod-XodVm§Mo CËgd, dm{f©H$ OÌm - ¶mÌm ^aV AgV. ¶m CËgdmgmR>r
amÁ¶H$V}, ñWm{ZH$ OZVm, A{YH$mar ¶§À¶mH$Sy>Z BZm‘o, dfm©gZo d XoU½¶m {Xë¶m OmV
AgV. ¶m CËgd àg§Jr AÝZXmZo, Zdg ’o$S>Uo, XodVm§Zm ~ir XoUo B˶mXr ~m~r bmoH$
H$arV AgV. {eIa qeJUmnya ¶oWo M¡Ì ‘{hݶmV ¶mÌm ^aVo, bmImo ^m[dH$ VoWo EH$Ì
¶oVmV, na§Vw nmʶmMr gmo¶ Zmhr åhUyZ ‘mbmoOramOo ^mogbo ¶m§Zr VoWo EH$ Vio ~m§Ybo
hmoVo.
XodVm§À¶m OÌm :
J«m‘rU ^mJmV VoWrb g‘mOmV OmImB©, VwH$mB©, ‘w§Om, ~{hamo~m, åhgmo~m, doVmi
B˶mXr XodVm à{gÕ AgyZ ˶m§Mr nyOm - AMm©, ¶mÌm -CËgd Zoh‘r MmbV AgV. ¶m
XodVm§Mo nwOmar åhUyZ Jwad, dmKo, ‘hma, ‘m§J, Hw$U~r ho bmoH$ H$m‘ H$arV AgV. ¶m
XodVm§À¶m CnmgZo‘wio ˶m XodVm g§Vwï> hmoD$Z amoJ, d g§H$Q>o ¶m§Mo {ZdmaU H$aVmV, Aer
g‘OyV hmoVr. 150 J«m‘XodVm§Mo CËgd {ZKmbo åhUOo, ˶màg§Jr Ymo~r, gwVma, Hw§$^ma,
bmohma B˶mXr OmVtZm ‘mZ d {deofm{YH$ma {Xbobo AgV. dm{f©H$ OÌoV new~ir XoʶmMr
àWm hmoVr; VmS>r, ‘mS>r, ^m§J, Jm§Om, V§~mIy, a³VmZo H$mb{dbobm ^mV ho J«mXodVm§Mo
AmdS>Vo nwOmMma hmoVo.
OmoJUr :
‘amR>oH$mimV OmoJUrMm CËgd à{Vð>oMm ‘mZbm OmV Ago. ˶mV bmoH$ ~[bXmZ
H$aʶmghr V¶ma hmoV AgV. CËgdm{df¶r Aer ‘m{hVr {‘iVo H$s, ""OmoJm d OmoJr
hr Amnë¶m hmVmVrb VbdmarZo H$m§~S>o qH$dm ‘|T>ê$ ‘mê$Z ˶mMo a³V Mm§XrÀ¶m dmQçm§V
^ê$Z KoVmV Z§Va Vo ~mhoa {ZKVmV. hmVmVrb dmQ>çm ho ˶m§Mo gd©ñd ‘mZVmV. ˶m§À¶m
ajUmgmR>r EH$m hmVmV Vbdma Ago. EH$m nÌmV ~mJUrÀ¶m ‘Zwî¶mZo dmQ>r ni{dʶmMm
à¶ËZ Ho$bm hmoVm. Voìhm ˶mMo S>moHo$ CS>{dbo Jobo. Vo S>moHo$ Aï>çmÀ¶m hÔrV nS>bo d YS>
~mJUrH$am§À¶m hÔrV nS>bo. ˶m‘wio n§Mm¶VrZo dmQ>rda ~mJUrH$am§Mm h³H$ ‘mݶ Ho$bm
d dmQ>r ˶m§Zm {‘imbr.''
JUoemoËgd :
hm CËgd H$moH$UmVrb ‘hÎdmMm CËgd ‘mZbm OmV Ago. noedo H$mimV ¶m
CËgdmbm Xoemdahr ‘hÎd àmßV Pmbo. ^mÐnX MVwWunmgyZ Vo AZ§V MVwX©ern¶ªV hm
CËgd gmOam Ho$bm OmV Ago. ¶m CËgdmV JUoe ñWmnZm d {dgO©Z Yw‘YS>mŠ¶mV gmOao
Ho$bo OmV Ago. Xaå¶mZÀ¶m H$mimV ^OZ, H$sV©Z, ZmMJmUo, S>’$JmUo, H$bmd§VrUrMm
ZmM B˶mXr H$m¶©H«$‘ hmoV AgV. dmO§Ìr, H$UoH$ar, haXmg, JdB©, H$bmd§VrUr, Jwad,
nIdmOr, gm|JmS>o ¶m§Zm {~XmJr XoV AgV. B.g. 1808 À¶m EH$m nÌmV Mm¡Xm {Xdg
nmMeo Amgm‘rÀ¶m ^moOZ d X{jUogmR>r gìdrg hOma nmMeo én¶o IM© Ambm hmoVm,
Self-Instructional Agm CëboI ¶oVmo.
Material 232
am‘Zd‘r : noedoH$mbrZ
am‘Zd‘rMm hm CËgd M¡Ì Zd‘rg {dîUyZo am‘mÀ¶m ê$nmZo ‘Zwî¶mdVma YmaU Ho$bm, g‘mOOrdZ
åhUyZ lram‘ OÝ‘moËgd gmOam Ho$bm OmV Ago. CËgdmà‘mUoM ¶mbm d«V åhUyZhr ‘hÎd
hmoVo. am‘Xmgr g§àXm¶mMo ^m[dH$ hm CËgd ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV gmOam H$arV AgV. ‘amR>o NOTES
H$mimV am‘Xmgr g§àXm¶mÀ¶m am‘Zd‘r CËgdmgmR>r bmJUmao gm{h˶, ˶mgmR>r XoU½¶m,
BZm‘ d dfm©gZo {Xë¶mMo AZoH$ CëboI VËH$mbrZ gmYZm§VyZ ¶oVmV. {‘aO ¶oWrb
Am³H$m~mB© d JmoqdX Jmogmdr ¶m§Zm CËgdmMm IM© Mmb{dʶmgmR>r Vrg {~Ko O‘rZ
BZm‘ {Xbr hmoVr.
