SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Caraga State University

Department of Physics

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1 UNIT II CHAPTER III: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

2 SCRIPTWRITER AND CONTENT LECTURER: JESSA MAE T. LAZARTE/JADE C. JUSOY
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5 COPYRIGHT NOTICE:
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7 Copyright 2020. All rights reserved. This material is a property of
8 Caraga State University. Unauthorized production, distribution, or
9 storage of this material in any format is prohibited.
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12 VIDEO CONTENT
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27 Hello everyone, welcome to another lecture on science technology and society. I am your host,
28 Mark, a text to speech avatar created by Microsoft. Today we will dive into Artificial Intelligence.
29 Technology is advancing faster than ever before and even takes less time to adapt. Note that it has
30 been roughly 10000 years to go from writing to printing, but only 500 more to get the email.

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46 So, what is this Artificial Intelligence or AI? It is a branch of computer science dealing with the
47 simulation of intelligent behavior in computers. Humans make AI, and it is mimicking the human
48 thought process. It is an emulation of humans. AI can perceive its environment and takes actions that
49 maximize efficiency and chance of success at some goal. For example, when a machine mimics
50 cognitive function that humans associate with other human minds, such as learning and problem-
51 solving.
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67 Look around you, AI is already here. From your smartphones up to the stock market industry, AI is
68 utilized to help humans maximize different tasks. In the next few slides, we will show some examples
69 of AI that truly encapsulate its wonder.

