Consi den the Problem of Preedictlag how weil a Student does

in her seçond gea of colese /unvensl*, given how wel she

thengnbeN ot
did n here fArest gear sAeialy let * be egval toaStvdent
that
"" Jrades Cinclvding A-,4 and 4t grades)
t 9ear ok (olle e Cneshmen Jeare). ye
ecejveS n hele Prns
woUl d to predrct the valve OA Y whi th bwe deetne as
like
geqy
the nvbere of 'A" Jrades they get tn thete Secnd
[Sohomore yea), 4ene each io is on e tralnta eane

Recall that Hin lin eare reyr esston, our hy poth ests is
hac) = 8, t&, to danote the umber of 4eainag etame
X

3 2
2

forz the aboV e, What is the

LLineare tzalhin9
Regression J
Set given
valseof m?
(-5)2
3 2 -

2
1-2 2 4
3 22 2
3414049

2424 143 9, : 2

¿a-)(y-)
2(x-) 2
2. Sybstances that can bukA [ SUch qs Jasoln e 4nd al(o hol]
|Mhave
aongy
a aentcal Struture based on catbon atonms fore 4his
eason they qre cau ed hydrocaebons. A chem's oants to
Un derstand how the nomer of (arbon ato ms In a mdecule
affects ho w mUCh
COmbsts Cmeangenery
hats bunned )" The chens & obtalns the
dAtabus dalasel belo. in the column on the right, ks/mol is
the ot measde1ng the Amount ofenergy released.
Name Df maeule Nombene oL hydrocaxho nsJy Heat released ohenl
molede c*) bunened (KJlm0) )(yb
meth ane -890
ehene 2
-14)
ethan e
2
PrzoPane
-2220
Cyelo pro Pane -2091
butane n2848
pentan e
ben 2 en e
353?
-3263
ycloexan e
hexan e |9 -34 20
-4l63
OCtane -5441
|naPEh al ene -S1S
You woOld wk e to Use llne4re reyresson checi)r8,16) to
estima te the amoont of enery elsed cy) as a fonti o4
of the numbere of Carthon atom s cx). whi ch of the folooing dobu
Ehink ott) be the valves y0u Obfain foe Oo and Q,
Vou should be abIe to select he eht an swee tfh oUt
acwaly tmele nen ti^9 I'near negression IReJnesjod).
X (+)-T)
-840 -3-69 215?-19 7416 3139 13 46 89
2 -14 11 - 2.6 4363 S34
l636-19
-|56 0 -269 14819 3490 2434 9-12 89
3 -222 0 - | 3 3 | 3739
-204 I -|·69 1s46 " 80 34 2-9884
3
- 28 8 l64 19 l13-343 4
5 - 3s34 0-33 -48493 16| 6439
-3 268 |.33 -220-83 243-903
39 26 1+ 33 -82-3 60. 634
-4) 6 3 l4 84 0S3
|"33 -1l15.3

3-33 -2423-33
-2104- 23- ) 2 Ys 339
533 23- 4os4
2-.4]?64-6669 S=78- b66 3

y= -36sL6

- 4196666
-5304
93 6663

-3049 2 -(-5304 4"67)

-304919 +24 94.30
-564 - 369
3
The folloaing tabe gves data set fore decid(ns ohethpreto
Play o cance o ball Same, detending on the weathere ondltos
DUAlook TempcE) HumtdigC'h) win d ? Class
true
Sunny 80
true
Dowt Plag
Sunng false Dodt Plag
Sumy 85
‘2 False Doat Pla
Sunny 40
False
play
Sunng 64
40 true Play
Qvêr cast 42
over cqst 33 False Play
Over caSt 4 6S tr ue Plg
9verr Cast False Play
trwe Dodt lay
rain
true
Don't pry
false
atn 90
plag
80 Faise
rLain
Lain
Plag
False plag
a- At the root node
decision tee mthls dana
Shat ane the infonation ain s
and Homdt attbutes ) assocjated wtth the outlook
LVSe athneshold of 4s Fore homaCre as ec
show youe
conputaton
b Aga n at the root no de, 0hat are te A^ Rati6S 45saroko
wtth the ovtloOk 4nd Homtdg attrlb te S [using the SAme
4hresha d as in (a))?
Draw the complete Cunponed ) deas'on tee, Shoty
the infonnoton an at each on-leaA Node and class
Pnedlctlon at the (eaves
 Pcyes)
P(NO) S4

hort oUtlo ok attllbv1e yalv s are suny, 0'trcast, ain

Somy
info CO)
oVer (ast

puin

inoa in CD)
outbox

iAfo ) 0922

infohayn CD)
( 0042

(b) SPRt-info,outlor
-036 x-|-44)- o23 (-l· 31) - o6 (-:43)

SPli4lfo
Obttoox
6-34
6246y
hain Ratio (ou{ loK) = o2464
Seit-info .|s93o

Oq413

infogaln O042 :0404s

hanatto (Hu mtdH) Spi-info

the ouE laok 1s the

toot node
Out look
Ra

Hundy asindy class

1emf 4umi diy t ndg claS 80

s
Trwe Pla Treve Do't tlg
80
Trtue Don't Aay g0 false Ply
qo
85
false Dod4 Ply false
faise Don't ply 46 false Plag
12 40
Given beilo the lonfosion matrlx Carerl es, testing bvtputef e
class)Aerei
Actu al valves
t
Posie Pos iHive
vawe
PREAiced
560 6o