JmoHw$imï>‘r :
lmdU ‘{hݶmÀ¶m Aï>‘rg {dîUyZo H¥$îUmÀ¶m ê$nmZo ‘Zwî¶mdVma YmaU Ho$bm åhUyZ
hm CËgd gmOam Ho$bm OmV Ago. JmoHw$imï>‘rbm CËgdmà‘mUoM d«V åhUyZhr ‘hÎd hmoVo.
B.g. 17923 ‘ܶo ‘hmXOr qeXo ¶m§Mo S>oè¶mg hm CËgd gmOam H$aʶmV Ambm hmoVm,
˶mdoir gdmB© ‘mYdamd noedo VoWo Jobo hmoVo. ‘hmXOrZo ˶m§Zm nmofmI ^oQ> {Xbm hmoVm.
{edamÌr :
{edamÌrbm CËgdmà‘mUoM d«V åhUyZhr ‘hÎd hmoVo. qhXÿ H$mbJUZoVrb H$moU˶mhr
‘{hݶmÀ¶m H¥$îU njmVrb MVwX©erbm {edamÌr åhUVmV. VWm{n ‘mK ‘{hݶmÀ¶m
H¥$îUnjmVrb MVwX©er gdmªV loð> ‘mZyZ {Vbm ‘hm{edamÌr Ago åhUV. ¶m {Xder
Cndmg H$ê$Z {~ëdd¥jmÀ¶m nmZm§Zr e§H$amMr nyOm H$amdr Am{U amÌ^a OmJaU H$amdo
bmJV Ago. AmZ§Xr~mB© H$monaJmdr AgVmZm ˶m§Zr {edamÌr CËgd Ho$bm hmoVm. Agm
CëboI H¥$îUmOr OZmX©Z ¶mZo H$monaJmdmhÿZ nwʶmg nmR>{dboë¶m nÌmV ¶oVmo.
Jm¡ar nyOm :
M¡Ì ‘{hݶmVrb ewÕ V¥Vr¶og hm CËgd gmOam H$arV AgV. hm CËgd àm‘w»¶mZo
~«mh²‘U gwdmgrZr Jm¡arÀ¶m nyOZmW© hiXr - Hw§$H$dmMm H$m¶©H«$‘ H$arV AgV. ~«mh‘Um§À¶m
KamV Jm¡arMr ’w$bm§Zr nyOm Ho$br OmV Ago. ^Jd§Vamd A‘m˶m§Zr B.g. 1750 ‘ܶo
‘hmamUr Vmam~mB©g {b{hboë¶m nÌmV Jm¡arÀ¶m CËgdmMm IM© Mmb{dbm nm{hOo Aer
{dZ§Vr Ho$br hmoVr Agm CëboI ¶oVmo.
d«V-d¡H$ë¶o :
˶m H$mimV {Za{Zamiçm àH$maMr d«V -d¡H$ë¶o nmibr OmV AgV. ˶m‘ܶo
EH$mXer d«V, F${fn§M‘r d«V, MmVw‘m©g, ‘m¡Zd«V, ~wYmï>‘r, AXþ;I Zd‘r, à{VàXm qH$dm
àXmofd«V, aWgßV‘r d«V, {VbH$d«V, {~ëdemImd«V, dmVr bmdUo, Vwigr àX{jUm§Mr
bmoImobr KmbUo Aem AZoH$ àH$maÀ¶m d«Vm§Mo CëboI {Za{Zamiçm H$mJXnÌm§VyZ ¶oVmV.
AZwð>mZo :
Xodmb àgÝZ H$ê$Z KoʶmgmR>r, Amnbr BÀN>m nyU© H$aʶmgmR>r AZwð>mZo Ho$br
OmV AgV. ˶mMo AZoH$ CëboI ‘amR>oH$mbrZ gmYZm§VyZ ¶oVmV. {‘Pm©amOo O¶qgJmZo
{edmOramOm§À¶m nam^dmgmR>r AZwð>mZo d On ¶mgmR>r Mmaeo ~«m÷U AZwð>mZmg bmdbo Self-Instructional
Material 233
noedoH$mbrZ hmoVo. VrZ ‘{hZo AZwð>mZo Mmb{dbr. ˶mÀ¶m IMm©gmR>r XmoZ H$moQ>r én¶o H$mTy>Z R>odbo
g‘mOOrdZ hmoVo.
NOTES hmo‘ -hdZ :
àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Á¶m {dYrbm qhXy Y‘r©¶m§À¶m Ym{‘©H$ OrdZmV ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ
àmßV Pmbo hmoVo. Vmo {dYr åhUOo "¶k' hmo¶. ‘amR>oH$mimV Eo{hH$ g‘¥Õr, eÌwZme,
ì¶m{YZme, g§VmZàmßVr, AqV{ж e³VrMo H¥$nmg§nmXZ ¶m g§X^m©V ¶k Ho$bo OmV AgV.
V¡Îmar¶ AmaʶH$mV Xod¶k, {nV¥¶k, ^yV¶k, ‘Zwk d ~«÷¶k ho nmM ¶k gm§{JVbo
AmhoV. ¶kg‘¶r ~«mh²‘Um§Zm ^moOZ, X{jUm, dñÌ- Ab§H$ma B˶mXr {Xbo OmV AgV.
em§Vr H$‘© :
‘ܶ¶wJrZ Ym{‘©H$ d gm‘m{OH$ OrdZmV em§Vr H$‘m©bm ‘hÎd {Xbo OmV Ago. X¡Z§{XZ
OrdZmVrb g‘ñ¶m, AmOmamnmgyZ ‘w³VVm, g§H$Q>mVyZ ‘w³VVm ¶mgmR>r em§VrH$‘© H$arV
AgV. em§VrH$‘m©V hmo‘ hdZ, ~«mh²‘U ^moOZo d X{jU ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Ago. H$ë¶mU
àm§Vr ^yH§$n Pmbm ˶mMr em§Vr Ho$ë¶mMm CëboI {‘iVmo.
Zdg :
Bï> H$m‘ZoMr nyVr© ìhmdr åhUyZ Xod-XodVobm {Xbobo nwOmonMmamMo A{^dMZ qH$dm
EImXm nXmW© An©U H$aʶmMr à{Vkm åhUOo Zdg hmo¶. VËH$mbrZ g‘mOmV {d{dY
H$maUm§gmR>r Zdg H$ê$Z Vo ’o$S>ë¶mMo CëboI VËH$mbrZ gmYZm§VyZ ¶oVmV. ¶wÕmV {dO¶
{‘imdm ¶m§gmR>rhr Zdg Ho$ë¶mMo CëboI {‘iVmV.
