INTRODUCTION OF LSM

1 AND WSM

For Fe 250, x,, im = 0.53 d

2004
For Fe 415, x,, im = 0.48 d
1. The shape of idealized stress-strain curve for
For Fe 500, x,im 0.46 d
concrete as prescribed by IS 456-2000 is
(a) Rectangular For Fe 550, x,, im = 0.44 d
For balanced failure
(b) Parabolic
(c Rectangular-Parabolic Limiting strain in concrete
0.0035
(d) None of these

Sol-{c)| d
Neutral axis
As per IS 456:2000 clause 38.1 point (c): The
relationship between the compressive stress distribution
in concrete and strain in concrete may be asSumed to Steel
0.87f, +0.002
Es
be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any other shape
which results in prediction of strength in substantial Limiting strain in steel
agreement with the results of test. An acceptable stress
0.0035
strain curve is given below which is rectangular-parabolic Xulim
0.0055 + 0.871,
Parabolic Linear E,
Curve
Note: Limiting depth of neutral axis does not depend
Stress 0.67 fck upon grade of concrete.
0.67
1.5 fo 0.45 f.
3. Deflection can be controlled by using the
0.002 0.0035
+ Strain appropriate:

In limit state design, the limiting value of depth (a) Aspect ratio
2,
of neutral axis is : (b) Modular ratio
(a) 0.43d (b) 0.48d (c) Span/depth ratio
(c) 0.45d (d) 0.53d
(d) Waterlcement ratio
So-(b,d)
Sol-(c)
Limiting depth of neutral axis corresponds to balanced
section i.e. asection that is expected to result balanced As per IS456:2000 CI 23.2.1: The vertical detleclo
satisfied
failure (i.e. simultaneous attainment of limiting limits may generally assumed to be greater
compressive strain of 0.0035 in concrete and the provided that Span to depth ratio are not
minimum specified tensile strain to ensure yielding of than the values obtained as below.
steel at ultimate limit state of flexure).
 Civil Engineering
RCC DESIGN 181
Basic values of span to depth ratio characteristic load and is denoted by F.
(a)
Span type (lid) F =F + 1.65 8
m

Cantilever 7
F = mean value of load
Simply supported 20
Confidence limit :
Continuous 26
(Fm-1.65 8) and (F, +1.658) are two important limit
(b) For span greater than 10 m above values are within which "probability of lying test load results" is
10 maximum. The limit is called confidence limit.
multiplied by span
except for cantilever in which FREQUENCY
5% OF
case exact deflection calculation should be made RESULTS
Note:
(0) Aspect ratio: The ratio of the width to the height
of an image or screen
() Modular ratio: Ratio of young's modulus of -LOAD
+
elasticity of steel to concrete (E,). 1.658
Definition curve for characteristic load
Es 2x105
(a) m= E, 5000 Jfck for shot term value Note: Characteristic strength of material

2x105 The strength of material below which not more than 5%

E
(b) m = x(1+) ’ for long term of the test results are expected to fall, is known as the
value
Ec 5000/ax characteristic strength of the material and denoted by
f., for concrete.
(c) For working stress design purpose, value of
280 For example: For acharacteristic strerngth of 20 MPa.,
'm' considered m = if we prepare 100 samples, not more than 5 specimen
3ocbc would have strength less than 20 MPa or in other words,
Gcbc = Permissible stresses in concrete more than 95 specimen would have strength equal to or
more than 20 MPa
Where, = creep coefficient
fok = fm - 1.65 8
4. In the limit state design of concrete structure,
the strain distribution is assumed to be : f =Mean strength of concrete
(a) Linear 8 = Standard deviation

(b) Nonlinear f = Characteristic strength of concrete

(c) Parabolic FREQUENCY
5% OF
(d) Rectangular-Parabolic RESULTS

Sol-a)
2005
5The term 'Characteristic load' means that load STRENGTH
fok 1.658
which has a probability of not being exceeded,
during the life of the structure is equal to : Defipition Curve for characteristic strength

(a) 90 % 6) 95 % 6 For reinforced concrete members totally

immersed in sea water, the additional cover
(c) 99 % (d) 100 %
thickness recommended by the code is :
Sol-b)| (a) 25 mm (b) 30 mm
Characteristic load : (c) 35 mm (d) 40 mm
Value of load which has 95% probability of not being So-{a)
exceeded during the life of the structure is known as
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 182 SsC JE Previous Year Solved Papers Civil Engineering
Nominal cover 9. The partial safety factor for
Condition
Mild condition (Normal)
(mm)
20
(a) 1.15 (b) 1.5 Concrete is

