Chapter 5 - Principles of Planning Design

CHAPTER 5:
PRINCIPLES FOR THE

PLANNING, DESIGN,
AND CONSTRUCTION
METHODS FOR
WATER
CONSERVATION
STRUCTURES
20XX ABE 4237 – LAND AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING, 2ND SEMESTER
presentation title PREPARED BY: JANE FAITH F. FALCESO 1
WATER CONSERVATION STRUCTURES
Needs of Water Conservation Practices
Needs of Soil are:
Conservation
1. Irrigation for crop production
Practices are: 2. Water supply for drinking
3. Domestic water usage
• Improve soil health or 4. Fish farming and aquatic life
soil quality by increasing 5. Generating hydro-electric power
organic matter 6. Groundwater recharge
• Boost soil productivity
• Prevent soil erosion
Agricultural Trenches
Trenches are narrow excavation in
the ground in arid low rainfall area
to increase agricultural-
horticultural production and soil Image from: Google.com
and moisture conservation and

reduce soil erosion.
Image from sswm.info
Types of Design Concept for Permanent Soil and Water
Conservation
1. Hydrologic Design
- Estimating runoff or peak runoff rate the structure needs to
manage. Image from: Google.com
2. Hydraulic Design
- Figuring out structure dimensions to safely handle runoff flow
without disturbance.
3. Structural Design
- Determining safe dimensions for different parts of the structure.
Small Farm Reservoir (SFR)
- is a small water impounding earth dam structure to collect rainfall and runoff,
designed for use in a single farm, and typically has an area of about 300-2,000 square
meters (PAES: embankment height of less than 5m, and pond area of about 1,500 m2.
Image from: Google.com
Image from: Municipality of Bingawan (Google.com) Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)
Main Component of SFR Types used on SFR
Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)
Types used on SFR
Site Selection Requirements
1. Shall be located in areas with 4. Peat soils, heavy clays, saline,
slope 0% to 15%. Most suited alkaline, or acidic soils shall be
in areas with undulating avoided.
topography. 5. Catchment area should have a
2. Sufficient amount of unimodal rainfall pattern to Image from: Google.com
embankment should be available accumulate enough water.

in the site. 6. Reservoir and service area should
3. Soil texture within 1.5 m of the be owned or tilled by the same
soil profile shall be loam, sandy farmer otherwise, there shall be a
loa, clay loam or sandy clay mutual agreement between parties.
loam. Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)
Site Selection Requirements
7.Area shall not be covered by any other existing national or communal irrigation
systems within the next three years.
8. Construction equipment should be available however; manual construction can
be opted for if labor is sufficiently available.
9. Farmer shall have willingness to establish the system and sufficient funds should Image from: Google.com
be available.
Preliminary Design Activities
1. Reservoir area with high storage ratio shall be located.
2. Most appropriate reservoir design shall be selected based on the topography.
3. Soil profile in the reservoir site (1.5 min depth) shall be analyzed.
4. Potential reservoir capacity shall be computed using:
3 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑚2 ) 𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ (𝑚)

Capacity 𝑚 =
3
For dugout pond design,
Capacity (m3) = Surface area (m2) x depth (m)

5. Existing land use and size of the catchment area shall be determined. It should
be considered adequate to provide sufficient source of runoff.
6. If there are deviations in the actual and estimated values of the catchment area,
the following measures can be done:
- increase the catchment area by lowering the location of the reservoir on the farm which in
effect will reduce the service area.
- Reduce the reservoir capacity proportionately. Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)
7. Engineering survey shall be

conducted to plan the system
and locate the components.
Design
1. Finished height (H’) should be 20%
higher than the designated height
(H) to provide allowance for the
settlement of the embankment.
2. The inside slope (IS) shall be equal Image from: Google.com
to 3:1 (H:V) while the outside slope