VrW©¶mÌm :
‘amR>oH$mbrZ Ym{‘©H$ OrdZmV VrW©¶mÌobm ‘hÎd hmoVo. CÎmaH$m¶©, nmnjmbZ,
nwʶàmßVr ¶m§gmR>r n{dÌ ZÚm, ZÚm§Mo g§J‘, g‘wÐ B˶mXr {R>H$mUr ñZmZ H$aUo, VrW©joÌr
OmdyZ XmZY‘© H$aUo nwʶH$m¶©$ ‘mZbo OmV Ago. ˶m‘wio gm‘mݶm§nmgyZ amÁ¶H$˶mªn¶ªV
gd©M bmoH$ Amnë¶m Hw$dVrà‘mUo VrW©¶mÌm H$ê$Z XmZY‘© H$arV AgV. qhXy§À¶m Y{‘©H$
joÌmV CÎmaoVrb H$mer, ‘Wwam, à¶mJ Am{U X{jUoVrb n¡R>U, dmB©, nwUo, Zm{eH$
B˶mXtZm ‘hÎd {Xbo Jobo hmoVo. ‘wñbr‘ Y‘r©¶m§V ‘³Ho$À¶m ¶mÌobm {deof ‘hÎd hmoVo.
nwʶàmßVrgmR>r ‘wñbr‘ Y‘m©Vrb ^m[dH$ bmoH$ ‘³Ho$Mr ¶mÌm H$arV AgV. à˶oH$
‘wpñb‘mZo Am¶wî¶mV EH$Xm Var ‘³Ho$Mr ¶mÌm H$amdr Aer ‘wñbr‘ Y‘r©¶m§Mr lÕm hmoVr.
‘amR>oH$mbrZ H$mJXnÌmVyZ ¶m~m~VMo CëboI ¶oVmV. Ah‘XZJa ¶oWrb hþgoZemh nraOmXo
ho ‘³Ho$Mr ¶mÌm H$ê$Z Amë¶mMm CëboI ¶oVmo.
dg§V nyOm :
‘amR>oH$mimV, {deofV: noedoH$mimV gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$ d amOH$r¶ OrdZmV ~«m÷U
OmVrbm ‘hÎd àmßV Pmbobo hmoVo. H$mhr ~«mh²‘Um§À¶m g§nÝZ Mm[aͶm‘wio, {dXdÎmm d
bmoH$mon¶moJr H$m‘m§‘wio ˶m§Zm Xod ‘mZyZ ˶m§Mr nyOm Ho$br Omdy bmJbr hmoVr. hr nyOm
dg§V F$VyV Ho$br OmV Ago, ˶m‘wio {Vbm "dg§V nyOm' Agohr åhUV AgV. Aem
Self-Instructional àH$maMr ~«m÷U nyOm goZmnVr qÌ~H$amd Xm^mS>o ho VioJmd ¶oWo H$arV AgV. hr àWm
Material 234
noedoH$mbrZ
noeì¶m§Zr nwT>o Mmb{dbr. {VMoM ê$nm§Va nwT>o "lmdU‘mg X{jUm g‘ma§^mV' Pmbo. g‘mOOrdZ
˶mgmR>r g§nyU© ^maVmVyZ ~«mh²‘U ¶oV AgV. B.g. 1753 gmbr lmdU‘mg X{jUogmR>r
E|er hOma ~«m÷U nwʶmV Ambo hmoVo. NOTES
gmd©O{ZH$ gU-CËgd :
gm‘m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmagm {Q>H${dʶmÀ¶m H$m¶m©V gUm§Zm Ym{‘©H$ d gm‘m{OH$
Ñï>rZo ‘hÎd hmoVo. ho gU dfmªMo ~mamhr ‘{hZo gmOao Ho$bo OmV AgV. JwT>r nmS>ì¶mnmgyZ
(M¡Ì à{VnXm), gUm§Zm gwédmV hmoV Ago. d¡emI ‘{hݶmV AjV¥Vr¶m, AmfT>, lmdU,
^mÐnX ¶m VrZ ‘{hݶm§V ZmJn§M‘r, grambeoQ>, ^mÐnX ‘{hݶmV Jm¡ar-JUnVr, A{ídZ
‘{hݶmV ZdamÌ-Xgam, {Xnmdbr, VwierMo b½Z, nm§¡f ‘{hݶmV hmoir - a§Jn§M‘r
B˶mXr gU gmOao H$arV AgV.
‘amR>oH$mimV g‘mOmÀ¶m gd© ñVam§Vrb bmoH$ EH$Ì ¶odyZ ho gU gmOao H$arV AgV.
˶mV hH$s‘, ‘m¡bmZm, Vm§~moir ¶m ‘wpñb‘m§Mmhr g‘mdoe Ago. Jmd åhUOo EH$ Hw$Qw>§~
‘mZyZ gd© OU {‘iyZ gU gmOao H$arV AgV.
JwT>rnmS>dm :
hm gU M¡Ì ‘{hݶmÀ¶m à{VnXobm ZdrZ dfm©Mm n{hbm {Xdg åhUyZ gmOam Ho$bm
OmV Ago.
Aj¶ V¥Vr¶m :
hm gU d¡emI ‘{hݶmV gmOam Ho$bm OmV Ago. ¶m gUmgmR>r H§w$^ma à˶oH$mÀ¶m
Kar ‘mVrMo H$be ZoD$Z XoV Ago.
ZmJn§M‘r :
hm gU lmdUewÕ n§M‘rg gmOam H$arV AgV. Ýhmdr dmê$imda d JmdmV ZmJ
V¶ma H$arV Ago. JmdmVrb nmQ>rb, Hw$bH$Ur©, Mm¡Jwbo ¶m§À¶m ~m¶H$m§Zm dmO§Ìr dmOdrV
Mm¡H$mV AmUʶmMo H$m‘ ÝhmdrM H$arV Ago. dmê$imH$S>o ZmJmÀ¶m nyOog OmVmZm
nmQ>bmÀ¶m ~m¶H$m, hH$s‘mÀ¶m ~m¶H$m, Hw$bH$Ur© - nmQ>rb ¶m§Mo ^mD$~§X d ˶m‘mJo
JmdmVrb BVa ~m¶H$m OmV AgV. Ýhmì¶mno dmê$imda ZmJ V¶ma H$ê$Z VoWo ¶oB©b Vr
nyOm ¿¶mdr Aer arV hmoVr.
nmoim :
hm ~¡bm§Mm gU XoenaËdo lmdUr A‘mdñ¶m qH$dm ^mÐnX A‘mdñ¶og gmOam Ho$bm
OmV Ago. ¶m gUmgmR>r Hw§$^ma {MIbmMo ~¡b H$ê$Z KamoKar ZodyZ XoV Ago.