(c) 1.95 (d) 2.0

Moderate (Alternate freezing and 30
thawing)
Severe (Immersed in sea water) Sol-(b)
45
Very severe (sea water spray) Partial safety factor for concrete
Extreme (Tidal zone)
50 1
is 1.5,
75
2 Partial safety factor for steel in RCC is 1.15
Under mild (Normal) condition minimum cover Note : In limit state method of design two
provided
uncertainty infactors of
is 20mm and in sever
condition the minimum cOver safety are used, one to acCount for
provided is 45mm, which is 25 mm additional to the properties and other for uncertainty in material
Cover provided under nornmal condition.
the factor are called partial factor of safety. loading. Hence
7. In the case of working stress method of
design, 10. Permissible compressive strength of Mn
the design load is:
concrete grade is :
(a) The characteristic load. (a) 100 kglcm? (b) 150 kglcm?
(b) The characteristic load with
partial safety factors.
appropriate (c) 200 kg/cm? (d) 250 kglcm²
(c) The characteristic load with Sol-{c)
factor of safety. appropriate In the designation of a concrete mix, letter M refers to
(d) The greatest of (b) and (c) above the mix and the number specifies characteristic
compressive strength of 15 cm cube at 28 dave
Sol-(a) expressed in N/mm2
Methods Design load So, M20 mean permissible compressive strength
Working stress method Characteristic load 100
Limit state method Characteristic load x
=20 N/mm = 20 x
10
kg/ cm = 200 kglcm?
safety factor
11 The load factor for live load and dead load
2009 are :

8. The modular ratio m is given by : (a) 1.8 and 2.2

(b) 1.5 and 1.5
(a) 280/ cbe (c) 1.8 and 1.8 (d) 2.2 and 2.2
(b) 280/ 2ocbe
(c) 28O/ 3o cbe (d) None of the above Sol-(b)
Sol-c) Load factors (or partial safety factors) for loads
various load combination under
Modular ratio is the ratio of modulus of elasticity of
steel to modulus of elasticity of concrete. |Load combination Limit state at Limit states of
collapse serviceability
In working stress design, DL LL WL DL LL WL
280 DL + LL 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0
m =
3oOcbc DL + WL 1.5 or 0.9* 1.5 1.0
where, or = Permissible stress in extreme DL + LL + WL 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8
Compression fibre in concrete. Here D.L= Dead load, L.L = Line
Load
Note : Modular ratio in WSM depends on grade of *= 0.9 value is
considered when stability against
concrete only. Overturning and stress reversal is critical where dead
Modular ratio for working stress design is long term load helps in stability [e.g. - gravity dam)
means modular ratio which takes care of effect of creep When only D.L. and L.L. IS Considered, from above
table:
Civil Engineering
RCC DESIGN183
1 Load combination for limit state of collapse = 1.5 15. Characteristic strength of concrete is measured
(D.L + L.L) at :

2 Load combination for limit states of serviceability (a) 14 days (b) 28 days
= D.L + L..
(c) 91 days (d) 7 days
12. Minimum thickness of load bearing RCC wall
should be: Sol-(b)
(a) 5 cm (b) 10 cm Characteristic strength of concrete is measured at 28
(c) 15 cm (d) 20 cm days.
So-{b) The quantum of increase of strength with age
depends upon the grade, type of cernent, curing
Minimum thickness of a load bearing wall is 10 and environmental conditions etc.
cm.
As per lS 456, the design should be based on 28
This criteria is provided to ensure fire resistance of
days characteristic strength of concrete of 150
structure. mm cube.
Note: for slabs:
16. The minimum grade of reinforced concrete in
Minimum Thickness h(cm) sea water as per IS 456 : 2000 is :
Simply One end Both end
(a) M 15
supported continuous continuous Cantilever (b) M 20
(c) M 30 (d) M 40
20 24 28 10
So-(c)|
13. Por wall column and vertical faces of all the According to IS code 456 : 2000, concrete in sea
structral members, the form work is generally water or exposed directly along the sea - coast shall be
removed after at least M 20 grade in the case of plain concrete and
(a) After 24 to 48 hours, M 30 in case of reinforced concrete.
(b) After 3 days
(c) After 7 days (d) After 14 days 17,The value of ultimate creep coefficient for
Concrete:
Sola)
Form work
(a) Increases with age of loading
Type of Form work removal time (b) Decreases with age of loading
1. Side of walls, column and 24 to 48 hours
(c) Remains constants
vertical faces of structural
member. (d) Is taken as 0.0003
2. Slabs (Prop left under) 3 days Sol-(b)
3. Beam soffits (Prop left under) 7 days
Ultimate creep strain
4. Removal of props of slab Creep coefficient= Elastic strain at age of loading
(() Slab spanning upto 4.5m 7 days
(i) Slabs spanning over 4.5m 14 days Values of creep coefficient
5. Rernoval of props for beams
and arches Age at loading Creep coefficient
() Span upto 6m 14 days 7 days 2.2
(i) Span over 6m 21 days
28 days 1.6
2010 1year 1.1

14. The minimum thickness of a reinforced 18. Partial safety factors for concrete and steel
concrete wall should be: respectively may be taken as :
(a) 7.5 cm (b) 10 cm (a) 1.5 and 1.15 (b) 1.5 and 1.78
(c) 15 cm (d) 12.5 cm (c) 3 and 1.78 (d) 3 and 1.2
Sol-(b) Sol-a)

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