(OS) shall be equal to 2:1.
3. The width of the crest (Bt) can
range from 2m – 3m
Design
4. Diversion channels shall be provided
so that water in excess of storage
requirements, or which contains a high
concentration of sediments or toxic
chemical, can be directed past the Image from: Google.com
reservoir.
5. The depth of the diversion channel
shall be at least 0.75m and the width
shall be twice the depth or wider
Operation
Water Collection and Storage
1. Wet season runoff, which carries a high volume of sediment, shall not be allowed in
the reservoir.
2. In case of a dugout pond, excavated soil shall be placed around the reservoir so
that runoff can only enter at the inlet.
Water Abstraction
1. Siphon tube – applicable when the water level in the reservoir is higher than the
service area.
2. Pump – applicable when the water level in the reservoir is lower than the service
area
3. Hose thru the embankment Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)
Management and Maintenance
Embankment and Water Control Structures
1. Permanent grass cover on the embankment shall be maintained to minimize
erosion due to rain
2. The grass cover shall be cut regularly to prevent thick cover of tall grasses and
shrubs at the downstream, face of the embankment. This will prevent rats and mice Image from: Google.com
which may burrow in the embankment and eventually cause undermining of the
embankment.
3. Trees shall not be planted near or along the embankment since decomposing roots
leave channels under the embankment which eventually cause undermining.
4. Diversion structures and inlets shall be examined daily and restored in their
original condition by rebuilding eroded parts and cleaning weeds. Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)
Management and Maintenance
Reservoir
1. The water surface shall be kept clear of floating vegetation, except for a buffer strip
1m to 2m wide to help reduce wave erosion of the upstream embankments.
2. Snails for human consumption or for animal feed shall not be raised in the
reservoir since these will infest the whole farm and will damage rice plants. Image from: Google.com
3. The reservoir shall be fenced to prevent livestock from entering as they may
damage the embankment and may stir up sediment from the reservoir floor.
4. The reservoir shall be desilted annually.
Catchment Area
Catchment Area
Trees and grasses usually spaced 5-10 m apart vertically at 5%-30%

slope collect any soil eroded from the upper portion of contours.
Contour barriers are used to collect any soil eroded from the upper
portion of contours Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)
Service Area
The choice of maintaining the service area shall be determined by

the environmental, physical, and socioeconomic issues in the
locality. There shall be management flexibility into the chosen
cropping systems
Small Water Impounding Systems
- is an earth fill structure built across a narrow depression or valley to harvest
and store rainfall and runoff for immediate and multiple use. It has a height of 5m to a
maximum of 15m and service area of 25 ha to 150 ha (PAES 225:2017).
Images from: Google Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)
Filter Drain
Main Components
Site Selection
Consider the following:

1. Physical condition – ideal site
2. Watershed condition – max. slope
of 18%
3. Service area – near to the
reservoir site
4. Socio-economic consideration –
economic viability
1. Soil and Topographic Surveys – include a survey report with contour interval of
0.5 m and scale of 1:2000 and a profile cross-section of the stream at 20m
upstream and 20m downstream.
2. Dam Site Characterization – full description of the geological structure of the
foundation.
3. Agrohydrologic Analyses – run-off and inflow hydrograph, field water balance,

reservoir inflow.
Design Considerations
Design Considerations
Dead Storage: Freeboard:
V = 20900 x A0.687
Where:
A – drainage area, km2
*sediment volume based on
25 years of accumulation in
the reservoir.
Recommended
Slopes for
Small
Homogenous
Earth Fill
Dams on
Stable
Foundation
Recommended
Slopes for
Small Zoned
Earth Fill
Dams on
Stable
Foundation
Estimation of Runoff and Derivation of Inflow Hydrograph
Required Data:
- Drainage area
- Mainstream length from outlet to highest ridge
- Mainstream outlet to point nearest basin centroid Image from: Google.com
- Elevation difference
- Watershed Gradient
- Soil Type
- Land Cover
- Land Use
Estimation of Runoff
Peak Runoff Rate Estimation by Rational Method
q = 0.0028 CIA ; Q = CIA/360 - Runoff

Where:
q – peak runoff rate, m3/s Q – peak discharge, m3/sec Image from: Google.com
C – runoff coefficient, ratio C – runoff coefficient, 0.05-0.95

typically 0.35 –bushy lands with 3-5% slope; 0.99 for concrete pavement; 0-
sand
I- rainfall intensity, mm/hr I – rainfall intensity, mm/hr
A – area, hectare A – area, hectare
Runoff Volume Estimation
Q = 0.5qT ; (using SCS method)
Where:
Q – runoff volume, m3/s Q – direct runoff depth, mm

q – peak runoff rate, m3/s I – storm rainfall, mm
T – duration of runoff, s S – maximum potential between rainfall
and runoff, mm, starting at the time the
storm begins.
Time of Concentration:
(using Snyder’s method) ; Tc = 0.0196L1.15 H-0.385

Where: Image from: Google.com
Tc – time of concentration, h Tc – time of concentration, min