ZdamÌ d Xgam :
hm gU ‘hmamï´>mà‘mUoM g§nyU© ^maVmVrb EH$ àmMrZ d ‘hÎdmMm gU ‘mZbm
OmV Ago. hm gU A{ídZ ‘{hݶmV Xhm {Xdg gmOam Ho$bm OmB©. ¶mVrb n{hë¶m ZD$
{Xdgm§Zm ZdamÌ d Xhmì¶m {Xdgmbm {dO¶mXe‘r qH$dm Xgam Ago åhUV. ‘amR>oH$mimV Self-Instructional
Material 235
noedoH$mbrZ hm gU amOo-gaXmam§nmgyZ gd©gm‘mݶm§n¶ªV gd© OU gmOam H$arV AgV. Xgè¶mnmgyZ
g‘mOOrdZ ‘amR>o ’$m¡Om ‘mo{h‘oda OmV AgV. Xgè¶mMo {Xder ~H$ao, aoS>o ¶m§Mo ~ir XoʶmMr àWm
hmoVr.
NOTES
{Xdmir :
{Xdmir hm qhXy§Mm ‘hÎdmMm gU ‘mZbm OmV Ago. ¶m {Xder g˶^m‘mZo
lrH¥$îUmÀ¶m ‘XVrZo ZaH$mgwamMm H$m‘ê$n XoemV dY Ho$bm Am{U gmoim hOma amOH$ݶm§Zm
~§{XImݶmVyZ gmoS>{dbo, Aer H$Wm gm§{JVbr OmVo. hm gU nmM {Xdg gmOam H$arV
AgV.
‘H$ag§H$m§V :
hm gU gmYmaU Xhm Vo Mm¡Xm OmZodmarÀ¶m Xaå¶mZ gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. gH«$m§VrÀ¶m
AJmoXaÀ¶m {Xdgmbm ^moJr, Va Z§VaÀ¶m {Xdgmbm {H$H«$m§V Ago åhUV AgV. {H$H«$m§V
Zd{ddmhrV ‘wbtH$Sy>Z gmOar Ho$br OmV Ago. ‘H$a g§H«$m§VrÀ¶m nd©H$mbr {VW©joÌr
OmD$Z ñZmZ d XmZY‘© Ho$bm OmV Ago. noedo H$mimVrb H$mJXnÌmVyZ, eH$am¶w³V
{ViJwi nmR>{dbo, Ago CëboI ¶oVmV.
hmoir - {e‘Jm :
{e‘Jm hm gU ’$mëJwZr nm¡{U©‘oÀ¶m {Xder gmOam Ho$bm OmV Ago. ‘amR>oH$mimV
g‘mOmÀ¶m gd©M ñVamVrb bmoH$ EH$Ì ¶odyZ hm gU gmOam H$arV AgV. JmdmÀ¶m
‘ܶ^mJr ‘¡XmZmda hmoir noQ>drV AgV. ˶mgmR>r JmdmVrb H$moir hmoirMr OmJm qenrV
AgV. narQ> hmoir aMʶmMo H$m‘ H$arV. nyOogmR>r bmJUmar ’w$bo, ¶oa§S>mMr nmZo d Cg
‘mir KoD$Z ¶oB©. hmoir noQ>{dʶmgmR>r ‘hmamÀ¶m hmoirMm {dñVd AmUbm OmV Ago.
JmdMm nmQ>rb hmoirMr nyOm H$ar, hmoirg nmQ>bm§À¶m KaMr nmoir ~m§YrV AgV. JmdMm
Omoer nyOm gm§Jo, ˶m~Ôb ˶mbm X{jUm, Z¡dÚ d {dS>m gwnmar {‘iV Ago. JmdmVyZ
hmoirbm Oo Z¡dÚ ¶oV, Vo Z¡doÚ H$moir, Hw§$^ma, gwVma, Ýhmdr, narQ>, Mm§^ma, ‘hma ¶m§Zm
{Xbo OmV AgV. ˶m {Xder amÌ^a hmoirÀ¶m ^modVrZoM, JmUo, gm§JmS>çm§Mr gm|Jo B˶mXr
H$a‘UwH$sMo H$m¶©H«$‘ hmoV AgV. Mm§^ma {XdQ>r YarV Ago, {XdQ>rbm {MaJwQ>o J§wS>miʶmMo
H$m‘ narQ> H$ar. nmQ>rb d BVa à{V[ð>Vm§Zm JwS>JwS>r, nmZ-gwnmar, V§~mIy AmUyZ XoʶmMo
H$m‘ Ýhmdr H$arV Ago. nmQ>bm§H$Sy>Z gm§JmS>o, ZmMo, JmUmao ¶m§Zm {~XmJr {Xbr OmV Ago.
a§Jn§M‘r :
a§Jn§M‘rMm gU ‘amR>oH$mimV ‘moR>çm CËgmhmZo gmOam Ho$bm OmV Ago. bIwOr
OmYd ¶m§À¶m H$MoarV a§Jn§M‘r gmOar Ho$ë¶mMm CëboI E³³¶mZm¡ H$b‘r ~IarV ¶oVmo.
noedo Xa~mamV hmoir d a§Jn§M‘r ho gU CËgmhmZo gmOao H$bo OmV AgV. a§Jn§M‘rbm
Xa~ma ^adyZ gaXma, ‘mZH$ar, nWHo$, {eboXma, H$maHy$Z B˶mXtZm Am§‘{ÌV Ho$bo OmV
Ago. Xa~mamV ZmM-JmUo d OodU hmoD$Z Z§Va ‘mZmà‘mUo nmofmI dmQ>bo OmV AgV.
‘wpñb‘m§Mo gU-CËgd :
Self-Instructional ‘amR>oH$mimV ‘hmamï´>mV ‘wpñb‘m§Mr g§»¶m ~arM hmoVr. Vo Amnbo gU gmOao H$arV
Material 236
˶m‘ܶo a‘OmZ, B©X, ~H$ar >B©X, ‘moha‘ B˶mXr gUm§Mo CëboI ¶oVmV. ‘wpñb‘m§À¶m noedoH$mbrZ
ghdmgmZo AZoH$ qhXÿ ˶m§À¶m gU-CËgdmV gh^mJr hmoV AgV ‘wpñb‘m§Mo gU d g‘mOOrdZ
Ym{‘©H$ CËgd Mm§Jë¶m àH$mao gmOao H$aVm ¶mdoV, ¶mgmR>r amÁ¶H$V} à¶ËZ H$arV AgV.
