AMC ENGINEERING COLLEGE – BANGALORE.

VTU BE-5 SEM ISE (CBCS SCHEME)

Course Name: Artificial Intelligence & Machine
Learning
Course Code: 21CS54 PPT-Module-1

Dr. Prof. Rajasekharaiah K.M.

BE-CSE M.Tech-CSE PhD-CSE M.Phil-CS
PGDIT M-ISTE-New Delhi
Professor - ISE Dept.
 Artificial Intelligence
Module-1
• Introduction: What is AI? Foundations and
History of AI
• Problem‐solving: Problem‐solving agents,
Example problems, Searching for Solutions,
Uninformed Search Strategies: Breadth First
search, Depth First Search,
Artificial Intelligence

Module - 1
Introduction:
What is AI?
Foundations of AI
History of AI
 Introduction of AI - Meaning (7)
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
1. AI is a branch of Computer Science that
pursues creating the computers or
machines as intelligent as human- beings.
2. AI is the Science and Engineering of
making intelligent machines, especially
intelligent computer programs.
 AI - Meaning
3. AI - Artificial intelligence is the simulation of
human intelligence, processed by machines,
especially computer systems. Specific
applications of AI include Expert Systems, (ES)
Natural Language Processing (NLP), Speech
Recognition (SR) and Machine Vision/Computer
Vision (MV/CV).
4. AI means the simulation of human
intelligence by software coded heuristics.
 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
5. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a very systematic
intelligence exhibited and flashed by machines.
It incorporates the ability to learn and to
reason, to generalize, and to infer meaning.
Speech recognition, computer vision,
translation between (natural) languages, as
well as other mappings of inputs etc. are done
quite skillfully.
 AI - Meaning
6. AI - Artificial intelligence is the science of making
machines to think like humans. It can do things that are
considered "smart work." AI technology can process
large amounts of data , unlike humans. The goal for AI is
able to do things such as recognize patterns, make
decisions and judge like humans..

7. AI - is the capability of a computer system to mimic

human cognitive functions such as learning and
problem-solving. Through AI, a computer system uses
math and logic to simulate the reasoning that people
use to learn from new information and make decisions.
AI (SW-Methods)
 AI – Meaning (Industry)
HCL Tech: Meaning of AI
Artificial intelligence involves using computers to do
things/tasks that traditionally require human
intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) the ability of a digital
computer or computer-controlled robot to perform
tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings.

Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence,

processed by machines, especially computer systems.
Specific applications of AI include expert systems, natural
language processing, speech recognition and machine vision.
 Artificial Intelligence
Definitions (3)
1. Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to
make computers to do things better like
human-beings.
2. According to the father of Artificial
Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The Science
and Engineering of making intelligent computer
machines using programs”.
 AI – Definition
3. AI refers to the simulation of human
intelligence in computers and other
machines. It involves the development of
algorithms, software and hardware that
enable machines to perform tasks like
human intelligence, such as understanding
natural language, recognizing patterns,
making decisions and solving problems.
(Science=Practical Skills followed by Theory)
 Key Aspects of AI (6)
1. Machine Learning: Machine learning is a subset of AI that
involves training algorithms to learn from data and improve
their performance on tasks without being explicitly
programmed. It has led to significant advancements in areas
like image and speech recognition, natural language processing,
and recommendation systems.
2. Deep Learning: Deep learning is a subfield of machine
learning that focuses on neural networks with multiple layers
(deep neural networks). It has revolutionized AI by enabling the
development of complex models that excel in tasks such as
image classification and language translation.
3, Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP is the study of how to
enable computers to understand, interpret, and generate human
language. Applications include chatbots, sentiment analysis and
language translation.
 Key aspects of AI
4. Computer Vision: Computer vision involves enabling
computers to interpret and understand the visual world,
including image and video analysis, object recognition,
and facial recognition.
5. Robotics: AI is used in the field of robotics to create
intelligent robots that can interact with their
environment, perform tasks and make decisions based
on sensor input.
6. AI Ethics and Bias: As AI becomes more integrated
into society, issues related to ethics, fairness,
transparency, and bias in AI systems have gained
importance. Ensuring that AI technologies are used
ethically and do not discriminate is a significant concern
 AI - Conclusions
To conclude, AI is a broad field of computer
science focused on creating intelligent
computer systems that can exhibit human-like
intelligence, while Machine Learning is a
specific subset of AI that emphasizes the use of
data and statistical techniques to enable
computers to learn and make decisions. ML is a
key technology within the broader domain of
AI.
AI – Applications