TL – lag time, h L – length of channel, m
H – difference in elevation, m
Time to Peak:
(using Snyder’s method) ; Tp = (D/2) + TL

Where: Image from: Google.com
Tp – time to peak, h
TL – lag time, h
D – standard duration, h
suggested values: 0.5 hr or 0.4 where Tc <3
1 hr where 3<Tc>6
1/5 Tc where Tc>6 Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)
Open Channel Design & Criteria
1. Trapezoidal Canal (Ө=60º, MOST EFFICIENT among trapezoidal & rectangular)
A = 1.723 d2 ; R = d/2 ; Note: 1.723 is √3)

A = bd + zd2 (cross-sectional area of channel)
2. Rectangular canal, (Ө=90º)
A – 2 d2 ; B = 2d ; R = d/2
3. Triangular, (Ө=45º, best angle w/ the horizontal for triangular canals)
A = d2
A = zd2 (cross-sectional area of channel)
Best Hydraulic Cross-Section
1. Concrete Canals ; Top Width t at water surface level
b = 2 d tan (Ө/2) t = b + (2d / tan Ө)
2. Unlined Canals (No Concrete) Total Top Width T at total depth D level Image from: Google.com
b = 4 d tan (Ө/2) T = b + (2D / tan Ө)
Example
Estimate the runoff volume from a 20-hectare drainage basin if rainfall depth for 6
hours reached 60 mm and duration of runoff is about 3 hours. Use typical runoff
coefficient of 0.35.
Solution:
q = 0.0028 CIA Runoff Volume Image from: Google.com
= 0.0028 (0.35)(10 mm/hr)(20 has)

= 0.2 cms Q = 0.5qT
= 0.5 (0.2 cms) (3 hrs) (3600 s/hr)
= 1,080 cms
Example
What is the top width at water surface level of the most efficient concrete open
channel if design depth is 5 meters? Design discharge is 100 m3/s and velocity is 2
m/s.
Solution:
Q = AV A = bd + zd2 Top width:
100 = A (2) A-zd2 = bd Image from: Google.com
A = 50 m2 b = (A-zd2) / d t = b + (2d / tan Ө)

2
= [50 – 0.577(5) ] / 5 = 7.12 m + [2(5) / 1.732]
tan Ө = 1 / z = 7.12 m = 12.89 m
tan 60 º = 1 / z
1.732 = 1 / z
z = 0.577 Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

Chapter 5 - Principles of Planning Design

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 5 - Principles of Planning Design

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 5:

PRINCIPLES FOR THE

and moisture conservation and

Image from sswm.info

Image from: Google.com

Image from: Municipality of Bingawan (Google.com) Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

Image from: Google.com

Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

Image from: Google.com

Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

embankment should be available accumulate enough water.

Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

3 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑚2 ) 𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ (𝑚)

For dugout pond design,

Capacity (m3) = Surface area (m2) x depth (m)

Image from: Google.com

7. Engineering survey shall be

Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

to 3:1 (H:V) while the outside slope

Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

Image from: Google.com

Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

Image from: Google.com

Trees and grasses usually spaced 5-10 m apart vertically at 5%-30%

The choice of maintaining the service area shall be determined by

Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

Image from: Google.com

Images from: Google Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

Image from: Google.com

Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

Consider the following:

Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

3. Agrohydrologic Analyses – run-off and inflow hydrograph, field water balance,

Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

Image from: Google.com

Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

Dead Storage: Freeboard:

Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

q = 0.0028 CIA ; Q = CIA/360 - Runoff

C – runoff coefficient, ratio C – runoff coefficient, 0.05-0.95

Q = 0.5qT ; (using SCS method)

Q – runoff volume, m3/s Q – direct runoff depth, mm

(using Snyder’s method) ; Tc = 0.0196L1.15 H-0.385

Tc – time of concentration, h Tc – time of concentration, min

Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

Image from: Google.com

Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

(using Snyder’s method) ; Tp = (D/2) + TL

A = 1.723 d2 ; R = d/2 ; Note: 1.723 is √3)

b = 2 d tan (Ө/2) t = b + (2d / tan Ө)

b = 4 d tan (Ө/2) T = b + (2D / tan Ө)

Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

q = 0.0028 CIA Runoff Volume Image from: Google.com

= 0.0028 (0.35)(10 mm/hr)(20 has)

Image from: Google.com (Indonesia)

A = 50 m2 b = (A-zd2) / d t = b + (2d / tan Ө)

You might also like