NOTES
O¡Zm§Mo gU :
dfª à{VnXm, kmZn§M‘r, MmVw‘m©g, nm¡§f Xe‘r - nmíd©ZmW O¶§Vr, M¡Ì nm¡{U©‘m,
Aj¶ V¥Vr¶m, n¶y©fU nd©, {Xdmir, ‘hmdra O¶§Vr B˶mXr gU O¡Z bmoH$ gmOao H$arV
AgV.
p¼íMZm§Mo gU :
‘hmamï´>mÀ¶m H$mhr ^mJm§V {¼íMZ Y‘m©Mm àgma Pmë¶mZo {IíMZ bmoH$ Amnbo gU-
CËgd gmOao H$arV AgV. ˶mV ZmVmi, b|Q>, JwS>µ ’«$m¶S>o, BñQ>a, nm‘g§S>o, ñdJm©amohZ,
n§Q>H$moñQ>, ‘oar, Omogo’$, nrQ>a Podr¶a B˶mXr g§Vm§Mo O¶§Vr CËgd ¶m§Mm {¼íMZm§À¶m
gU-CËgdmV g‘mdoe hmoVm.
Ym{‘©H$ ñWio Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr g§dY©Z :
‘amR>oH$mbI§S>mV {Za{Zamiçm Ym{‘©H$ ñWim§Zm Ym{‘©H$, gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d
gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ hmoVo. ‘J Vo Ym{‘©H$ ñWi qhXy§Mo, ‘wpñb‘m§Mo,
{¼íMZm§Mo, nmaem§Mo qH$dm H$moU˶mhr Y‘m©Mo Agmo. ‘§{Xa, ‘{eX, XJ}, MM© hr gd©M
Ym{‘©H$ ñWio amÁ¶H$V} gaXma, g§Om‘Xma, dVZXma, gm‘mݶ OZVm ¶m gdmªÀ¶mM
^³VrMo, AmXamMo d lÕoMo ñWmZ hmoVo. ˶m‘wioM H$mbI§S> H$moUVmhr Agmo, amÁ¶
H$moUmMohr Agmo, amOm H$moUrhr Agmo. ˶mbm ¶m Ym{‘©H$ ñWim{df¶r AmXa dmQ>V
Ago. ˶m‘wio Ym{‘©H$ CËgd, ¶mÌm, OÌm ¶m‘ܶo gdmªMmM gh^mJ Ago. amOo, gaXma,
Y{ZH$ d gd©gm‘mݶ OZVm ¶m Ym{‘©H$ ñWim§Zm Amnë¶m narZo ‘XV H$arV AgV.
˶m‘wioM Ym{‘©H$ ñWim§Zm {d{dYm§Jm§Zr ‘hÎd hmoVo. ‘amR>mnyd© H$mbI§S>mVrb H$moard boI
d Ym{‘©H$ dmL²‘¶mVyZ ‘§{Xam§À¶m AZoH$ àH$mamMo CëboI ¶oVmV. ˶mV, XoD$i, ‘T>, ‘Sy>,
H$sV©Z, Xodmb¶, Y‘©ñWi, àmgmX, nwʶñWi, ^moJñWmZ B˶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVm. ¶m
gd© àH$mam§Mm doJdoJiçm nÕVrZo Aä¶mg H$aVm ¶oD$ eH$Vmo. XodmMr godm H$aUmè¶m§Zm
"C{iJmMo ‘mUyg' Ago åhUV AgV. ˶mV nwOmar, Jwad, ’w$b~Sw>Am, Ywdm{b¶m,
^m{dUr, nwam{UH$, Cnmܶo B˶mXtMm g‘mdoe Ago. Xodmb¶ C^maUo, Xodmb¶mMm {OUm}
Õma H$aUo, ’w$b~mJ, {Xdm~Îmr, Zod¡Ú, AÝZXmZ B˶mXr ‘mܶ‘m§VyZ XodmMr godm H$aUo,
AÝZN>Ìmg ‘XV H$aUo, nmʶmÀ¶m gmoB©gmR>r {d{har, Vio ¶m§Mr ì¶dñWm H$aUo B˶mXr
~m~r nwʶH$maH$ ‘mZë¶m OmV AgV. ‘amR>oH$mbrZ gmYZm§VyZhr ¶m~m~VMo CëboI
¶oVmV. H$mJXnÌmVrb CëboIm§‘YyZ Xod- XodñWmZ ¶m§Mr ‘hVr, ‘XV H$aUmè¶m§Mr d
˶m§À¶m KamʶmMr ‘m{hVr, Á¶m§À¶m ZmdmZo gZXm, nÌo, BZm‘ B˶mXr {Xbo Agob ˶m§À¶m
{df¶rMr ‘m{hVr gZXnÌm§‘YyZ {‘iy eH$Vo.
‘§{Xa EH$ g§ñWm :
Ym{‘©H$ ñWim§Zm Ym{‘©H$Ñï>çm Ogo ‘hÎd {Xbo OmV Ago, ˶mM~amo~a ˶m§Zm EH$
g§ñWm åhUyZhr ‘amR>o H$mbI§S>mV ‘hÎd àmßV Pmbobo hmoVo. ‘§{Xa ¶m g§ñWoÀ¶m ^modVmbr Self-Instructional
Material 237
noedoH$mbrZ AZoH$ àH$maÀ¶m 춳Vr, CnH«$‘ d KS>m‘moS>r ¶m§Zm ñWmZ {Xë¶mMo VËH$mbrZ H$mJXnÌm§VyZ
g‘mOOrdZ {XgyZ ¶oVo. ‘§{XamV gwê$ Agbobo {d{dY Ym{‘©H$ {dYr d CËgd Am{U ˶mÀ¶mer g§~§[YV
KQ>H$; ‘§{XamV qH$dm ˶mÀ¶m AmdmamV Ho$bo OmUmao ݶm¶ - {ZdmS>o Am{U ˶mÀ¶m
NOTES g§~§[YV Agbobo Y‘m©{YH$mar d BVa KQ>H$; ݶm¶XmZmÀ¶m nÕVr ¶m§Mr ‘m{hVr VËH$mbrZ
H$mJXnÌm§dê$Z {XgyZ ¶oVo. bmoH$H$ë¶mUH$mar H$m‘mVhr Ym{‘©H$ ñWim§Mm gh^mJ hmoVm.