See next slide -

AI - Meaning
Foundations of AI (8)
Foundations of AI (8)
1. Philosophy
2. Mathematics
3. Economics
4. Nero-Science
5. Psychology
6. Computer Engineering
7. Control Theory & Cybernetics
8. Linguistic (NLP)
 AI- History
• AI – Birth 1950 Father - John McCarthy was one
of the most influential people in the field. He is
known as the "father of artificial intelligence"
because of his fantastic work in Computer
Science and AI. McCarthy coined the term
"artificial intelligence" in the 1950s
• John McCarthy was an American computer
scientist . who was coined "artificial
intelligence" He is one of the founder of artificial
intelligence, together with Alan Turing, Marvin
Minsky, Allen Newell, and Herbert A.
John McCarthy (USA): Computer Scientist
known as the Father-of-AI in the World
 History - AI
• 1921: Czech playwright Karel Čapek released a
science fiction play “Rossum’s Universal Robots”
which introduced the idea of “artificial people”
which he named robots. This was the first known
use of the word.
• 1929: Japanese professor Makoto Nishimura built
the first Japanese robot, named Gakutensoku.
• 1949: Computer scientist Edmund Callis Berkley
published the book “Giant Brains, or Machines
that Think” which compared the newer models of
computers to human brains.
 History - AI
• 1950: Alan Turing published “Computer Machinery and
Intelligence” which proposed a test of machine
intelligence called The Imitation Game.
• 1952: A computer scientist named Arthur
Samuel developed a program to play checkers, which is
the first to ever learn the game independently.
• 1955: John McCarthy held a workshop at Dartmouth
on “artificial intelligence” which is the first use of the
word, and how it came into popular usage.
 AI Maturation: 1957-1979