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85 First, we have Baby X.
86 Created by Soul Machine, Baby X is a lifelike simulation or an avatar of a toddler and was the first
87 step in creating digital consciousness. Baby X uses object recognition technology in which it can tell the
88 difference between the objects it sees. It also comes with affective computing, an AI that recognizes,
89 interprets, processes, and simulates human emotions. When someone scares or plays pee ka boo with
90 Baby X, it will react just like a real toddler. Baby X is driven by a brain called "neural networks"; it is a
91 virtual but less complicated human brain version. Note that the brain is the most complex organ in a
92 human body; it basically receives, transmits, and processes data non-stop and comprises around
93 8 billion neurons. Baby X's brain is nowhere complex than a human brain, but that is its goal.
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109 Next, we have Shimon, the marimba playing robot created at Georgia Tech Center for Music
110 Technology, made to compose and improvise music. It has been fed with nearly 5,000 songs from
111 different artists and genres. Its the first-ever robotic musician that can find patterns or "Machine
112 Learning." Machine Learning is an AI's ability to find patterns in data and automatically learn and
113 improvise from experience. Machine learning focuses on the development of computer programs that
114 can read data and use it to learn for themselves. Shimon finds a pattern in notes, and like a human
115 musician, Shimon can play harmonies and chords and focuses more on its musical composition's overall
116 structure. It can mix match any songs but still retains grace and clarity.
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132 And who would have guessed that AI can replace humans in driving a car. Tesla has been able to
133 create a car with an autopilot feature. Using its advanced sensor coverage, eight surround cameras and
134 ultrasonic sensors provide 360 degrees of visibility around the car at up to 250 meters of range and
135 detection of hard and soft surfaces. It can process data faster than any other autopilot engine, but it
136 doesn't mean it has no flaws.
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152 But how did it all start? How did man create such complex systems? Well, let's take a look back
153 and see what inspires the creation of Artificial Intelligence.
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169 Automata is the first incarnation of human simulation using a complex series of gears. The
170 concept of automata is that how the human body acts is virtually automatic, and artisans back in
171 the day, believed that there is no significant difference between humans and machines. Way back
172 10th century BC in Ancient China, an artificer named Yan Shi proudly presented King Mu of Zhou a
173 life-sized, human-shaped figure of his mechanical work. It can perform simple physical tasks like any
174 human could, like moving its arms up and down or nodding its head. The figure
175 made by Yan Shi was made of leather, wood, glue, and lacquer. In 1495, the famous Leonardo da Vinci
176 sketched complex automaton that could, if built successfully, move its arms, twist its head, and sit up.
177 Furthermore, by the 18th century, due to advances in the study of human anatomy and the discovery of
178 cams, artisans were able to craft automatons that could do complicated things, like writing or playing
179 music. Cams are gear-like mechanical devices in which the automaton's movement is stored, the shape
180 of the cams defines the action of the automaton.
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196 One example of an automaton is "the boy," which is a writing automaton. It is one of the world's
197 most astonishing surviving automaton. Built by Pierre Jacques-Droz, the reason behind his work is,
198 "to mechanize reason and automate the passions." Working together with the gears and pieces inside
199 control every stroke of its quill pen and correctly put the right pressure is applied to the paper to
200 achieve beautiful, elegant, and fluid writing. One unusual feature is that the wheel that controlled the
201 gears could be removed and replaced and reordered. This allows, in principle, to make any word and
202 any sentence. In other words, it allowed the automaton to be programmed. Writing automata is
203 considered to be among the remote ancestors of modern computers.
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219 Another example of automata is the talking heads. Exhibited by Joseph Faber in December 1845 at
220 Musical Fund Hall in Philadelphia, his "Wonderful Talking Machine" astonished and somewhat scared
221 audiences. As its name suggests, the machine can pronounce words, showing human vocal capability
222 but has a ghostly monotone, which is weird to listen to. Later in the 19th century, Thomas Edison
223 innovated the design of the talking heads by using miniaturize phonographs to make his "talking dolls."
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243 In the 18th century, a computer pioneer named Charles Babbage designed the Difference Engine.
244 His inventions were the ancient ancestors of modern computers. Difference engines are so-called
245 because of the mathematical principle they are based on, namely, the method of finite differences. The
246 limitation of the difference is that it only calculates numbers by repeated addition to the method of
247 finite differences and useless for general arithmetical calculation. Ada King, Countess of Lovelace and
248 daughter of Lord Byron, wrote programs for the Difference Engine, thus becoming the world's first
249 programmer.
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265 In 1942, John Mauchly and J. Esper Eckert Jr. proposed an all-electronic calculating machine and
266 the U.S. Army, meanwhile, needed to calculate complicated wartime ballistics tables. The result
267 was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), built between 1943 and 1945— the first
268 large-scale computer runs at electronic speed, which cannot be impeded by any mechanical parts.
269 ENIAC was designed and primarily used to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army's
270 Ballistic Research Laboratory. It relates the range of a particular gun depended upon the type of shell
271 fired, the charge of the propellant, the angle of elevation, and, in some cases, the meteorological
272 conditions. ENIAC had run more calculations than all man kind had done up until 1945 when a lightning
273 strike damaged the device.
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290 In 1947, the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer or EDVAC was invented. This
291 machine should be able to hold any program in memory that was fed to it. This would be possible
292 because EDVAC had more internal memory than any other computing device to date. In other words,
293 a multipurpose computer. Unlike its predecessor ENIAC, EDVAC used binary rather than decimal and
294 was a stored-program computer.
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310 On June 14, 1951, UNIVAC was introduced, the world's first commercially produced electronic
311 digital computer. UNIVAC, which stood for Universal Automatic Computer, was developed by the same
312 minds behind the ENIAC and EDVAC, John Mauchly and J. Esper Eckert Jr.
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337 Going back to world war 2, a mathematician and logician named Alan Turing became a war hero
338 because his contributions shortened the war. Germans use a cyphering device called the Enigma
339 Machine to send coded messages called Enigma Codes, which gives them the upper hand during the
340 war. In mid-1940, Alan Turing devised a way to exploit the flaw in the Enigma codes and invented
341 The Bombe, a deciphering device made solely for the purpose in solving the Enigma codes, with the
342 help of Gordon Welchmen. One of Alan Turing's contributions in computer science was the concept of
343 a programmable digital computer or a "Turing machine." Turing machines are simple abstract
344 computational devices intended to help investigate the extent and limitations of what can be
345 computed. The Turing machine's idea paved the way for the development of the modern theory of
346 computation and computability.
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362 Alan Turing proposed that if a machine can think and could communicate to us humans,
363 indistinguishable from a conversation between human beings, then that machine is intelligent. This
364 particular definition of an intelligent machine is called the "Turing test."
365 Now, most AI's today can carry out conversations indistinguishable from a human to human
366 communication, for example, the AI personal assistants like Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant, and
367 text-to-speech assistants, like me. Here in this video clip, we have a particular instance where Google
368 assistant makes an appointment to a Salon. And I would like you to decide whether or not Google
369 Assistant passed the Turing Test. (Presenting Video Clip)
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385 We are clearly at the dawn of the new age, the age of AI. Artificial intelligence is not just improving
386 lives; it will also save and enhance lives. For example, at Georgia Tech University, where Shimon is
387 created, they are developing AI-powered prosthetics to help amputated musicians live up their dreams.
388 Also, many companies, including tech companies, invest and find ways that artificial intelligence can
389 help improve our healthcare system. The AI-powered recommendation engines of Google Search,
390 Netflix, and Spotify help our decision-making process when we are looking for the next show to watch
391 or song to listen to. Furthermore, it does not end there; there are a million ways in which AI helps
392 humans make a significant quality of life changes. Nevertheless, every good thing has a consequence,
393 and the question is; What negative impacts will AI give us? How far is too far for AI? Well, I will leave
394 that question for you to answer.
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410 Moreover, this will be the end of our lecture on Artificial Intelligence. I do hope that you enjoy our
411 lecture. This has been your host, Mark, have a lovely day!
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