‘§{Xa ¶m g§ñWoÀ¶m ^modVmbr AZoH$ àH$maÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$, amOH$s¶ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ KS>m‘moS>r
KS>V AgV. Xod Am{U XoD$i ¶m§À¶m ^modVmbr {Za{Zamiçm H$maUm§Zr ^³V Jmoim hmoV
AgV. ‘§{XamÀ¶m n[agamV XodmÀ¶m AmamYZoÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo Jm¶Z, dmXZ, Z¥Ë¶, ^OZ-
H$rV©Z B˶mXr H$bm§Mr OmonmgZm hmoV Ago. ˶m§Mo nma§n[aH$ar˶m {ejUhr {Xbo OmV
Ago. VËH$mbrZ {ejUmMr H|$Ðo hmoVr. ‘amR>o H$mimV ‘§{Xao, ‘{eXr, ‘Xago B˶mXr
Ym{‘©H$ {R>H$mUr Ym{‘©H$ {ejUm~amo~aM, dmMZ-boIZ B˶mXtMo {ejU {Xbo OmV
Agë¶mZo Ym{‘©H$ ñWio hr {ejUmMr H|$Ðo ~Zbr hmoVr. amÁ¶H$˶mªMm Y‘© d ˶m§Mr
Ym{‘©H$ YmoaUo ¶m§Mm n[aUm‘ gm{h˶ Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr ¶m§À¶m OS>UKS>Urda hmoV Agë¶mMo
AmT>iVo. Ym{‘©H$ ñWio hr g§ñH¥$Vr g§dY©ZmMr H|$Ðo ~Zbr hmoVr. ‘§{Xa ho {Za{Zamiçm
àH$maÀ¶m Ym{‘©H$ H$m¶m©Mo {R>H$mU hmoVo. nyOm-AMm©, nwamU -H$rV©Z, CËgd B˶mXtMm
˶mV g‘mdoe hmoVm. ˶m ‘ܶ‘mVyZ ‘§{Xa ¶m g§ñWoer AZoH$m§Mm g§~§Y ¶oV Ago. ˶mV
nwam{UH$, ‘m§{ÌH$, Á¶mo{Vfr, H$sV©ZH$ma, nwamo{hV B˶mXtMm g‘mdoe Ago. VgoM ‘wñbr‘
g‘mOmVrb ‘wbmUm, H$mOr, AmVma, Vm§~moir B˶mXr godH$m§Mmhr g‘mdoe hmoVm. ‘§{Xa
¶m g§ñWoMm g§~§Y {Za{Zamiçm A§Jm§Zr {d{dY Y‘©n§Wm§er ¶oV Ago. ˶m‘wio ‘hmZw^md,
dmaH$ar, drae¡d B˶mXr n§Wm§À¶m g§V, ‘h§V d gËnwéf ¶m§À¶m à¶ËZm‘wio g‘mOmÀ¶m
{d{dY ñVam§Vrb bmoH$ Jmoim hmoV AgV. ˶mV g‘mOmVrb ñÌr -eyÐm§Zm§Mmhr g‘mdoe
Ago. ˶m‘wio Y{‘©H$ joÌmV Om{V^oXmMr Yma H$mhr à‘mUmV H$m hmoB©Zm ~moWQ> Pmbr
Agmdr.
dmL²‘¶ {Z{‘©Vrg àmoËgmhZ :
{Za{Zamiçm H$mbI§S>mV Ym{‘©H$VoÀ¶m OmoS>rZo dmL²‘¶rZ {Z{‘©Vr Pmë¶mMo AmT>iyZ
¶oVo. AWm©V ˶mMo ñdê$nhr H$mbmZwê$n ~XbV Joë¶mMo AmT>iyZ ¶oVo.
‘amR>mnyd© H$mbI§S>mV d«V - d¡H$ë¶m§Mo ‘hÎd gm§JUmao J«§W {Z‘m©U Ho$bo Jobo. ˶mV
e§H$a^Q>mMm d«VmH©$, d«VamO, d«V H$m¡‘wXr ho J«§W; ho‘mÐrMm MVwd©J©{M§Vm‘{U B˶mXr à‘wI
J«§Wm§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. ñ‘¥{V J«§Wmdarb {Q>H$m§Mr aMZm ¶mM H$mimV Pmbr. ‘hmZw^md
g§àXm¶mMo n§Wr¶ dmL²‘¶, dmaH$ar n§WmVrb g§VdmL²>‘¶ B˶mXr§Mr aMZm ¶mM H$mimV
Pmbr. ¶m H$mimVrb {d{dY àH$maÀ¶m dmL²‘¶m§Mm g§~§Y g‘mOmÀ¶m Ym{‘©H$ OrdZmer
hmoVm. g§Vgm{h˶ ho Ym{‘©H$ Agbo ˶mV AdS§>~a, {dV§S>dmX, ¶mnojm gh¥X¶Vobm,
Am§V[aH$ ewÕr, Z¡{VH$ AmMma -{dMma ¶m§Zm ‘hÎd {Xë¶mMo AmT>iyZ ¶oVo.
noedoH$mbrZ Ym{‘©H$ OrdZmMm d noeì¶m§À¶m Ym{‘©H$ YmoaUmMm n[aUm‘ H$bm d
gm{h˶ ¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr d g§dY©Z ¶mdahr Pmbobm AmT>iVmo. VËH$mbrZ g‘mOmV AZoH$
g§V, H${d, n§{S>V, emhra, haXmg CX¶mbm Ambo hmoVo. ˶m§Zr ‘amR>r ^mfoVyZ dmL²‘¶{Z{‘©Vr
Ho$br. VËH$mbrZ {dÛmZ, H$dr d H$bmH$ma ¶m§Zm amOml¶ {‘imbm. ˶m‘wio ˶m§Zm
àmoËgmhZ {‘imbo. ˶m§‘ܶo qhXÿ§à‘mUoM AZoH$ ‘wñbr‘ g§V H${dMm§hr g‘mdoe hmoVm.
