Vocabulary

● A place to live: freezing, could do with, tiny, rough, surrounded by, moved out, move away, landlord, put up
the rent, good condition, lively, neighborhood, storage, knocked down, repair, put in central heating, the
basement, keep clean and tidy, move in with, share the cost
● Big issues: Global birth rate, risk, research, causes, invested, predict, exploring, solar power, cure, cancer
cells, climate change, earthquakes, genes, sources, falling steadily, increased dramatically, running out of
→ Explore, do, hurt, think, try
● Living abroad: access, charge, fine, let, personal, privacy, respect, return, split, swear
● A big mistake: crashed, caused, ticked, charged, pressed, went out, slipped, went into, mixed up, turned
up, fell down, measured, fit, knocked, left, flooded, forgot, caught, damage, catch fire
● Crime doesn’t pay:
- Nouns: attack (ataque), gang, robber, theft (un robo), trial, victim, witness
- Verbs: arrest, attack (atacar), break into, claim, free, get away
- Others: Worth, badly hurt, emergency services, criminal, jail, trap, thieves, lock, reporting, criminal,
threats
● It’s not good enough: Paid off, sort out, gears (engranaje), the screen, guarantee, free wifi, deal, delivery,
fault, turn up, a refund, take it back, exchange it, gone, loan, cracked, charged, overcharging, complain
● A great show: killed off, makes me, switched over, voted off, a fan of, blockbusters (éxito de taquillas), in
tears, series, characters, tense, dialogue, dull, ending, episode, filming, hilarious, scene, special effects,
useless, writers
● A five-star review: deliver, asses, replace, fix, remove, look at, on time, mess, efficient, reasonable,
convenient, useless, trust, reliable
● Health problems: Pale, nasty cut, ache, stiff, injured, broken, high temperature → fever, strained a muscle,
keep getting, bruised, out of breath, sore throat, virus, allergic reactions, didn’t agree with me
● Money talks:Spending on shopping, cost of living, what you earn
● Small changes: even if, may, present, should, unless, will
● Relationships: active, bright, difficult, generous, patient, racist, strict, sweet, talented, willing, lacks a bit of
confidence, reliable, nasty, politically, stays calm
● An ideal society: create, fund, have, need, tax, aim, poverty, wealth, homeless, ruled, owned, pay, racism,
majority, rights, votes, healthcare, got rid of, put up, peace, chaos, taken over, lost power, control, free
● A huge influence: activist, architect, athlete, explorer, lawyer, military, leader, painter, philosopher, poet,
trade union leader, designed, works, victory, women’s rights, the rights of workers, gold medals, widely
read, sail, defend

Comparison → superlatives (ex: the best) and comparatives (bigger THAN, more precious THAN)
● Semantic:They are used to compare two or more things
● Grammar:
- Short adjectives (1 syllables (big) or 2 that end in Y (pretty)): adjective(ER) + THAN
- Long adjectives: MORE/LESS + adjective ´+ THAN
- Irregular adjectives: Ex: big - bigger; far - further; bad - worse
*** Modifying comparison
● To show big differences: Much, a lot, far
● To show small differences: a bit, slightly
- SUPER small: even
● Not _____ (adjective) enough / not _____ as (adjective) as
- quite (small difference)
- nearly (big difference)
-
Preferences: I’d rather / I prefer to
● Semantics: they are used to express preferences
● Grammar
- I’d rather + verb
- I prefer TO

Used to / didn’t use to

● Semantics: it’s used to talk about something that happened in the past but doesn't happen anymore
● Grammar: used to + verb in base form

Obligations and permission (be en cualquiera de sus tiempos)

● be (not) required to + verb in base form
● be (not) supposed to + verb in base form
● ought to (should but weaker) + verb in base form
● be (not) allowed to + verb in base form
● Not as cool as the other ones
- need TO / have TO / must* / should* / can*
NO USAR TO with these ones

Adverbs
● STILL (Subject + still + verb): aún. Ex: I still haven't found a place.
● YET (always at the end): aún. Ex: I haven’t found a suitable place yet.
● JUST: recién recién
● ALREADY (used to emphasize something is completed (often before it was expected)
● SO FAR (at the star or the end): until now (hasta ahora)
● EVEN (to show something is surprising): yo lo pienso como un incluso/ni siquiera
● ONLY (to show nothing else has been done)
● LATELY or RECENTLY (at the ende of a negative sentence or question): in the recent past -
recién/ultimamente

Reported speech → is how we present the speech of other people or what we ourselves say
● Present + apellido → past + apellido
● Past → past perfect
● Will → would
Ex:
- Direct speech: Barbara said, “I didn't realize it was midnight”. → didn’t = past simple → past perfect
Past perfect = had not realized
- Reported speech: Barbara said that she had not realized it was midnight