• 1957-1979 – Rapid Growth and struggle for AI

Research - The 1970s first anthropomorphic
robot being built in Japan, to the first
example of an autonomous vehicle being
built by an engineering graduate student
• AI research by U.S. Govt. taken interest in
continuing to fund AI research.
 Ground Work of AI
• 1900-1950 In the early 1900s, media created
around the idea of artificial humans
(Robotics). Scientists started asking the
question: is it possible to create an artificial
brain? call “robots” (and the word was coined
in a Czech play in 1921) though most of them
were relatively simple. These were steam-
powered for the most part, and some could
make facial expressions and even walk.
 AI – Uses LISP Prog.Lang
• 1958: John McCarthy created LISP (LISt Processing),
the first programming language for AI research, which
is still in popular use to this day.
• 1959: Arthur Samuel created the term “machine
learning” when doing a speech about teaching
machines to play chess better than the humans who
programmed them.
• 1961: The first industrial robot Unimate started
working on an assembly line at General Motors in
New Jersey, US, tasked with transporting die castings
and welding parts on cars (which was deemed to be
dangerous for humans).
 AI - Developments
• 1965: Edward Feigenbaum and Joshua Lederberg
created the first “expert system” which was a form of
AI programmed to replicate the thinking and decision-
making abilities of human experts.
• 1966: Joseph Weizenbaum created the first
“chatterbot” (later shortened to chatbot), ELIZA, a
mock psychotherapist, that used natural language
processing (NLP) to converse with humans.1968:
Soviet mathematician Alexey Ivakhnenko published
“Group Method of Data Handling” in the journal
“Avtomatika,” which proposed a new approach to AI
that would later become what we now know as
“Deep Learning.” (ChatBot)
 AI - Developments
• 1973: An applied mathematician named James
Lighthill gave a report to the British Science Council,
underlining that strides were not as impressive as those
that had been promised by scientists, which led to much-
reduced support and funding for AI research from the
British government.
• 1979: James L. Adams created The Standford Cart in 1961,
which became one of the first examples of an
autonomous vehicle. In ‘79, it successfully navigated a
room full of chairs without human interference.
• 1979: The American Association of Artificial Intelligence
which is now known as the Association for the
Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) was
founded.
 AI - Boom: 1980-1987-2023
• Boom bcz of Rapid Research Development &
Govt. encouraged by Funding to support
Researchers.
• AI Era started – by Deep Learning (DL)
techniques and the use of Expert System
became more popular, both of which allowed
computers to learn from their mistakes and
make independent decisions.
 AI – Notable Dates
• 1980: First conference of the AAAI was held at
Stanford (US).
• 1980: The first expert system came into the
commercial market, known as XCON (expert
configurer). It was designed to assist in the ordering of
computer systems by automatically picking
components based on the customer’s needs.
• 1981: The Japanese government allocated $850
million (over $2 billion dollars in today’s money) to
the Fifth Generation Computer project. Their aim was
to create computers that could translate, converse in
human language, and express reasoning on a human
level.
 AI – Notable Dates
• 1984: The AAAI warns of an incoming “AI Winter”
where funding and interest would decrease, and
make research significantly more difficult.
Association for the Advancement of Artificial
Intelligence (AAAI) – is the premier scientific society dedicated
to advancing the scientific understanding of the
mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior
and their embodiment in machines.
• 1985: An autonomous drawing program known
as AARON is demonstrated at the AAAI conference.
 AARON
AARON is the collective name for a series of
computer programs written by artist Harold
Cohen that create original artistic images.
Proceeding from Cohen's initial question "What
are the minimum conditions under which a set
of marks functions as an image?",
 AI – Notable Dates (Contd)
• 1986: Ernst Dickmann and his team at
Bundeswehr University of Munich created
and demonstrated the first driverless car (or
robot car). It could drive up to 55 mph on
roads that didn’t have other obstacles or
human drivers.
• 1987: Commercial launch of Alacrity by
Alactrious Inc. Alacrity was the first strategy
managerial advisory system, and used a
complex expert system with 3,000+ rules.
 AI Winter: 1987-1993
Notable dates include:
• 1987: The market for specialized LISP-based
hardware collapsed due to cheaper and more
accessible competitors that could run LISP software,
including those offered by IBM and Apple. This
caused many specialized LISP companies to fail as the
technology was now easily accessible.
• 1988: A computer programmer named Rollo
Carpenter invented the chatbot Jabberwacky, which
he programmed to provide interesting and
entertaining conversation to humans.
 Notable dates
• 1997: Deep Blue (developed by IBM) beat the world chess
champion, Gary Kasparov, in a highly-publicized match,
becoming the first program to beat a human chess
champion.
• 1997: Windows released a speech recognition software
(developed by Dragon Systems).
• 2000: Professor Cynthia Breazeal developed the first robot
that could simulate human emotions with its face,which
included eyes, eyebrows, ears, and a mouth. It was called
Kismet.
• 2002: The first Roomba was released.
• 2003: Nasa landed two rovers onto Mars (Spirit and
Opportunity) and they navigated the surface of the planet
without human intervention.
 Notable dates
• 2006: Companies such as Twitter, Facebook, and
Netflix started utilizing AI as a part of their
advertising and user experience (UX) algorithms.
• 2010: Microsoft launched the Xbox 360 Kinect, the
first gaming hardware designed to track body
movement and translate it into gaming directions.