Self-Instructional ˶m§Zr Amnë¶m J«§Wm§Ûmao, H$sV©ZmÛmao d e¥§Jm[aH$ gm{h˶mÛmao qhXÿ AܶmË‘mbm, ^³Vrbm
Material 238
e¥§JmamMr Pmba bmdyZ Vo OZgm‘mݶm§n¶ªV nmohM{dbo. noeì¶m§Zr Amnë¶m H$ma{H$XuV noedoH$mbrZ
Ym{‘©H$, gm‘m{OH$ gU- CËgd, ~«m÷U X{jUm, ~«m÷U ^moOZo, lmdU‘mg X{jUm, g‘mOOrdZ
BZm‘, dfmªgZo ~{jgo B˶mXtÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ {dÛmZ ~«m÷U d ˶m§Mo H$m¶© ¶m§Mr XIb
KoVbr. ˶m§Zm ‘mZgÝ‘mZ d ~{jgo XoD$Z J«§W{Z{‘©Vrbm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. NOTES
nmWadmQ>m§Mm ì¶dgm¶ :
noedoH$mbrZ ‘hmamï´>mV nmWadQ>mMm ì¶dgm¶ ApñVËdmV hmoVm. Kam§Mr H$m‘o,
{d{hatMr ~m§YH$m‘o, Viçmg XJS>r q^V ~m§YʶmMr H$m‘o, ‘§{Xam§Mr ~m§YH$m‘o, lr‘§Vm§À¶m
dmS>çm§Mr ~m§YH$m‘o ¶m {Za{Zamiçm àH$maÀ¶m ~m§YH$m‘m‘ܶo XJS>r H$m‘mer nmWadQ>m§Mm
g§~§Y hmoVm. H$mJXnÌm§‘YyZ AZoH$ nmWadQ>m§Mo, ˶m§À¶m H$m‘mMo, ˶m{df¶rÀ¶m VH«$marMo
CëboI ¶oVmV. nmWadQ> d J§d§S>r ho JmdmVrb XodimV ~{hamo~m, ‘arAmB©, {dR>mo~m ¶m§À¶m
‘yVr© KS>dyZ ~g{dV AgV.
ì¶mnma :
Self-Instructional ‘hmamï´>mV IwîH$sÀ¶m d Ob‘mJm©Zo ì¶mna MmbV Ago. ‘hmamï´>mÀ¶m g‘wÐ {H$Zmè¶mda
Material 244
‘w§~B©, Mm¡b, Xm^moi, amOmnya hr ‘moR>r ~§Xao Va ZmJmoR>Uo, ‘hmS>, {MniyU, aËZm{JJar, noedoH$mbrZ
d|Jwb©o, ‘mbdU B˶mXr bhmZ ~§Xao hmoVr. ~§XamVrb ‘mbmMr Zo-AmU b‘mU d d§Omar g‘mOOrdZ
bmoH$ ~¡bm§À¶m nmR>rdê$Z H$arV AgV. ˶m§À¶mnmer hOma-hOma, XmoZ-XmoZ hOma
~¡bm§Mm Vm§S>m Ago. naXoem§VyZ ~§Xamda ¶oUmao, ‘rR>, gmIa, H$mnS>, gwnmar, Imo~ao, IOya NOTES
B˶mXr OrÝZg Xoemda AmUbm OmV Ago. Va Xoemdarb Ymݶ, hiX, Jyi {‘aMr B˶mXr
‘mb ~§Xamda OmV Ago. {Za{Zamiçm {R>H$mUr Agboë¶m ZmŠ¶m§da OH$mV dgyb Ho$br
OmV Ago. ˶mgmR>r XaJmoUr, XaJmS>m, Xa~¡b Aer ^mfm dmnarV AgV. ˶mZwgma OH$mV
AmH$mabr OmV Ago.
qhXþñWmZÀ¶m {H$Zmè¶m {H$Zmè¶mZo bmHy$S>, Zri, qS>H$, Zmai, gwnmar d H$mnS> ¶m§Mr
{Z¶m©V H$arV AgV. B§½b§S>‘Yrb bmoI§S> qhXþñWmZmV AmUbo OmV Ago. KmQ>‘mJm©À¶m
‘mb dmhVwH$sgmR>r JmS>m, dmnabm OmV Ago. ‘mZdr àdmem§gmR>r KmoS>m, JmS>r, nmbIr,
‘oUm ¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmV Ago. ZÚm§‘YyZ hmoS>çm d Zmdm ¶m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmV Ago.
12.3 gmam§e
noedoH$mbrZ g‘mOOrdZ ¶m àH$aUmV gVamì¶m ~ AmR>amì¶m eVH$mVrb
g‘mOOrdZmVrb {d{dY KQ>mH$m§Mm ‘mJmodm KoVbm Amho. ˶m ‘ܶo {ednyd©H$mi,
{edH$mi d noedoH$mi Agm AT>mdm KoʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$bobm Amho. ¶m {d{dY H$mimVrb
gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥$[VH$ OrdZmda àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. ˶m‘wio ¶m {d{dY
H$mimVrb ~XbmMr à{H$¶m, doJionU d gmå¶ bjmV ¶oʶmg ‘XV hmoD$ eHo$b.
Self-Instructional
Material 246
noedoH$mbrZ
12.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX g‘mOOrdZ
NOTES
n§MH$méH$s : n§MH$méH$r hr àmMrZ H$mimVrb ݶm¶{ZdmS>m H$aUmar JmdmVrb
EH$ J«m‘g{‘Vr ApñVËdmV hmoVr. ˶m‘ܶo Hw§$^ma, bmohma, Ýhmdr, gwVma, narQ>
¶m ~bwVoXmam§Mm g‘mdoe Ago. ~bwVoXmarbm JmdmÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ d
Am{W©H$ OrdZmV ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ hmoVo.
~bwVo : JmdVrb {Za{Zamio ~bwVoXma JmdmVrb eoVH$ar d BVam§Mr JmdH$è¶m§Mr
{Za{Zamiçm àH$maMr H$m‘o df©^a H$arV AgV. H$m‘mMm ‘mo~Xbm åhUyZ
dfm©H$mR>r H$m‘mMm Omo ‘mo~Xbm ~bwVo {Xbo OmV Ago ˶mbm ~bwVo åhUV.
nod~wS> : nodm‘ܶo gmR>dbobo Ymݶ H$mZ KoVë¶mZ§Va Oo Ymݶ nodmÀ¶m Vimbm
{eëbH$ amhV Ago Vo Ymݶ åhUOo nod~wS>. Vo KoʶmMm h³H$ ‘hmambm Ago.
doR>{~Jmar : JmdmVrb X{bV dJ© d VËg‘ bmoH$m§Zm dVZXma, Ym{‘©H$ ñWio ¶m
{R>H$mUr H$m‘ H$amdo bmJo. ˶m H$m‘mMm H$moUVmhr ‘mo~Xbm {Xbm OmV Zgo.