Wh + ever → You can use them when it doesn’t matter what, where, when or how, you don’t need to be specific
about it or you don’t know the thing, place, time or form
● Whatever: lo que sea
● Wherever: donde sea
● Whenever: cuando sea
● However: como sea
● Whoever: quien sea
 Tense Semantic Grammar Ex

Present perfect Used to talk about something that Subject + HAVE/HAS + verb I HAVE GONE
simple started in the past and has not in past participle there plenty of
finished or something that we did a lot times
of times and we want/have to do it
again

Present perfect Used to talk about something that Subject + HAVE/HAS + I HAVE BEEN
continuous started in the past BUT we will BEEN + Verb-ING eating onions since
continue doing in the near future or I was a child
activities that we have done lately or
recently

Past simple talk about something that started in Subject + verb-ED / past I watchED the
the past and ended in the past simple of irregular verbs Hunger Games
(completed events)

Past continuous It’s used to talk about an action that Subject + WAS/WERE + I WAS sleepING
was happening WHILE something verb-ING + (when) + PAST when my friend
another thing happened (past simple) SIMPLE ARRIVED
The action was in process
It´s used to give context

Past perfect It’s used to describe something that Subject + HAD + verb in Before I arrived, my
simple happened BEFORE another thing past participle friend HAD EATEN
happened (both are in the past)
It’s what we call SUPER PAST

Passive It is used to show interest in the [To be in any tense] + verb Active: I ate a
person or object that experiences an in past participle sandwich
action (the undergoer) rather that the what was eaten?
subject the sandwich so
Who is the sandwich!! Passive: the poor
-Hacemos como trueque de sujetos sandwich was
eaten

Perfect = have
Causatives: Have/get something done → they are used to talk about something that someone else did for us or
for another person. It means that the subject caused the action to happen, but didn't do it themselves

Have Get

Something Have + object + verb in past participle Get + object + verb in past participle
done
Usually used when we talk about paying Same use as have but less formal
someone to do something
Ex: I got my car washed
Ex: I had my car washed

Someone to Have + person + base form Get + person + infinitive (to + base form)
do something
We talk about the person who we asked to Used to say that we cause someone to do
do the thing for us something for us (by paying, asking,
persuading them, etc)
Ex:I had my friend clean my car
Ex: I got my friend to clean my car

- ¿cómo resolver los ejercicios sobre esto?

1. Leer el ejercicio completo para entender el contexto
2. Preguntarse ¿en quien se enfoca? ¿en el objeto o la persona que hizo la acción?
3. Rellenar el espacio/reemplazar con lo indicado en el cuadro dependiendo de en quién se enfoca
4. ** pero qué hago si aparecen ambos? depende de la perspectiva que le queramos dar o que la
respuesta nos indica.
Conditionals
● Semantics
- They are usually made of two sentences related to each other by cause - effect dynamic, being one
of them the condition and the other one the result. Be careful with the tenses of the sentences.

The condition The result Uses Ex

First A real possible Probable Often used in bargaining, threats, If I don’t fall asleep
situation terms and conditions, and to express now, I will be tired
cause - effect tomorrow
Present simple Future simple

Not probable To talk about things in the future that If I won the lottery, I
Second are probably not going to be true would buy a big house
Past simple Conditional
(Would/could/mi It can be used to talk about
ght + base form) impossible things in the present and
unlikely things in the future

Talk about something in the present If I had his number, I

which is impossible because it’s not would call him
true (it requires to change the past)

Third Didn’t happen Imaginary If I had studied harder,

in the past I would have passed
the exam
Past perfect would/could +
simple present perfect
simple
Verb patterns → what to do when we have two verbs together, change the second!!

1° verb + 2° verb-ING if 1° verb + to + verb in base form if 1° verb + lo que sea (to or ing)

1° verb is 1° verb is 1° verb

- Admit - Afford - Beging
- Adore - Agree - Continue
- Allow - Allow (passive) - Hate
- Avoid - Appear - Like
- Can´t stand - Arrange - Start
- Carry on - Ask - Intend
- Consider - Attempt
- Deny - Choose ****Exceptions that can be write
- Delay - Dare with both but whichever we
- Mind - Decide choose will change the meaning
- Enjoy - Expect of the sentence.
- Fancy - Fail - Try
- Finish - Forget - Stop
- Give up - Help - Remember
- Imagine - Hope - Need
- Involve - Learn - Go on
- Keep - Manage - Mean
- Keep on - Offer
- Postpone - Plan
- Practise - Pretend
- Put off - Promise
- Recommend - Refuse
- Risk - Seem
- Suggest - Tend
- Threaten
- Want
- Would like to

1° verb To + 2° verb 2° verb-ING

Try if it requires an effort to do it If it's a suggestion

Stop If we stopped forever If stopped temporarily

Remember To remember something in the future When I’m remembering something that
happened in the past