• 2011: An NLP computer programmed to answer

questions named Watson (created by IBM) won
Jeopardy against two former champions in a
televised game.
• 2011: Apple released Siri, the first popular virtual
assistant.
 AI v/s HI (Human Intelligence)
• In 1996, World Champion Mr. Garry Kasparov
(Russia) Record broken made him historic
record defeater by DEEP BLUE SUPER
COMPUTER MACHINE
12 February 1996: IBM Super Computer makes
chess history by beating Garry Kasparov, the
world’s best chess player (Russia)
 AI v/s HI (Human Intelligence)
• Introduction of the first AI system that could beat a
world champion chess player.
World Chess Championship 1996

Player Name Year Country

Garry
1996 Russia
Kasparov
World Chess Championship 1996
Goes to Garry Kasparov (Russia)
 AI – Father of India
(Dr. Raja Reddy)
• The term "Father of Indian AI" is often attributed to Dr.
Raja Reddy. He is a renowned computer scientist and
academician who made significant contributions to the
field of Artificial Intelligence in India. Dr. Raj Reddy was
born in Chittor-AP, India, in 1937, and he later moved to
the United States to pursue his education and career.
• He is best known for his work in the area of speech
recognition, where he played a crucial role in developing
early speech-to-text technology. In 1994, Dr. Reddy
received the Turing Award, one of the highest honors in
computer science, for his pioneering work in AI and
contributions to human-computer interaction.
Father of AI – in India
Dr. Raja Reddy
Artificial Intelligence - Future

Next Slide ---->

 Future of Artificial intelligence (11)
The future of AI holds tremendous potential and is
likely to have a impact on various aspects of our lives.
Here are some key areas where AI is expected to play
a significant role:
1. Automation and Industry
AI will continue to automate routine tasks and transform
industries. Advanced robotics and machine learning
algorithms will enable the development of intelligent
systems that can perform complex tasks with efficiency and
precision. This will lead to increased productivity, cost
savings, and improved quality in manufacturing, logistics,
healthcare, agriculture, and other sectors.
 Future of Artificial intelligence

2. Healthcare
AI has the potential to revolutionize healthcare
by improving diagnostics, treatment planning,
and patient care. Machine learning algorithms
can analyze vast amounts of medical data to
identify patterns, predict disease progression,
and recommend personalized treatment plans.
AI-powered robotics can assist in surgeries,
rehabilitation, and caregiving.
 Future of Artificial intelligence

