Fog computing

Business telecommunications and Networks

Prepared and Presented by

Bodoor Al-Qutob

Fog computing for next-

Survey of applications,
generation Internet of
challenges and
Things: Fundamental, state-
opportunities in fog
of-the-art and research
computing -2018
challenges -2021
 CONTENT
• The objective of each study………………………...........…………………………………………….…..3
• The studies used methodology………………………….………………………………………………...4
• Common Background points for both studies ……………………………………………………5
• What is Cloud computing……………………………….....…………………………………………………7
• What is Fog computing……………………………….......…………………………………………………..8
• Cloud Vs. Fog Computing…………………………………………………………………………………….9
• IoT Architecture………………………….........................…………………………………………………….10
• Fog computing Architecture….….........................…………………………………………………….11
• Fog computing features and Benefits..................………………………………………………….12
• Fog computing – Evaluation Metrics………………..….........................…………………………13
• Fog computing – Mathematical model….........................……………………………………….14
• Fog computing – Techniques used….........................………………………………………………15
• IoT Applications with Fog computing….........................………………………………………….16
• Results for “Fog computing for next-generation IoT-2021” ….........................………18
• Fog computing Challenges ………………………………………….........................…………………19
• Conclusion and Future Research direction………………..…………………………………………20
 The objectives of each study

Survey of applications, challenges and opportunities in fog computing - 2018

• To provide detailed survey in the field of fog computing covering the current state-of-the-art in fog computing.

Fog computing for next-generation Internet of Things: Fundamental, state-of-the-art and research challenges - 2021

• The survey covers the layered IoT architecture, evaluation metrics, and fog computing applications in the last four years.
• The layered architecture of the standard fog framework and different state-of-the-art techniques for utilizing computing
resources of fog networks.
• IoT use case scenario heterogeneous Vehicular fog networks.
• Challenges and potential solutions to establish interoperable communication and computation for next-generation IoT
applications in fog networks.
 The studies used methodology
• Exploratory Qualitative research type.
• The research is exploratory due to its focus on exploring the current state-of-the-art in fog
computing, it also aligns with a descriptive methodology as it aims to describe and present
detailed information about fog computing, its architecture, characteristics, and challenges.

Literature review Surveys or questionnaires Interviews Secondary data sources

Existing distributed to To gather Utilization of

studies and experts and qualitative insights reports and case
publications professionals in the . studies.
field.
 Common Background points for both studies
• IoT-driven real-time applications like smart cities and
healthcare are expanding rapidly, with IDC predicting
over 30.5 billion sensor-enabled devices by 2022,
leading to a $2 trillion IoT market and 53 billion
connected wearables.
• Cloud computing's latency challenges for time-sensitive
IoT applications have spurred the development of fog
computing by Cisco, aiming to reduce delays and
improve efficiency.
• Fog computing prioritizes energy efficiency, cost
reduction, and improved service quality for providers
and user experience.
• Key fog computing features include device partitioning,
mobility support, collaborative processing,
heterogeneity, real-time app support, and wireless
connectivity.
• Fog computing establishes a 'mini cloud' at the
network edge, facilitating direct data exchange and
local processing for reduced latency and optimized
performance.
• Unlike centralized cloud models, fog computing
offers localized services, lower costs, and reduced
energy use, making it ideal for latency-critical IoT
tasks.
• Fog computing differs from cloud computing with
lower latency, distributed operations, location
awareness, limited servers, real-time support, and
energy efficiency.
• Ongoing fog computing research explores
architecture, algorithms, applications, challenges,
and solutions, focusing on enhancing IoT with
reduced latency and improved performance
1970 Virtualization software launched

1972 IBM developed first VM operating system

1990 Companies started offering VPN

1991 WWW launched

1997 Cloud Computing is defined by Prof. Chellappa

1999 Salesforce published, Auto-ID Labs at MIT coined the term 'IoT’

2000 Cloud computing has come to existence

2006 Amazon Launched Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2),Simple Storage Service

2008 Microsoft Azure announced as “Azure”

2010 Google storage launched in May’10

2011 IBM announced the IBM Smart Cloud framework

2012 Oracle announced the Oracle cloud

2015 Fog Computing was found

 What is cloud computing

• Cloud computing is a mature technology that helps to

promote a wide range of IoT applications by providing
long-term storage, high data processing, and Artificial
Intelligence (AI)-based data analytics.

• Traditional cloud technology isn't ideal for time-critical

IoT apps like intelligent transportation, healthcare,
smart agriculture, manufacturing, construction, and
mining due to network delays and congestion.
 What is Fog computing

• To address cloud computing challenges, in 2015 Cisco has

coined fog computing in a distributed environment,
where several heterogeneous fog devices can connect
and share their computing and storage resources among
the neighboring devices for further processing and
analytics.
Cloud Vs. Fog Computing
 IoT Architecture

• Researchers and scientists have developed various types of

standard architecture based on their setup and specifications
for IoT to connect billions of heterogeneous sensing and
actuating devices through the Internet.

• In this article, we consider five different IoT layers: Application

Layer, Business Layer, Service Management Layer, Network
Layer, and Device layer.
Fog computing Architecture
 Fog computing features and Benefits
A few of the essential features of fog computing are
highlighted as follows.