(TP) (Er)
NyatNe

50 330
(p)
Orte tomfote /cal alate.
|: fEeren trate beteen postive and neative dsS
2 DIfferatlate between Predicted and 4lyl vaeg
3. Trwe Poste Hate
[rwe NesaV e eate
False Pos e rate (oe yre-i eetore )
False NatNe rtat e lor tgpe-2 ennsr)
Prtecision.
Re ca

s6Ot SO=6l0
() Positve class
6o 390
NEate class= 330 f

2) Prredicsed Posl ue = S6O+ SO =6)D

6o433 o 34o
Posth e = Sbob0 = 62o
Actual
So433o -39o
 -0-39 ExPla'n
the
atchítetuNe
330
05 2x04or02
2) Hs
42 340000 (oq040|82 and
340 340 6)0
6otsD Q-netrk
2 330
Gof So+S6o
6o
330
+ Sko620 6)0 3O
Sbo4 330
So 50 Sbo
t +
SGot330
S6o prteclsin
Recal
S6ot
6o aln
560 ? Pl
Fp S60 leareniag
Ex
epemcIA
w0rking
detalls
TP
:
nate etoforrcemeht
rate
In
worcking
nesaive ProesS
positive,
False falso i's its ICartning
k) lo) Whatand
S/ 3)
5.
 RenieE. ment leacn9

Reddl actfon
Llenaod
atonpo tere may rePrnes end an a9ent in a
tt tax enviN0ment to achie ve SPei.
AS Q esot pf 4he pot fomed tasK, he yenL cleI es
fecdba(k a a tead ore Penals
RL of ML th et enab es 4T b aspd
a Sub ftold
Systens to tare action in a dyna mi.
and eNrOr t0 marimmze the coll ective rewands
gn the foed back en eroed for indivldoq 9ctl vties: based
Het e
feed ba(k refers to tve oe -Ve notation rterlecde
ore Penaltg
NetsoKand its learnia Process
-A Q- Nefwok a way of apprio xi mati^g the vale Rnciom
Nepre esnts the erpelted ot/ty of tq king
0cs -a) ohjch
acton a lnstates
aea
ty pilll g im Plemn ted usng aneural
- A
Pnedilt &valves foe ql actions g Nen astate.
thet
learning Ptoers
Iatiali 2e Jhe weh s of the neUrral network
| In ittal zaflon:
NaNdomlg eplores and
: The
2 Ex Perien e hath Pring
oren
(ollects erfecienes n he
taxen
S is the Intial State, as tne atlbn
Mereived qnd s is the e Stae
 segupn Mat
|3 Experie RePlay: To breaK the corel aHon between
experi enes and 4ouse the duta mort e efiCIently,exper pnies are
ACtworK
Stort ed in a rePlau hffer. The net0rK i's eaapd by somf iag
batch & of exferientes Crom thls bolfere .
y. loss foncjon
1he key to leamning in 4 - nelore is deining
a good tont tjon. The com mony vsed ene is the
sg0amed eror be hoeen the (ornen & Prre dited
mean-Squapl
Q-Valves and the ta9ed @- Valves. The tamye 4-valve for
a Stat e
as
-aCtion Palre CSa) Obsenved at tlm es is Conputed

dS rot Fatoe

Panonet lrt ofa torsel netuoone

S. UPdate: USe backPrro Pag atfon and an of ioeatiDn

al9ori th n to OPdate the welgh s of the netor to
minal 2e the loss
I4 etatfo) and Con vereg enie: Repeat the Prolesskorr
Many ePisodes an d stees DPdating tne Poliy netsock
netotk
and the
Qvaves
internlttently,
Convege or a Satisfa omy Pollg s foUnd

6 ExPlain he foloing boos ting als eó th ms oth atabie

btagra n And eram ples
hradiert Desent Algorl4h ms C4D Ba0 4-4img aboise1
2 Y2rlme hrcadient Desent Ayoit ns( h Boos fi'ng
 techoiae that bulds atinal mo Jel ftom hel
Is
It is a bÍos ting
learning ayortth ns that were
Sym pl. severl weaK
tralned on the Same dataset
wlse addilon
CPerat es On the dea ok stage
- The Fics weaK learnerz in the grcadiené boastins aBol thn
not loe trealned on tn e dataset; insted t cot / slmdy
retyrs the meAn o tn relevant Column J

the rtesida) fore the first ak Ieatnore algorlthm's 0'tfi

wl then be calrul ate d a od sod as the outut Colums orc
taret (olumn for the nort weak le artning lgord thg that
wil bQ trqned
the Selon d week leanae collU be traned USIng

me thodolo9y an d the nesfdels w'll be Com Puted andutitned

wPak 1eartnor
on tB|
The datas et for 9r adí en t boostig mest be tn the fo
Aomerl (ql or (ategord Cal datc ap d the loss SUneto
most be d fFenntl ql at
a)
Used
times
ad
Tran
Tra

Cx,i)
b) Xh BooSArg

addition to the gradent-boosting techm2oe, XhBoos4 Is

-ln
anothor boosting mahine leanins APrroa(h o
The fol| name of tne Xh Boos
xhBoos algonltn IS the erteene
aa dient boosting algorri th m, ohch is an ertene vernia tloy
DF tne Pavios 9radient boastins techalaue
The key dstinion betwoen xh80ast an d aradien Boostl n
iS that h8as t atlies regolarlsatfon atfrta(h
a

4a's vereslo -boosing

technie.
Beunse of ths 6Boost
outPercforn S a standerd graa
motho d, whtch alalns ahy t 1s also
Fastor tnan thg4
Add| 4ionailg bettere Jhe dataet Con tqlh
bo th
Categort ca) van ables
Dat aset Sampe of the dat.

edrduai.
Constretron af
decison-teae
Prneditpg
redlctbn

Sonma tion