3. Transportation
Autonomous vehicles are an area where AI is set
to make significant advancements. Self-driving
cars, trucks, and drones have the potential to
improve road safety, reduce traffic congestion, and
enhance transportation efficiency. AI algorithms
will enable these vehicles to perceive their
environment, make real-time decisions, and
navigate complex scenarios.
 Future of Artificial intelligence
4. Personalized Services
AI-powered systems can provide personalized
recommendations and services based on
individual preferences and behaviors. Virtual
assistants and chatbots will become more
sophisticated, offering natural language processing
capabilities and a deeper understanding of
context. This will enhance customer experiences
across various industries, such as e-commerce,
entertainment, and hospitality.
 Future of Artificial intelligence
5. Ethics and Governance
As AI technologies continue to advance, there
will be a growing need for ethical frameworks
and regulations to ensure responsible
development and deployment. Addressing
concerns related to privacy, bias, transparency,
and accountability will be crucial to building
trust in AI systems.
 Future of Artificial intelligence
6. Research and Scientific Discovery
AI can accelerate scientific research and
discovery by analyzing vast amounts of data,
simulating complex systems, and generating
hypotheses. It can aid in areas like drug
discovery, climate modeling, genomics, and
materials science, helping scientists make
breakthroughs and solve complex problems
more efficiently.
 Future of Artificial intelligence
7. Education and Skill Development
AI-based tools and platforms can personalize
education, adapt to individual learning styles,
and provide real-time feedback to students.
Additionally, AI can help in upskilling and
reskilling the workforce, preparing individuals
for the jobs of the future and addressing the
evolving skill requirements in the labor market.
 Future of Artificial intelligence
8. Natural Language Processing/Operations
Conversational AI systems, like chatbots
and virtual assistants, will become more
sophisticated, enabling more natural and
context-aware interactions. This can have
applications in customer support, content
generation, language translation, and
more.
 Future of Artificial intelligence
9. Enhanced Personalization
AI will enable highly personalized experiences
across various domains. From personalized
marketing campaigns to tailored news
recommendations, AI algorithms will analyze
vast amounts of data to understand individual
preferences, behaviors, and needs, delivering
more targeted and relevant content and
services.
 Future of Artificial intelligence
10. Augmented Intelligence
AI will complement human intelligence and
decision-making rather than replacing it.
Augmented intelligence refers to the use of AI to
enhance human capabilities, such as data analysis,
pattern recognition, and problem-solving. By
leveraging AI tools and algorithms, professionals in
various fields can make more informed decisions
and achieve better outcomes.
 Future of Artificial intelligence
11. Governance and Decision-Making
AI can assist in analyzing complex data,
predicting outcomes, and supporting decision-
making processes. Governments and
organizations can leverage AI to improve
policy-making, resource allocation, and risk
management. However, careful attention must
be given to ensure transparency, accountability,
and human oversight in such applications.
 Future of Artificial intelligence
Conclusions -
These are just a few glimpses into the vast
potential and evolving landscape of AI. The
future of AI will be shaped by continuous
advancements in technology, societal adoption,
and the ethical choices we make as we navigate
this AI - transformative era.
Components of AI = ML + DL
 AI – How does AI work?
• As the hype (intensive publicity/promotion)
around AI has accelerated, vendors have been
scrambling to promote how their products and
services use it. Often, what they refer to as AI is
simply a component of the technology, such
as machine learning. AI requires a foundation of
specialized hardware and software for writing
and training machine learning algorithms. No
single programming language is synonymous
with AI, but Python, R, Java, C++ and Julia have
features popular with AI developers
 AI – How does AI work?
• In general, AI systems work by ingesting large
amounts of labeled training data, analyzing the
data for correlations and patterns, and using
these patterns to make predictions about future
states. In this way, a chatbot that is fed
examples of text can learn to generate lifelike
exchanges with people, or an image recognition
tool can learn to identify and describe objects in
images by reviewing millions of examples. New,
rapidly improving generative AI techniques can
create realistic text, images, music and other
media.
 AI – How does AI work?
• AI programming focuses on cognitive skills that include the
following:
• Learning. This aspect of AI programming focuses on
acquiring data and creating rules for how to turn it into
actionable information. The rules, which are
called algorithms, provide computing devices with step-by-
step instructions for how to complete a specific task.
• Reasoning. This aspect of AI programming focuses on
choosing the right algorithm to reach a desired outcome.
• Self-correction. This aspect of AI programming is designed to
continually fine-tune algorithms and ensure they provide the
most accurate results possible.
• Creativity. This aspect of AI uses neural networks, rules-
based systems, statistical methods and other AI techniques
to generate new images, new text, new music and new ideas
Problem Solving Agents - (Computer
Machines are made Intelligence)
 Problem Solving Agents
• In the field of artificial intelligence, problem-
solving agents are software entities or systems
designed to find solutions to problems. These
agents use various algorithms, *heuristics
(discover/learn) and techniques to explore and
evaluate possible solutions and select the best
course of action. Problem-solving agents are a
fundamental concept in AI and play a central
role in areas like search, optimization, and
decision-making.
 AI - Heuristics Functions
*Heuristics is a method of problem-solving
where the goal is to come up with a workable
solution in a feasible amount of time. Heuristic
techniques strive for a rapid solution that stays
within an appropriate accuracy range rather
than a perfect solution.,
 key Components and Characteristics of
Problem-Solving Agents: (10)
