Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.
2. FUTURE FORMS
● Be going to + infinitive: future plans or intentions (will probably do)
future predictions, based on evidence
● Present continuous: to talk about a future arrangement (has been decided)
● Present simple: timetables
● Will + infinitive: -offers -promises -warnings
-general predictions about the future based on opinion
-spontaneous decision
● Future continuous: an action will be in progress at a certain time in the future (will be +
V-ing)
● Future perfect: to talk about an action that will be completed in a certain tie in the future
(will have + V past participle (tercera columna))<
3. RELATIVE CLAUSES
Connectors of contrast
A) BUT - YET (= però)
EX → The book is short but / yet interesting / The book is short, but / yet it’s interesting.
EX → She didn’t pass the exam despite / in spite of studying hard. Despite / in spite of the bad
weather, we went sailing.
EX → She didn’t take a coat although / even though ... it was cold.
FOLLOWED BY a sentence
EX → This restaurant has a good reputation, while / whereas that one does not.
5. REPORTED SPEECH
We change:
1. THE VERB
● Present simple (works) → Past Simple (worked)
● Past Simple (worked) → Past Perfect (had worked)
● Present Continuous (is working) → Past Continuous (was working)
● Past Continuous (was working) → Past Perfect Continuous (had been working)
● Present Perfect Simple (has worked) → Past Perfect (had worked)
● Present Perfect Continuous (has been working) → Past Perfect Continuous (had been
working)
● Past Perfect Continuous (had been working) → no change
Change in modals
● Can → Could
● May → Might
● Must i have to → Must had to
● Will → Would
● Verb + that + sentence → Say, Complain, Explain, Admit, Agree, Deny and Announce.
● Verb + object + that + sentence → Tell, Promise, Warn and Advise
● Verb + infinitive → Offer, Promise, Refuse, Agree and Threaten
● Verb + object + infinitive → Tell, Ask, Recommend, Order, Remind, Invite, Warn and Advise
● Verb + gerund → Recommend, Suggest, Insist on, Admit, Apologize for, Deny, Object to and
Complain about
● Verb + object + gerund → Accuse someone of and Congratulate someone on
2. THE PRONOUNS +
● l/you→he/she
● We/you→they
● Me/you→him/her
● Us/you→them
● My/your→his/her
● • our/your→their
● •Mine/yours→theirs
5. THE PASSIVE
We use the passive to change the focus of the sentence. We emphasize the verb and the object.
The object of the active becomes the subject of the passive.
The object of the passive becomes tha agent, which is placed at the end of the sentence (always
introduced by BY) or it disappears.
The verb: TO BE(takes the grammar info) + PAST PERFECT(takes the meaning)
6. CONDITIONALS
Condition (IF) + Result
If you had listened to your friend, you would have understood his reasons.
MIXED CONDITIONALS:
(3rd conditional + 2nd conditional) An unreal/imaginary situation in the past + an imaginary result
in the present. A change in the past, would have a different result in the present.
(2nd conditional + 3rd conditional) An unreal/imaginary condition in the present + the imaginary
result in the past. A different situation in the present would mean that the past would have been
different.
If you paid attention in class, you wouldn’t have done the extra exercises which were voluntary.
7. MODAL VERBS
Add extra meaning to the main verb (possibility, advice, ability, obligation…). Are always followed
by the infinitive without to (bare infinitive). Are invariable (except semi-modals).
Never use two modal verbs together // Never use auxiliaries (do/don’t) with modal verbs.
ABILITY Can/can’t / Be able to / Could/couldn’t (general abilities in the past) I could play the piano /
Managed to (specific ability in the past) When I was a kid, I once managed to dive the whole
swimming pool.
PERMISSION (can, can’t, may, be allowed to)
PROHIBITION (can’t, mustn't, couldn’t, be allowed to)
OBLIGATION (must, have to, need to)
LACK OF OBLIGATION (don’t have to, don’t need to, needn’t)
ADVICE (should/shouldn’t, ought to/ought not to/oughtn’t to, had better/had better not)
POSSIBILITY & DEDUCTION (may, might, could, can’t and must (90% sure))
2. After a preposition (Before, after, without, by, of, for, at, about, etc.)
e.g. Everyone was excited about going home
After studying economics at the university, he got a job abroad
● Meanings
● Translations
● Expressions
● Fluently
● Bilingual
● False friend→Paraula que s’assembla molt a una altre llengua però diferent significat
● Discussion
● Dialogue
● Native speakers
● Second language
● Idioms
● Proverbs→frase feta
● Synonym
● Slang→paraulota
● Accent
● Cognates→ Dos paraules que s'escriuen semblant en dues llengües diferents i que volen dir el
mateix
● Argument
● Comment on
● Mother tongue
Feelings
Phone life
● Charger
● Cut off →Tallar-se.
● Emoji
● Follow
● Functions
● Get through → Contactar, comunicar-se amb…
● Instant messaging
● Lose signal
● Offline
● On speakerphone
● Plug in
● Predictive Texting
● Ringtone
● Run out battery
● Spam
● Stream
● Swipe
● Tag somebody
UNIT 2
● Active ● Ended up
● Sedentary ● Go ahead
● Moderate ● Keep track of
● Motivate ● Work out
● Signed up to ● Come up with
● Take part in ● Taking over
● Wellbeing ● Set a goal
● Drop out of ● Positive focus
● Competitive ● Enrol
● Sporty ● Get your heart rate up
● Get through to ● Get in shape
● Championship ● Keep-fit
● Trophy ● Immunity
● Teammates ● Take up
● Events ● Training
● Spectators ● Stretch
● Cheer ● Cut out
● Balanced ● Be mindful
● Aerobics ● Gain perspective
● Boo off ● Take care of
● Participant ● Rested
● Substitute ● Take a “power nap”
● Hydrated
UNIT 3
Word Meaning Word Meaning
Environmental Ambiental
IDIOM MEANING
The tip of the iceberg The small part of a much larger situation or
problem that remains hidden
Online store Botiga online Try out (an activity) Probar una activitat
Order Ordenar
UNIT 4
Humanity
Word Meaning Word Meaning
Adjective Noun
UNIT 5
Clothes and accessories
Word Meaning Word Meaning
accessory = piercing =
Compound adjectives
Word Meaning Word Meaning
Collocations
Collocation Meaning