01 02 03
Geographical End-device mobility Collaboratively
partitioning of processes a massive
different devices number of user
services requests

04 05 06
Support Promote real-time Access the set of
heterogeneity in applications end-devices and
numbers of IoT computing nodes
devices through the wireless
mode
Fog computing – Evaluation Metrics
 Typically latency is measured in milliseconds (ms), and a range between 20 ms to 40 ms is considered optimal, or in
some cases, it can be acceptable upto 100 ms.
 Overall energy consumption to execute tasks on local edge devices or remote computing servers. The energy in
remote computing includes upstream data transmission energy, processing energy, and downstream downloading
energy.
 It depends on how many resources are rescheduled and used to process real-time IoT applications. Basically, the
computing servers allocate resources to applications in the form of virtual machines (VMs) or containers.
 Cashing commonly referred to in the domain of internet technologies. It stores’ vital data locally, reduces data
transmission rate from centralized warehouses, and speeds up application processing with adequate analytics.
 Allows deploying a small number of smart gateway devices at the edge of the network to manage many IoT devices
distributed across geographical areas. Fog and edge devices such as sink nodes, routers, mobile phones, tabs,
laptops, and desktops connect directly with the IoT devices for processing and managing various types of real-time
IoT applications such as health status.
 Leads to the efficient allocation of incoming traffic flows over a collection of back-end servers, also identified as a
server pool or server farm.
 In order to provide accurate information and data transactions without disruption between two devices, security and
privacy need to be guaranteed.
Fog computing – Mathematical model
 Fog computing – Techniques used
• AI :the reinforcement learning algorithm is a widely
used technique in fog computing, where data is
processed, classified, and chosen to send to a
cloud server or the nearby fog devices for
processing under different–different constraints.
• Game theory is one of the popular mathematical
models used to present the strategic interaction
between entities or groups [78]. Game theory is
often used in social science, computer science, and
system science-related implementations
• In IoT, graphs are popularly used to represent the
matching, data transmission, offloading device,
task assignment shortest path determination, etc.
Over time, several efforts have been found to
incorporate graph theory in the IoT-fog-cloud
environment.
• In fog computing, the queueing theory is used to
analyze the computer system and communication
network. In simple words, it is a simplified
mathematical model to explain congestion in
computer networks. Queueing theory provides a
glossary and a toolkit to approximate software
systems with models, reason about their behavior.
• Evolutionary computing is the set of globally
optimized algorithms, which are inspired by
biological evolution. This computing algorithm has
characteristics to evolve from one generation to
the next generation.
• In fog computing, one of the essential statistical
techniques is probability theory to find out the
efficient path, cost-efficient device, predict task
execution probability, and estimate the failure ratio
in the network.
 IoT Applications with Fog computing
Fog computing is vital for IoT apps needing low latency, making it crucial. It's key for quick responses in various IoT
applications such:

Augmented reality Smart

Smart
Agriculture
grid Surveillance
Smart Cities
Health care
 IoT Applications with Fog computing Cont.
Smart Transport and Vehicular Fog Computing VFC

• This case study highlights Vehicular Fog Computing (VFC) in urban

areas, utilizing connected vehicles for traffic management and
safety. VFC, backed by advanced technologies like beyond 5G or 6G,
enhances road safety through secure communication and offers
computational services. The architecture includes IoT sensors, AWS
servers, and V2I/V2V communication for efficient data processing
and service delivery. Cloud providers like AWS support VFC with
various services, facilitating seamless connectivity and data
management for stakeholders.
 Results for “Fog computing for next-generation IoT-2021”

a) The majority contributions are done for

resources and delay.

b) The percentage of work done using different

algorithms and the most popular is Game
theory.

c) Fog-computing-based next –generation IoT

applications such as smart health and smart
architecture.

d) It shows the research efforts in addressing

specific challenges in IoT.
 Fog computing Challenges
• Dynamic and agile pricing models: Creating dynamic
and adaptable pricing models is still problematic for fog
networks since one price model may not be successful
for different client interactions.
• Security & privacy: The devices are deployed in a
distributive way,and the data exchange is done on an
open communication channel.
• Heterogeneity and no standard architecture :The
heterogeneity challenge is linked to fog-based IoT
offloading, in which the data is uploaded from different
data sources with different locations.
• Reliable network communication
• Distributed deep learning: The learning models invoke
new challenges such as fog devices are also restricted in
storage and processing. Training the entire model on
fog devices with a large dataset is always challenging.
• Energy power consumption :The devices consume a
significant amount of electricity, raising service provider
costs and harming the environment for IoT networks.
• Dynamic QoS requirements: Many-objective
optimization problems consider a few objectives hard,
and the remaining are soft optimization problems.
• Workload prediction and run-time estimation
 Conclusion and Future Research
direction
• Fog computing addresses cloud computing challenges and is
pivotal for IoT's future. This survey details fog computing's
architecture, significance, and research gaps like
standardization, ownership models, and simulation tools. It
showcases domain-specific applications and aims to fuel
innovation for next-gen IoT.

• By focusing on Challenges will be of future work, researchers

and practitioners can contribute to advancing fog computing
technologies, addressing challenges, and unlocking new
opportunities for innovative IoT applications and services.
THANK YOU