1. State Representation: Problem-solving agents typically
work with problems that can be represented using states,
actions, and transitions. A state represents a particular
configuration of the problem, and actions are the possible
moves or transformations that can be applied to states.
2. Search Space: The set of all possible states and actions
forms a search space. Problem-solving agents navigate this
space to find a sequence of actions that lead from an initial
state to a goal state.
3. Problem Formulation: To apply problem-solving
techniques, the problem must be formally defined, including
specifying the initial state, goal state, possible actions, and
the transition model describing how actions affect states.
 key Components and Characteristics of
Problem-Solving Agents:
4. Search Algorithms: Problem-solving agents use search
algorithms to explore the search space systematically or
heuristically. Common search algorithms include depth-first
search, breadth-first search, A* search, and more.
5. Heuristics: In cases where the search space is vast,
heuristics are used to guide the search process. Heuristics
provide estimates of the desirability of states and help focus
the search on promising paths.
6. Optimization: Problem-solving agents can also be used for
optimization problems, where the goal is to find the best
solution among a set of possible solutions. Optimization
agents use algorithms like hill climbing, genetic algorithms,
or simulated annealing.
 key Components and Characteristics of
Problem-Solving Agents:
7. Informed vs. Uninformed Search: Search algorithms are categorized
as informed (using heuristics) or uninformed (blind) depending on
whether they have knowledge about the problem's structure.
8. Decision-Making: Problem-solving agents make decisions by
evaluating the utility of states and choosing actions that lead to
states with higher expected utility. Utility functions quantify the
desirability of states.
9. Learning: In some cases, problem-solving agents can learn from
experience. Machine learning techniques can be used to adapt
the agent's behavior based on past interactions with the problem
space.
10. Applications: Problem-solving agents are used in various AI
applications, such as route planning, game-playing (e.g., chess and
Go), robotics, natural language processing, and more.
 Problem Solving Agents
Conclusions:
Problem-solving agents are essential in
addressing complex, real-world problems. They
provide a structured and systematic approach
to finding solutions and making informed
decisions, making them a foundational concept
in AI and Computer Science.
 Problem Solving Agents - Example
problems, Searching for Solutions (17)
Here are some example problems that can be
solved using search algorithms and techniques:
1. Path-finding:
– Navigation: Finding the shortest path between
two points on a map, used in GPS systems and
route planning.
– Maze Solving: Navigating through a maze (puzzle)
from a start to an exit point.
– Coordinates are used in the maze class to tell the AI agent
where to Start and Goal (End) are in the Maze.
 Example problems, Searching for
Solutions
2. Chess and Game Playing:
– Developing AI agents to play board games like
chess, checkers, and Go, searching for optimal
moves using techniques like the minimax
algorithm with alpha-beta pruning.
3. Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP):
– Finding the shortest possible route that visits a
set of cities exactly once and returns to the
starting city, commonly used in logistics and
optimization.
 Example problems, Searching for
Solutions
4. Rubik's Cube Solving:
– Determining a sequence of moves to solve a
scrambled Rubik's Cube.
5. 8-Puzzle and N-Puzzle:
– Rearranging a set of tiles in a puzzle to achieve a
desired configuration, where only one tile can be
moved at a time.
6. Scheduling:
– Optimal scheduling of tasks, jobs, or classes to
minimize conflicts or maximize resource utilization.
 Example problems, Searching for
Solutions
7. Robotics:
– Path planning for robots to navigate through a
physical environment while avoiding obstacles.
8. Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSPs):
– Solving problems where variables have certain
constraints or requirements. Examples include
Sudoku and the map-coloring problem.
9. Job Scheduling:
– Allocating tasks or jobs to resources to optimize
efficiency and meet deadlines.
 Example problems, Searching for
Solutions
10. Web Search:
– Finding the most relevant web pages or documents
in response to a user's query using search engines
like Google.
11. Database Query Optimization:
– Finding the most efficient way to retrieve data from
a database using query optimization algorithms.
12. Natural Language Processing (NLP):
– Sentence or text generation, machine translation,
and question-answering systems involve searching
for the most appropriate words or phrases.
 Example problems, Searching for
Solutions
13. Recommendation Systems:
– Suggesting products, movies, or content to users
based on their preferences, using collaborative
filtering and content-based filtering.
14. AI Planning:
– Developing plans for robots or intelligent agents to
achieve a series of goals in a dynamic environment.
15. Genetic Algorithms:
– Optimizing solutions to various problems by
simulating the process of natural selection.
 Example problems, Searching for
Solutions
16. Network Routing:
– Determining the best path for data packets to
travel through a computer network to reach their
destination.
17. Resource Allocation:
– Allocating resources (e.g., budget, personnel) to
projects to maximize outcomes while adhering to
constraints.
 Example problems, Searching for
Solutions
Conclusions:
These examples illustrate the wide range of
problems that can be tackled using search
algorithms and problem-solving techniques in
the field of Artificial Intelligence and Computer
Science. The choice of algorithm and approach
depends on the specific problem and its
characteristics.
 AI - Searching Algorithm ?
What is search algorithm in AI?
A search algorithm is used in artificial
intelligence to find the best shortest path or
most optimal solution to a problem by
exploring a set of possible solutions, also called
a search space.
Why search algorithm is required?
 Algorithm in AI? (3)
What are the different types of Artificial
Intelligence algorithms?
There are three major types of AI algorithms:
1. Supervised Learning
2. Unsupervised Learning
3. Reinforcement Learning.
The key differences between these algorithms are
in how they're trained, and how they function.
 Types of Search Algorithm (3)