{dZm ‘mo~Xbm H$m‘ H$aʶmÀ¶m nÕVrg doR>{~Jma Ago åhUV.
n§Mnmbdr : ‘hmamï´>mVrb ‘hmam§Mo XodH$. ‘hmamï´>mVrb ‘hma {Za{Zamiçm nmM
dZñnVtÀ¶m nmZm§Mr XodH$ åhUyZ nyOm H$arV AgV.
bmoH$^«‘ : noedoH$mb Am{U VËH$mbrZ g‘mO ¶m§Mm {dMma H$aVm VËH$mbrZ
g‘mOmV Y‘© d Ym{‘©H$ ~m~r ¶m§Zm AZݶgmYmaU ‘hÎd àmßV Pmbo hmoVo.
VËH$mbrZ g‘mOmV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV AkmZ hmoVo, ˶m‘wio à˶oH$ ~m~rMm g§~§Y
Xod, Y‘©, eHy$Z, J«hXem, ^wVo - IoVo B˶mXter OmoS>bm OmV Ago.
OmVH$ H$‘© : hm g‘ma§^ àm‘w»¶mZo ‘wbJr n{hë¶m§Xm ~mim§VnUmgmR>r Amnë¶m
d{S>bm§À¶m Kar OmVo. ˶mdoir nwÌ OÝ‘mZ§Va gmOam H$arV AgV. ˶mZ§Va
g‘ma§^mg Amboë¶m nwamo{hVmbm X{jUm XodyZ g‘ma§^ g§nV Ago.
Ho$ednZ : ‘amR>oH$mbrZ g‘mOmV nVr {ZYZmZ§Va ghJVZmbm n¶m©¶ åhUyZ
Ho$ednZmÀ¶m ‘mJm©Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmV Ago. {dYdoMm H$M~§Y nVrÀ¶m
~§YZmg H$maUr^yV hmoVmo, Aer g‘OyV Agë¶mZo nVrÀ¶m {ZYZmZ§Va nËZrMo
Ho$g nVr˦m edm~amo~a OmirV AgV.
d«V-d¡H$ë¶o : ‘amR>oH$mbrZ g‘mOmV nwʶàmßVrgmR>r {Za{Zamiçm àH$maMr d«V
-d¡H$ë¶o nmibr OmV AgV. ˶m‘ܶo EH$mXer d«V, F$frn§M‘r d«V, MmVw‘m©g,
‘m¡Zd«V, ~wYmï>‘r, AXþ…I Zd‘r, à{VàXm qH$dm àXmofd«V, aWgßV‘r d«V,
{VbH$d«V, {~ëdemImd«V, dmVr bmdUo, Vwigr àX{jUm§Mr bmoImobr KmbUo
B˶mXr.
C{iJmMo ‘mUyg : ‘ܶ¶wJmV {Za{Zamiçm àH$mao XodmMr godm H$aUmè¶m§Zm
C{iJmMo ‘mUyg Ago åhUV AgV. ˶mV nwOmar, Jwad, ’w$b~Sw>Am, Ywdm{b¶m,
^m{dUr, nwam{UH$, Cnmܶo B˶mXtMm g‘mdoe Ago.
{ddmhmMo àH$ma : ‘Zw d ¶mkd늶 ¶m ñ‘¥{V J«§Wm§‘ܶo b½ZmMo AZoH$ àH$ma
gm§{JVbobo AmhoV. ˶mV ~«h²‘, X¡d, Amf©, àmOn˶, Agya, J§Yd©, amjg,
{nemÀM ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. Self-Instructional
Material 247
noedoH$mbrZ A§Ë¶oï>r : A§Ë¶oï>r àoVmdarb g§ñH$ma hmo¶. ‘mZdr OrdZmVrb EH$ ‘hÎdmMm
g‘mOOrdZ g§ñH$ma åhUOo A§Ë¶g§ñH$ma hmo¶. qhXy Y‘u¶m§V ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va ‘mZdr earamMr VrZ
àH$mam§Zr {dëhodmQ> bmdbr OmV Ago. ˶mV XhZ, X’$Z d {dgO©Z ¶m§Mm
NOTES g‘mdoe hmoVm. ~«m÷U d VËg‘ d[að> dJm©V XhZ{dYr H$arV AgV, Va BVa
OmVr§‘ܶo X’$Z{dYr Ho$bm OmB©. gmYy -g§Ý¶mer ¶m§Mr àoVo nmʶmV {dg{O©V
Ho$br OmV.
dg§V nyOm : noedoH$mimV gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$ d amOH$r¶ OrdZmV ~«m÷U
OmVrbm ‘hÎd àmßV Pmbobo hmoVo. H$mhr ~«m÷Um§À¶m g§nÝZ Mm[aͶm‘wio, {dÛÎmm
d bmoH$mon¶moJr H$m‘m§‘wio ˶m§Zm Xod ‘mZyZ ˶m§Mr nyOm Ho$br OmD$ bmJbr hmoVr.
hr nyOm dg§V F$VyV Ho$br OmV Ago. ˶m‘wio {Vbm "dg§V nyOm' Agohr åhUV
AgV.
~bwVoXma- AbwVoXma : ‘ܶ¶wJrZ JmdJmS>çm‘ܶo {Za{Zamiçm ì¶dgm[¶H$m§Mm
g‘mdoe Ago. ˶m§Zm ~bwVoXma- AbwVoXma qH$dm H$mê$- Zmê$ Ago åhUV. H$mê$
qH$dm ~bwVoXmam§‘ܶo - ‘hma, ‘m§J, Mm§^ma, gwVma, Hw§$^ma, bmohma, narQ> ¶m§Mm
g‘mdoe hmoV Ago. Va Zmê$ qH$dm AbwVoXma :- H$moir, Vobr, qenr, H$mgma,
Vm§~moir, dmUr, nQ>doJma (aoer‘mMm ì¶dgm¶ H$aUmao), AmÎma qH$dm gwJ§Yr,
a§Jmar, ~wê$S>, Jdir, H$bmb, gmoZma ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
H$bmb : H$bmb hm VËH$mbrZ g‘mOmV Xmê$Mr {Z{‘©Vr d {dH«$s H$aUmao bmoH$
hmoV. noedoH$mimV Xmê$ {dH$Umè¶m§Zm H$bmb Ago åhQ>bo OmB©.