Lecture 2

Understanding the History of AI

1940’s – 1950’s
● Machine translation is one of the earliest
applications of computer
● A computer translation based on
expertise in breaking enemy codes
during World War II
○ Major attempts in US and USSR
(Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics)
○ Russian to English and reverse
1956 - Term “Artificial Intelligence” was Born

Term ‘artificial intelligence’ is coined by computer

scientist, John McCarthy to describe “the science
and engineering of making intelligent machines”

https://www.artificial-solutions.com/blog/homage-to-john-mccarthy-the-father-of-artificial-intelligence
1950 - Alan Turing introduced the “Turing Test”

• Initially referred as the “imitation

game” by Alan Turing: Turing test
is a set of guidelines to test
whether the machine exhibits the
behaviours of intelligent being
similar to humans.

What is a Turing Test? A Brief History of the Turing Test and its Impact.
The Imitation Game

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZY8BBsy
8z9U
1966 - First intelligent robot

The first intelligent robot named “Shakey” was able

to visually interpret its surrounding environment.

https://thenewstack.io/remembering-shakey-first-intelligent-robot/
1974 – 1980: AI Winter

● After 1955, research in AI saw a surge of interest and was greatly hyped.
● Researchers were overpromising the potential of AI and failing to deliver significant results
due to slow progress in computing power.
● This led to people losing interest in AI, and thus decline in research funding.
● Research activities were forced to a halt due lack of funding.
● This period where the research stopped is called the AI winter.
1980s - Deep Learning - The First Revolution

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel made a breakthrough about information processing in the visual system.
Received Nobel prize in Physiology
 1980s - Deep Learning - The First Revolution

Source ： https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOHayh06LJ4
1980s - Deep Learning - The First Revolution

They found that the cat’s brain will be stimulated by a certain pattern of light bar
 1997 - IBM Deep Blue vs Garry Kasparov
Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)

● Deep Blue is a chess playing

computer
● Deep Blue beats 12-world chess
title Garry Kasparov. Kasparov lost
two games to one, with three
draws.
● Deep Blue could calculate many
as 100 billion to 200 billion moves
in the three minutes traditionally
allotted to a player per move in
standard chess.
● During the last game, Kasparov
resigned for the first time in his
career, which considered he lose
the game.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XA6kvQyZIQY
2002 - iRobot Roomba

iRobot learns to navigate and

clean homes

Activity: Research and

understand how iRobot see
the world around it

https://www.wired.com/2012/09/irobot-roomba-650/
2011 – IBM Watson’s Jeopardy! Victory

● It is a question answering
computer. Wins first place
in 2011 Jeopardy! game
● Competed against the
world’s best Jeopardy!
Champions.
● This milestone shows that
computer can understand
questions posed in natural
language and answer
them.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P18EdAKuC1U
2010s - Deep Learning - The Second Revolution

● AI learns to see and understand the world that we are living?

● Needs a lot of data to achieve that.
● ImageNet is a large database contains over 14 million images with different types of common object around us.
2010s - Deep Learning - The Second Revolution

ImageNet challenge since 2010

● Evaluate algorithm at object detection and recognition
● Unleash the power of training processes with GPU (since 2012)
● By 2015, an AI algorithm surpassed human accuracy for image recognition...
 2012 – True power of Deep Learning is unveiled to the world

● Deep learning Neural

Network was exposed to
10 million randomly
selected YouTube video
thumbnails.
● The neural network was
fed with information over
the course of three days
and, after being presented
with a list of 20,000
different items, it began to
recognize pictures of cats
using a "deep learning"
algorithm.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TK4qLwTye_s
 2011 - 2014: Personal Assistants

● Use speech recognition to answer

questions and perform simple
tasks.
● Apple integrates Siri, an intelligent
virtual assistant with a voice
interface, into the iPhone 4S.
● Amazon launches Alexa, virtual
assistant that can complete
shopping tasks
2016 - AlphaGo beats Lee Sedol in Final Match
2017 - AlphaGo Zero

https://deepmind.com/blog/article/alphago-zero-starting-scratch
2018 - Google Duplex, AI Assistant

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5VN56jQMWM&t=34s
2019 - Lee Sedol Retire from Game of Go
2019 - AlphaStar in StarCraft 2

https://www.engadget.com/2019-01-24-deepmind-ai-starcraft-ii-demonstration-tlo-mana.html
Recently

https://www.med-te
chnews.com/news/
ai-tool-which-analy
sed-covid-19-in-wu
han-available-to-nh
s/

https://axial.ai/
Early Key Figures
At the 1956 Dartmouth AI workshop, the organizers and a few other participants gathered in front of Dartmouth
 Early Key Figures

 A.M. Turing was a mathematician – cracked the Enigma code

 (Devised Turing Test).
 John McCarthy was a mathematician – considered as the Father of
AI. , coined the term “Artificial Intelligence” in 1956
 Marvin Minsky was a mathematician.
 Seymour Papert was a mathematician.
 (Papert & Minsky wrote the book about perceptron – a type of
artificial neural network Perceptrons: an introduction to computational
geometry)
 Claude Elwood Shannon was a mathematician – known as the Father of
Information Theory.
Alan Newell - Developed the first true artificial intelligence program, the Logic Theorist.
Herbert Simon – Together with Allen Newell and J.C. Shaw employed the notion
of heuristic problem-solving in the first successful AI program, the Logic Theorist (LT)

Arthur Samuel - popularized the term "machine learning" in 1959. The Samuel Checkers-
playing Program was among the world's first successful self-learning programs, and as
such a very early demonstration of the fundamental concept of artificial intelligence (AI).
Ray Solomonoff - the 1st inventor of Algorithmic Information Theory which deals with
the shortest effective description length of objects and is commonly designated by the
term 'Kolmogorov’ complexity.
Oliver Selfridge - wrote early papers on neural networks, pattern recognition, and
machine learning, and his "Pandemonium" paper (1959) is generally recognized as a
classic in artificial intelligence.
● Nathaniel Rochester - a key IBM engineer, he played a pivotal role in the
development of the IBM 701, the company's first large-scale commercial computer,
and later explored early artificial neural networks.
● Trenchard More - presented The Future of Network Models and also gave a lecture
entitled Routes to the Summit at the 50th Anniversary of the Dartmouth Conference.
He designed a theory for nested rectangular arrays that provided a formal structure
used in the development of APL2 and the Nested Interactive Array Language.
Early Key Figures
Issac Asimov - Published sci-fi story - “I, Robot” in 1950
Geoffrey Hinton - Godfather of Deep Learning, One of the
pioneers of Deep Learning
Timeline of AI
Timeline of History of AI

https://qbi.uq.edu.au/br
ain/intelligent-machine
s/history-artificial-intelli
gence
Understanding the History of AI
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