What are the three search algorithms?

Search algorithms can be classified into three
types based on their mechanism of searching :
1. Linear Search Algorithm (Sequential)
2. Binary Search Algorithm
3. Hashing Search Algorithm
Informed Search Algorithms uses domain
knowledge. Problem information is available
which can guide the search.
 Uninformed Search Strategies
(Searching for Solution)
Meaning:
They are used to explore a search space
systematically without any prior knowledge about
the problem's structure. These strategies are often
applied in various AI and computer science
applications, including path finding, puzzle-
solving, and more. Here's an overview of both
strategies:
Un-informed search strategies are of 2 types –
1. Breadth-First Search (BFS)
2. Depth-First Search (DFS)
 1. Breadth-First Search (BFS):
• Principle: BFS explores the search space level by level,
starting from the initial state and moving outward. It
systematically expands all the nodes at the current depth
level before moving to the nodes at the next level.
• Data Structure: Typically, BFS uses a queue data structure to
maintain the order in which nodes are visited. It ensures
that nodes at the current level are expanded before moving
to nodes at the next level.
• Completeness: BFS is complete, meaning that it is
guaranteed to find a solution if one exists, as long as the
search space is finite.
• Optimality: BFS is optimal when the cost of reaching a
solution is considered, as it finds the shallowest solution
first.
 2. Depth-First Search (DFS):
• Principle: DFS explores the search space by traversing as far
down a branch as possible before backtracking. It starts at
the initial state and explores a path until it reaches a dead-
end or a goal state, then it backtracks to explore other paths.
• Data Structure: DFS typically uses a stack or recursive
function calls to maintain the search order. It follows a last-
in, first-out (LIFO) approach.
• Completeness: DFS is not necessarily complete, as it can get
stuck in an infinite loop if the search space is infinite.
However, it is complete in finite spaces.
• Optimality: DFS does not guarantee optimality. It might find
a solution faster than BFS in some cases but not necessarily
the shallowest solution.
 Comparison – BFS & DFS:
• BFS explores nodes layer by layer, making it suitable for
finding the shortest path in un-weighted graphs, whereas
DFS explores deeply down a single branch.
• BFS requires more memory as it needs to store all nodes
at the current level, while DFS typically uses less memory.
• The choice between BFS and DFS depends on the problem
at hand and the desired properties. BFS is often used
when the goal is to find the shortest path, while DFS can
be more memory-efficient and is suitable for problems
with large or infinite search spaces.
It's essential to choose the right uninformed search strategy
based on the specific problem and its characteristics to
ensure efficient and effective exploration of the search space.
Problem Solving
AI – MODULE – 1
//Ends//
*al d best*